iosr-JDMS   Volume-15 ~ Issue-7 ~ July-2016

Abstract: Using PAR index / Peer Assessment Rating Index / effectiveness of orthodontic treatment was assessed in the group of patients treated with fixed and removable appliances. The group consisted of 83 patients after the end of the active phase of treatment. 34 patients were treated with removable appliances and 49 patients were treated with fixed appliances. Patients came from three orthodontic workplaces in Slovakia. In individual patients, treatment was initiated between 1st January 2010 to 31 December 2012...............

Keywords: efficiency of orthodontic treatment, fixed orthodontic appliances, removable orthodontic appliances

[1] Al Yami, E.A., Kuijpers-Jagtman, A. M.: Occlusal outcome of orthodontic treatment. Angle Orthodont. 1998, 68, No.5, p. 439-444.
[2] Buchanan, I. B., Shaw, W.C., Richmond, S., O´Brien, K.D., Andrews, M.: A comparison of the reliability and validity of the PAR
index and Sumers´occlusal index. Eur. J. Orthodont. 1993, 18, p. 27-31.
[3] Buchanan, I. B., Dowing, A., Stirrups, D.R.: A comparison of the index of orthodontic treatment need applied clinically and to
diagnostic records. Brit. Orthodont., 1994, 21, p. 185-188.
[4] Kamímek, M.: Quantitative Evoluation of Orthodontic Treatment Results. Part I. Clinical Standard Method. Acta Univ. Olomuc.,
Fac. Med., 1976, 79, p. 317-329.
[5] Kamínek, M.: Quantitative Evaluation of Orthodontic Treatment Results. Part II. Therapeutical Effect Method. Acta univ. Olomuc.,
Fac. Med., 1976, p. 331-338.

Abstract: Introduction: Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) are a burden to the individual, his family and the community as the patients are mostly from the working age group. Genital Ulcer Diseases (GUDs) are a type of manifestation of STDs. GUDs are commonly caused by Syphilis, Chancroid, Donovanosis, LymphoGranulomaVenereum (LGV) and Genital Herpes. It is now clearly understood that GUDs facilitate Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) transmission and vice versa...............

Keywords: STD clinic attendees, Genital Ulcer Diseases, Prevalence

[1] Morton RS. The treponematoses. In: Rook A, Wilkinson DS, Ebling FJG, Champion RH, editors. Text book of dermatology. 4th ed.
London; Blackwell; 1986. P.839-83.
[2] King A, Nicol C. Syphilis. In: Venereal diseases. 3rd ed. London; ELBS and Bailliere Tindall; 1975. P.7.
[3] Turbadkar D, Mathur M, Gaikwad S. Prevalence of syphilis among HIV sero reactive patients. Indian J Sex Transm Diseases. 2007;
28:91-93.
[4] Felman YM, Nikitas JA. Sexually transmitted diseases: Update on chancroid. Cutis. 1983; 602,607-8.
[5] Balachandran C, SatishPai B. Chancroid. In: Sharma VK, editor in chief. Sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS. 1st ed. New
Delhi; Viva books pvt ltd., 2003. p.219.

Abstract: Death is said to be sudden or unexpected when a person not known to have been suffering from any dangerous disease, injury or poisoning is found dead or dies within 24 hours after the onset of terminal illness (WHO). According to some authors, sudden deaths as those occurring within 6 hours of last illness.In view of modern diagnostic tools available, Sudden death are those occurs instantaneously or within one hourof onset of symptoms. Unexpected character of death, rather than suddenness of death is important. The incidence is approximately 10 % of all deaths...........

Keywords: sudden death, negative autopsy hydatid cyst, Echinococcosis

[1]. www.forensicpathologyonline.com/e-book/autopsy/sudden-deaths
[2]. Reddy, K. S. Narayan, The Essentials Of Forensic Medicine And Toxicology,34th Edition, p. 150
[3]. Agarwal Anil,Textbook Of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology,1st edition,p.170
[4]. Biswas,Gautam, Review Of Forensic Medicine And Toxicology,3rd edition, p. 131
[5]. Chatterjee, K.D.,Parasitology,12th edition,p.107-132
[6]. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinococcosis

Abstract: Introduction: Breast carcinoma is the malignant tumour that causes highest mortality among women worldwide. Liquid based smears are superior to conventional smears (CS) with regard to monolayer cell preparation, cell preservation and clear background. Liquid based cytology (LBC) has gained acceptance for use in prospective studies, because of its usefulness in immunocytochemistry (ICC) and molecular biology.............

