iosr-JDMS   Volume-20 ~ Issue-5 ~ May 2021

Abstract: The relationship between sleep diordered breathing (SDB) and stroke not only opens a multidisciplinary area of research for patient care for Cardio-Cerebro-Vascular disorders but also understanding the association between brain-heart-lung in both normal and disease functions. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is an independent risk factor among Hypertension (HTN), Atrial Fibrillation (AF), Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), Stress, smoking, use of alcohol and obesity in aggravating known vascular diseases as reported by many studies. We attempted to review the available published data to outline that how cardio-pulmonary pathophysiological processes are affected by OSA leading to the high prevalence of both cardiovascular and cerebrovascular comorbidities and mortality rates. We learned that OSA by influencing the cardiovascular disease (CVD) risks, directly or indirectly.....

Keywords: obstructive sleep apnea, stroke, cardiovascular disease, comorbidities

[1]. Peppard PE, Young T, Barnet JH, Palta M, Hagen EW, Hla KM. Increased prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in adults. American journal of epidemiology. 2013;177(9):1006-14.
[2]. Johnson KG, Johnson DC. Frequency of sleep apnea in stroke and TIA patients: a meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. 2010;6(2):131-7.
[3]. WORSNOP CJ, NAUGHTON MT, BARTER CE, MORGAN TO, ANDERSON AI, PIERCE RJ. The prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in hypertensives. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. 1998;157(1):111-5.
[4]. Dempsey JA, Smith CA, Blain GM, Xie A, Gong Y, Teodorescu M. Role of central/peripheral chemoreceptors and their interdependence in the pathophysiology of sleep apnea. Arterial Chemoreception. 2012:343-9.
[5]. Kapur VK, Auckley DH, Chowdhuri S, Kuhlmann DC, Mehra R, Ramar K, et al. Clinical practice guideline for diagnostic testing for adult obstructive sleep apnea: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical practice guideline. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. 2017;13(3):479-504

Abstract: Background: Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness worldwide. Intraocular pressure is the primary risk factor. But in spite of control of intraocular pressure, some cases progress which strengthens the view that there must be other independent risk factors in pathogenesis of glaucoma. Serums cholesterol and triglyceride have been found to be associated with glaucoma in few studies. We carried out the present study to study the relation between serum cholesterol and triglyceride in......

Key Words: Primary open angle glaucoma, Lipids, Dyslipidemia, Correlation

[1]. Quigley HA, Broman AT. The number of people with glaucoma worldwide in 2010 and 2020.Br J Ophthalmol.2006;90:262-267
[2]. Paul C, Sengupta S, Banerjee S, Choudhury S. Open-angle glaucoma in a rural and urban population in Eastern India-the Hooghly river glaucoma study. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2020;68:371–4.
[3]. Venkataraman P, Chandran P, Faheem M, Arunaachalam V, Aboobacker N, Raman GV. Assessment of glaucoma referral letter for quality and accuracy among patients referred to a tertiary eye care center. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2020;68:471–4.
[4]. Vijaya L, George R, Baskaran M, Arvind H, Raju P, Ramesh SV, et al. Prevalence of primary open-angle glaucoma in an urban south indian population and comparison with a rural population. Ophthalmology. 2008;115:648–654e1.
[5]. Palimkar A, Khandekar R, Venkataraman V. Prevalence and distribution of glaucoma in central India (Glaucoma Survey 2001) Indian J Ophthalmol. 2008;56:57–62

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Pakistan was not prepared for such a world-wide dangerous infectious decease never in the past or at this moment so it's for the first time in history of Pakistan and so does in its medical colleges to do working under standard operating procedure (SOPs). Based on the "constructivist-learning-theory" that highlight the student's experiences rather than the exchange of knowledge from the educators, would be utilised to understand the online home-based education settings. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of the study are; increase understandings into evaluating risk-stages for 'practical-and-clinical' examinations....

KEYWORDS: OSCE; Clinical Examination; Pandemic; COVID-19; Pandemic management; Medical; Computer-Assisted Instruction.