Keywords: Breast, MLBC, Immunocytochemistry

[1]. Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani P. Estimates the world cancer burden. Globocon 2000. Int J cancer 2001; 94; 153-6.
[2]. Tiwari M. Role of Fine needle Aspiration cytology in diagnosis of breast lumps. Kathmandu University Medical Journal 2007; Vol
5(2): 215-7.
[3]. Fornage BD, Faroux MJ, Simatos A. Breast masses: US guided fine needle aspiration biopsy. Radiology 1987; 162: 409-14.
[4]. Veneti S, Daskalopoulou D, Zervoudis S, Papasotiriou E, Ioannidou-Mouzaka L. Liquidbased cytology in breast fine needle
aspiration. Comparison with the conventional smear. Acta Cytol 2003; 47: 188–92.
[5]. Jeong JY, Kim JS, Kim YS, Kim HJ, Park JY. Manual liquid-based cytology (Liqui-PREPTM) in breast fine needle aspiration
cytology: comparison with the conventional smears. Korean J Cytopathol 2008; 19: 34-40.

Abstract: Background: Among all the spinal adjuvants, clonidine, an alpha-2 agonist has the ability to alleviate both the somatic and visceral pain and is more potent at spinal site, favoring its neuraxial administration. Objective: This study was done to compare the onset and duration of sensory and motor blocks, duration of analgesia, haemodynamic and adverse effects of Clonidine, buprenorhine and fentanyl used intrathecally with hyperbaric 0.5% bupuvacaine. Settings & Design: This prospective, randomized and comparative study included 90 ASA class 1 & 2 patients undergoing lower abdominal surgeries under spinal anesthesia after approval from hospital ethics committee with written informed consent of patients.............

Keywords: α2-adrenoceptor agonist, Bupivacaine, Buprenorphine, Clonidine, Fentanyl.

[1]. Bloor BC, Flacke WE. Reduction in halothane requirement by Clonidine, an alpha-adrenergic agonist. Anesth Analg 1982; 67; 741-
5.
[2]. Ghignone M, Calvillo O, Quintine L. Anesthesia and hypertension; the effects of Clonidine on perioperative haemodynamics and
halothane requirements. Anesthesiology 1987; 67(1); 3-10.
[3]. Gordh T. Epidural Clonidine for treatment of postoperative pain relief after thoracotomy. A double-blind placebo–controlled study.
Acta Anesthesiol Scand 1988; 32(8): 702-9.
[4]. Kirno K, Lundin S, Elam M. Epidural Clonidine depresses sympathetic nerve activity in humans by supraspinal mechanism.
Anaesthesiology 78(6): 10217.
[5]. Mendez R, Eisenach JC, Kashtan k. Epidural Clonidine analgesia after caesarean section. Anaesthesiology 1990; 73(5); 842-52.

Abstract: Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous micro-organism that can rapidly acquire resistance to different broad-spectrum antibiotics. Multidrug resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an emerging cause of mortality and morbidity in burn patients, which causes 4-60% nosocomial infections in different parts of the world............

Keywords: Burn, Swab samples, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Multidrug Resistance

[1]. Carmeli YN, Troillet G, Eliopoulos GM, Samore MH. Emergence of antibiotic resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Comparison of
risks associated with different Anti pseudomonal agents. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1999; 3:1379–82 Lewis GJ, Fang X,
Gooch M, Cook PP. Decreased resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with restriction of ciprofloxacin in a large teaching hospital's
intensive care and intermediate care units. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2012;33:368-73.
[2]. Obritsch MD, Fish DN, MacLaren R, Jung R. National surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates
obtained from intensive care unit patients from 1993 to 2002. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004;48:4606-10.
[3]. Coetzee E, Rode H, Kahn D. Pseudomonas aeruginosa burn wound infection in a dedicated paediatric burns unit. S Afr J Surg.
2013;51:50-53.
[4]. Vahdani M, Azimi L, Asghari B, Bazmi F, Rastegar LA. Phenotypic screening of extended-spectrum ß-lactamase and metallo-ßlactamase in multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa from infected burns. Ann Burns Fire Disasters.2012;25(2):78-81.

Abstract: Objectives: To describe the etiology, association factors, co morbid conditions and the most common endoscopic findings associated with Non-variceal Upper Gastro Intestinal Bleeding (UGIB). Methods And Materials: The study was conducted at Coimbatore medical college hospital during the period of January 2016 to May 2016.It is a Retrospective study.The study population included 100 patients who are presented with hemetemesis or melena and admitted in medical ward during that period............

Keywords: UGI endoscopy , Non-variceal UGI Bleeding

[1]. David Edelberg. Digestive Health. Available from http:// www. netplaces. com/ digestive- health.
[2]. Simic O, Strathausen S, Hess W, Ostermeyer J. Incidence andprognosis of abdominal complications after cardiopulmonary bypass.
Cardiovasc Surg 1999; 7(4): 419-24.
[3]. Mayer EA. The challenge of studying the biology of complex, symptom-based GI disordears. Gastroenterology 2000; 133(4): 1113-
23.
[4]. Drossman DA. The functional gastrointestinal disorders and the Rome III process. Gastroenterology 2006; 130(5): 1377-90.
[5]. Longstreth GF. Epidemiology of hospitalization for acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: a population-based study. Am J
Gastroenterol 1995; 90:206. Available from http://www.uptodate.com/contents/major-causes-of-upper-gastrointestinal-bleeding-inadults.

Abstract: Supracondylar fracture of humerus in children is the commonest paediatric skeletal injury around the elbow. Peak incidence of this fracture occurs in age group of 6 – 9 years. Many treatment modalities are available in the management of Supracondylar fracture of humerus. The aim of this study is to evaluate the of short term results of open reduction using the triceps-sparing approach and Kirschner wire fixation after failed close reduction in Gartland Type III Supracondylar fracture of humerus in children..............

Keywords: Supracondylar, Gartland type III, Triceps-sparing, Flynn criteria

[1]. Wilson et al , fracture and dislocation in region of elbow ; surg gynaec obstet 1933: 56 ; 335—59 .
[2]. Henrikson et al supracondylar fracture of humerus ; Acta Chir scand ( suppl) 1966; 36: 9—12
[3]. Abraham E et al : Experimental hyperextension of supracondylar fracture of humerus in monkies clinical orthopaedics ; 1982 ; 171 :
309—318.
[4]. Adam F. et al : Genuine works of Hippocrates ( translated from greek ) Baltimore , wiliams and Wilkins ,1939.
[5]. Teddy slongo et al lateral external fixation – a new technique for displaced unrreducible supracondylar fracture of humerus in
children JBJS ,Am,Aug 2008 :90 : 1690—1697 .

Abstract: Thanks to improved resuscitation and improvised wound care techniques in burns management during the last few decades, because mortality from burns has considerably reduced for these reasons. Many studies have emphasized on advantages of early intervention and skin grafting in managing full thickness second degree and third degree burns. But this involves creation of another raw area at the donor site and also the resultant scar at the burns area will not have admirable cosmetic results..............

Keywords: Tangential excision, Full thickness second degree burns

[1] Janzekovic, Z: A new concept in the early excision and immediate grafting of Burns. J. Trauma, 10:1103,1970
[2] Lawrence, J.C and Carney, S.A: Tangential excision of burns. Br. J. Plastic Surg.,26:93, 1973
[3] Wexler.M.R, Yeschua.R and Neuman.Z, Early treatment of Burns of dorsum of hand by tangential excision and skin grafting. Plast.
Reconstr. Surgery 54:268, 1974
[4] John L. Hunt M.D Ronald Sato, M.D. Charles R. Baxter., University of Texas, Early Tangential excision and Immediate mesh auto
grafting of deep dermal Hand Burns.
[5] Paul A.J. Kolarsick, BS Maria Ann Kolarsick, MSN, ARNP-C, and Carolyn Goodwin, APRN-BC, FNP , Anatomy and Physiology of
Skin.

Abstract: Ventral hernia repair has been a challenge to the surgeons from time immemorial. To do a tension free repair is our goal and prevention of recurrence is our aim especially in incisional hernias with large defect. Many techniques like Anatomical repair, Keel's repair and Mayo's double breasting etc. have been developed. These techniques are not adequate in the management of midline incisional hernias with large defects...............