[1]. Kim J, Zhang J, Cha Y, Kolitz S, Funt J, Chong RE, et al. Coronavirus Disease - 2019 (COVID-19). ChemRxiv. 2020;2019(March).
[2]. Waris A, Atta UK, Ali M, Asmat A, Baset A. COVID-19 outbreak: current scenario of Pakistan. New Microbes New Infect [Internet]. 2020;35(20):100681. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100681
[3]. Farooq F, Rathore FA, Mansoor SN. Challenges of online medical education in Pakistan during COVID-19 pandemic. J Coll Physicians Surg Pakistan. 2020;30(1):S67–9.
[4]. Gonduct of Examinations during. :4–5.
[5]. Khalaf K, El-Kishawi M, Moufti MA, Al Kawas S. Introducing a comprehensive high-stake online exam to final-year dental students during the COVID-19 pandemic and evaluation of its effectiveness. Med Educ Online [Internet]. 2020;25(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/10872981.2020.1826861

Abstract: Background
Echocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a powerful risk factor for sudden death, coronary events, stroke, cardiac arrhythmias and heart failure. Routine echocardiographic assessment in all hypertensive patients is worth carrying out but this is a challenge in resource poor regions like sub-Saharan Africa. The need arises to determine the electrocardiographic (ECG) criteria with adequate sensitivity and specificity for detection of LVH and also correlates strongly with echocardiographic left ventricular mass index (LVMI).....

KEYWORDS: Left ventricular hypertrophy, Hypertensive, electrocardiography, echocardiography, correlation, Nigeria..

[1]. Havranek EP, Froushaug DB, Emserman CD, Hanratty R, Krantz MJ, Masoudi FA, et al. Left ventricular hypertrophy and cardiovascular mortality by race and ethnicity. Am J Med 2008; 121: 870 – 875.
[2]. Kannel WB, Dannenberg AL, Levy D. Population implications of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy. Am J Cardiol. 1987; 60: 851 – 931.
[3]. Levy D, Garrison RJ, Savage DD, Kannel WB, Castelli WP. Prognostic implications of Echocardiographically determined left ventricular mass in the Framingham heart Study. N Engl J Med. 1990; 322(22): 1561 – 1566.
[4]. Truong QA, Ptaszek LM, Charipar EM, Taylor C, Fontes JD, Kriegel M, et al. Performance of Electrocardiographic criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy as compared with cardiac computed tomography: from the rule out myocardial infarction using computer assisted tomography trial. J Hypertens. 2010; 28: 1959 – 1967.
[5]. Levy D, Garrison RJ, Savage DD, Kannel WB, Castelli WP. Left ventricular mass and incidence of coronary artery disease in an elderly cohort. The Framingham Heart Study. Ann Intern Med. 1989; 110: 101 – 107

Abstract: BACKGROUND:- Myopia is one of the most common ocular abnormalities reported worldwide, mainly in Asia. Eyeball is enlarged with increased axial length & stretching occurs beyond normal dimensions, leading to thinning of retina. The RNFL is a sensitive indicator for predicting early glaucomatous changes & extent of RNFL damage correlates with severity of functional deficit in visual field. These field defects result from loss of ganglion cells, which is manifested as thinning of the RNFL and RNFL defects. RNFL thickness (RNFLT), therefore, is a very important parameter in evaluation and monitoring of glaucoma. AIM:- To measure & evaluate the effect of severity of myopia on RNFL thickness in different quadrants of optic nerve head using spectral domain OCT....

KEYWORDS: Myopia, Spherical equivalent (SE), axial length, RNFL Thickness, OCT

[1]. Report of the Joint World Health Organization(WHO)- Brien Holden Vision Institute Global Scientific Meeting on Myopia, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, 16-18 March, 2015
[2]. Curtin BJ. The Myopias: basic science and clinical management. New York: Harper & Row, 1985
[3]. AK Khurana. Modern system of Ophthalmology series; Theory and practice of Optics and Refraction, Fourth edition; 526: 80-87
[4]. Curtin BJ, Karlin DB. Axial length measurements and fundus changes of the myopic eye. I. The posterior fundus. Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society. 1970;68:312.[5]. Mitchell P Hourihan F Sandbach J. The relationship between glaucoma and myopia: the Blue Mountain Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 1999; 106:2010-2015