Keywords: Woven darning, Shoelace repair, Midline Incisional hernias

[1]. Loh A. Rajkumar JS,South LM (1992) Anatomical repair of Large Incisional hernias Ann R Coll Surg Engl 74:100-105
[2]. Abrahamson Jack (1997) Epigastric, Umbilical , Ventral hernias. Maingot‟s Abdominal Surgery 423:430
[3]. Talib A. Majid, Mohanad M. Yassen, Weseem M. Shakir., Shoelace Darn repair of Abdominal Incisional Hernias : vol 6., No. :3.,
2007
[4]. David L Sanders, Andrew N. Kingsnorth ., Modern management of Incisional hernias ., BMJ 2012 ., 344 e 2843 doi:
10.1136/bmj.e2843
[5]. M.A. Joshi. M.B. Singh.M.A. Gadhire .,Study of Outcome of Modified Shoelace repair for midline Incisional Hernia : Springer:
2014

Abstract: Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is now known to offer an excellent alternative method to routine axillary lymph node dissection in staging of breast cancer. However, this minimally invasive technique requires facilities for frozen section (FS) and intraoperative analysis, which are sadly not available at most centers in India. At the same time Touch imprint cytology (TIC), is relatively less cumbersome technique for intraoperative assessment which may provide a fast and accurate method for intraoperative assessment of sentinel lymph nodes..............

Keywords: Touch Imprint Cytology, Frozen Section, Sentinel Lymph Node biopsy

[1]. Intraoperative examination of sentinel lymph nodes using scrape cytology
[2]. A Mannell, FRACS, FRCS (Lond), MS; B Wium, Bsc (Med) (Hons), MB BCH, FCPATH (SA);
[3]. C Thatcher, MB BCH, FCPATH (SA), South African Journal of Surgery 2014; 52(3):75-78. DOI:10.7196/SAJS.1954
[4]. Comparison of diagnostic accuracy of touch imprint cytology and frozen section techniques in detecting breast malignancies
[5]. Safina ahmed, Mumtaz ahmad; Vol.66, No. 3, March 2016 – Journal of Pakistan Medical Association
[6]. Touch imprint cytology and frozen-section analysis for intraoperative evaluation of sentinel nodes in early breast cancer

Abstract: Anterior mediastinal mass and a thyroid mass in the same patient is very uncommon and more so in a patient coming for an orthopaedic surgery as was the case in our patient.Mediastinal mass could be absolutely benign to highly malignant and hence require prompt diagnosis. When presenting for diagnostic/definitive surgery or an unrelated surgery they pose serious challenges for the anaesthetist depending on its size, anatomical situation and involvement ofand pressure exerted on the various structures of the mediastinum...............

Keywords: Mediastinal mass, thyroid mass, interscalene block,difficult airway, peak airway pressure

[1]. Slinger P, Karsli C. Management of the patient with a large anterior mediastinal mass: recurring myths. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2007; 20:1.
[2]. Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol. 2015; 31(2): 272–274.0:1.
[3]. Liu SS, Gordon MA, Shaw PM, Wilfred S, Shetty T, Yadeau JT. A prospective clinical registry of ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia for ambulatory shoulder surgery. Anesth Analg. 2010:111(3):617- 23.
[4]. Shamberger RC. Preanesthetic evaluation of children with anterior mediastinal masses. Semin Pediatr Surg 1999; 8: 61-68

Abstract: A mastoid cavity resulting from a canal wall down can result in major morbidity for patients due to chronic otorhea and infection, difficulty with hearing aids and vertigo with temperature changes. Mastoid obliteration recreates the normal anatomy to certain extent avoid such morbidity. Few have the studied the quality of life benefited by this procedure. Open cavity mastiodectomy techniques applied for chronic suppurative otitis media with attico antral disease cause some cavity problems, these pts complaints of vertigo..............

Keywords: Mastiodectomy Obliteration , Fibrofatty tissue Cartilage Cholisteatoma Periosteal flaps

[1]. Black B Mastiodectomy elimination. Am J Otol19;551-557
[2]. Gorur K,Ozcanc Unal M, (2002) Causes of failure in open cavity mastiodectomy
[3]. Hoffmann DF,Fragan PA,Taylor B 1997 Reduction meatoplasty
[4]. JacksonCG,schall DG,Glasscock ME3rd ,Macias JD,widick MH, a surgical solution for the difficult chronic ear.Am J Otol 17;7-
14 (pubMed)
[5]. Mosher HP (1911) A method of filling the excavated mastoid with a flap from the back of the auricle. Laryngoscope 21;1158-
1163.

Abstract: The causes and management of Facial nerve paralysis have been well documented in the literature. Facial expression is an important means of social communication in human beings. Facial nerve dysfunction can dramatically affect a patient's quality of life. It causes both psychological and Emotional trauma. A prospective study was conducted at a tertiary ENT care institute over a period of 3 years to identify various causes of facial nerve palsy and to analyse improvement in terms of grades. Traumatic facial palsy was more
common in male patients in our study...............

Keywords: nerve palsy, Facial paralysis, Facial nerve decompression, Bell`s palsy, Traumatic facial palsy.

[1] D S Grewal, Bells palsy, Atlas of Surgery of the Facial Nerve, Second Edition.
[2] House JW, Brackman DE. Facial nerve grading system.Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1985; 93:146–7.
[3] Thanos Bibas, Dan Jiang And Michael J Gleeson, Disorders of the facial nerve, 241c, scott brown, 7th edition.
[4] I P Tang, MS, S C Lee, MS, S Shashinder, MS, R Raman, MS,Outcome of Patients Presenting with Idiopathic Facial Nerve
Paralysis (Bell's Palsy) in a Tertiary Centre – A Five Year Experience, Med J Malaysia Vol 64 No 2 June 2009 155.
[5] Osma U, Cureoglu S, Hosoglu S. The complications of chronic otitis media: report of 93 cases. J Laryngol Otol. 2000;114 (2):97.

Abstract: Respiratory Distress in newborn is defined as the presence of any two of the following features:1.Respiratory Rate >60/min.2.Subcostal/Intercostal retractions.3.Expiratory grunt/Groaning. Inaddition, presence of nasal flaring, suprasternal retactions,decreased air entry on auscultation of chest wall will also indicate the presence of respiratory distress...............

Keywords: Apnea, cyanosis, newborn, respiratory distress,retactions

[1]. Manual Of Neonatal Care(7thedition)-John P Cloherty[pg-407-410].
[2]. Banerjee CK,Mahajan,Narang AS-Indian Paediatrics No.8.
[3]. Nelson Textbook Of Pediatrics 19thedition(pg 581-590).
[4]. Caffey J:Text book of Pediatrics X-ray diagnosis 10th edition (pg 1995 ).
[5]. AIIMS NICU protocols.

Abstract: Introduction: Psychiatric disorders form an important public health priority and major causes of morbidity. Drug utilization studies are a pre-requisite for the formulation of drug policies. This review identifies the problems that arise from drug usage in health care delivery system and highlights the current approaches to the rational use of drugs...............

Keywords: Psychiatric disorders, Drug utilization

[1] American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.).
Washington, DC.
[2] World Health Organization. Strengthening Mental Health Promotion. The World health report 2001 - Mental Health (Fact sheet
no.220): New Understanding, New Hope. , Geneva
[3] Math SB, Chandrashekar CR, Bhugra D. Psychiatric epidemiology in India. The Indian journal of Medical research 2007 Sep;
126(3): 183–92.
[4] Murthy R. Mental Health Programme in the 11th five year plan. The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2007 Jun; 11: 707–12.
[5] Collins, Pamela Y; Patel, Vikram; Joestl, Sarah S et al. Scientific Advisory Board the Executive Committee."Grand challenges in
global mental health". Nature 475(7354): 27–30.

Abstract: In the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection, rapid urease test (RUT) plays an important role. According to previous studies, if there was a low density of Helicobacter pylori in the stomach, then rapid urease test requires longer time to become positive. Density of Helicobacter pylori could be reduced by recent use of PPIs, hence rapid urease test may require longer reading time as well. The main objective was to determine the effect of PPI on the results of rapid urease test (PYLO DRY) and histopathology...............

Keywords: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), Rapid Urease test (RUT), Helicobacter pylori, Antral biopsy

[1] Manasa P Kumari, Sunila, Sumana MN, Nandeesh HP. The Histopathological study on Helicobacter pylori associated
gastroduodenal diseases in a tertiary care hospital, Mysore. IJSR 2015; 4(7): 1973-1376
[2] Blaser MJ. Ecology of Helicobacter pylori in the human stomach. J Clin Invest1997;100:759-62.
[3] Blaser MJ. Perez-Perez GI, Kleanthous H, et al, Infection with Helicobacter pylori strains possessing cag A is associated with an
increased risk of developing adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Cancer Res 1995; 55:2111-5.
[4] Vaira D,Gatta L, Ricci C et al. Review artice: diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002; 16(Suppl
1); 16-23
[5] Lam SK. Talley NJ. Consensus conference on the management of Helicobacter pylori infection. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1998.1:1-
12

Abstract: Periodontal disease is a chronic and concealed infection. It has become progressively clearer in recent years that periodontal disease can cause remarkable increase as well as decrease in the levels of markers of systemic inflammation. These markers include chiefly plasma proteins such as acute phase proteins. The acute phase proteins are an evolutionarily conserved family of proteins produced mainly in the liver in response to infection and inflammation...............

Keywords: Acute phase proteins, acute phase response, inflammation and periodontitis

[1]. Saini R, Saini S, Sharma S. Periodontitis: A risk factor to respiratory diseases. Lung India. 2010;27(3):189.
[2]. Smitha CN, Soni S, Basu SK. Role of C-Reactive protein and periodontal disease in systemic health: A review. Journal of
Advanced Dental Research. 2011:2(1):1-6.
[3]. Ceciliani F, Giordano A, Spagnolo V. The systemic reaction during inflammation: the acute-phase proteins. Protein Pept Lett.
2002;9(3):211-23.
[4]. Gabay C, Kushner I. Acute-phase proteins and other systemic responses to inflammation. N Engl J Med. 1999;11:340(6):448-54.
[5]. Zhou YF, Csako G, Grayston JT, Wang SP, Yu ZX, Shou M, Leon M, Epstein SE. Lack of association of restenosis following
coronary angioplasty with elevated C-reactive protein levels or seropositivity to Chlamydia pneumoniae. Am J Cardiol.
1999;84(5):595-8

Abstract: Background: Sickle cell disease is a chronic debilitating condition. Nigeria has the largest pool of the sickle cell gene in the world. Three to five million people are affected in Nigeria. Knowledge of the disease may help in reducing the national prevalence. Objective: To determine the level of awareness of sickle cell disease in a typical rural community of Delta State. Method: Structured researcher-administered questionnaires were used to collect information from residents of Akoku-Uno community of Delta state...............

Keywords: Sickle Cell Disease In A Rural Community

[1]. Halim NKD, Famodu AA. Textbook of Clinical Haematology, Benin City, Ambik press, 1997, pg 25.
[2]. Herrick JB. Perculiar elongated and sickle shaped red corpuscles in a case of severe anemia. Arch intern Med 1910; 6: 517-600
[3]. Natarajan K, Townes TM, Kutlar A. Disorders of haemoglobin structure: sickle cell anaemia and related abnormalities. In:
Kaushansky K, Lichtman MA, Beutler E, Kipps TJ, Seligsohn U, Prchal JT (eds), Williams Hematology, 8th edn, New York,
McGraw Hill, 2010, 710-711.
[4]. Okumura MJ, Campbell AD, Nasr SZ, Davis MM. In patient health care use among adult survivors of chronic childhood illnesses
in the Unites States. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2006;160: 1054-1058
[5]. Taylor LE, Stotts NA, Hunphreys J, Treadwell MJ, Miaskowski C. J pain symptom manage 2010; 40(3): 416-435

Abstract: Though most of the literature relating to impacted tooth mentions about third molars and canines , the lower second molars has about 24 percentage chance of getting impacted among the other teeth , there is scarcity of articles related to wedged impacted lower premolars and their management.Surgical removal of wedged impacted tooth carries double the risk of adjacent tooth damage which will inversely affect the long..............

Keywords: Impacted tooth, less invasive, management

[1]. Anthony R Collett– conservative management of lower second premolar impaction. Australian dental journal 2000; 45 ;( 4); 279- 281
[2]. AndreasenJO.The impacted premolar.In:AndreasenJO,PetersenJK,LaskinDM,eds.Textbook and color atlas of tooth impactions.
Diagnosis, treatment and prevention. (Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1997) 177-195.
[3]. Frank CA ; Treatment options for impacted teeth . J Am Dent Associ 2000; 131- 628-95
[4]. Jain U, KalluryA. Conservative Management of Mandibular Second Premolar Impaction. J Scient Res 2011; 4: 59-61.
[5]. Kalia V AneyaM ; Mandibular premolar Impaction ;Schol Res Erch 2009: 1-3