Abstract: Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine factors predicting resolution of acute pseudophakic cystoid macular edema (PCME) after 6 weeks of topical prednisolone and nepafenac application.Material and Methods: Case records of patients with a clinical and optical coherence tomography (OCT)‑based diagnosis of acute PCME were retrospectively reviewed for best‑corrected visual acuity and OCT‑based parameters at the time of presentation with PCME. In addition, demographic variable intraoperative and early postoperative factors, and type of treatment prescribed (tapering vs nontapering prednisolone, generic vs. branded prednisolone and nepafenac) were recorded from case records for analysis. Complete and any successes were defined and baseline factors predicting complete success at 6 weeks were analyzed.Results: We analyzed 70 eyes of 70 patients out of which complete....

KEYWORDS: cystoid macular edema ,pseudophakia,,resolution, topical therapy ,oct.

[1]. Jump up↑ Yonekawa Y, Kim IK. Pseudophakic cystoid macular edema. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2012;23
[2]. Jump up↑ Irvine SR. A newly defined vitreous syndrome following cataract surgery. Am J Ophthalmol 1953;36:599
[3]. Jump up↑ Kim SJ, Belair ML, Bressler NM, et al. A method of reporting macular edema after cataract surgery using optical coherence tomography. Retina 2008;28(6):870-876.
[4]. Flach AJ. The incidence, pathogenesis and treatment of cystoid macular edema following cataract surgery. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1998;96:557-6
[5]. Chu CJ Johnston RL,Buscombe C ,Sallam AB ,MohamedQ,Yang YC,et al .Risk factors and incidence of macular edema after cataract surgery ; data based study of 81984 eyes ophthalmology 2016 feb. 123 (2); 316-23.

Abstract: Background: Allergic rhinitis is one of the most common chronic diseases in children. Developing countries such as ours lack standard diagnostic tests like Skin Prick Test, Radio Allegro Sorbent Test, or Enzyme-Link Immune Sorbent Assays. In their absence the need to confirm disease with a readily available tool such as nasal smear becomes necessary Aims: To assess the reliability of nasal smear eosinophilia as an alternative tool for diagnosing allergic rhinitis. Subjects and Methods: A prospective, cross - sectional community based study of primary school children in ten (10) randomly selected Government primary schools. Children between 6 to 11years were recruited and evaluated for symptoms and signs of allergic rhinitis.

KEYWORDS: Allergic rhinitis: Nasal eosinophilia: Absolute eosinophil count

[1]. Skoner DP. Allergic rhinitis: Definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, detection and diagnosis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001; 108
[2]. Bachert C. Persistent rhinitis – Allergic or non-allergic? Allergy. 2004; 59: 11- 5.
[3]. Sanli A, Aydin S, Ates G, Eken M, Celebi O. Comparison of nasal smear eosinophilia with skin prick test positivity in patients with allergic rhinitis. Kulak Burun Bogaz Ihtis Derg. 2006; 16: 60-3.
[4]. Pastorell EA, Riario - Sforza GG, Incorvaia C, Segala M, Fumagalli M, Gandini R. Comparison of rhinomanometry, symptom, and inflammatory cell count in assessing the nasal late - phase reaction to allergen challenge. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999; 93: 85-92.
[5]. Jirapongsananuruk O, Vichyanond P. Nasal cytology in the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis in children. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1998; 80: 165 - 70.

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: The problem of Sex related crime is compounded by the fact that, the age groups primarily involved belongs to the most reproductive age group 15-45 years. Developing countries, such as India face the double burden of already existent social stigma and increasing burden of pending cases in court of law. Material and method: In depth detailed analysis of 120 sex-related crime of girls below the age of 18 years in and around Varanasi region have been included in this study. It includes socio-demographic profile of the victims' age, residential status and occupation. Medico-legal aspects of these cases have been looked into. Result: The victims between 16 to 18 years were 41.2% of total study cases. Majority of victims i.e.45% were belonging of lower class (V). In 9% cases the condom was used as contraceptive by the assailants .Majority of times i.e. 51% the incentive as pretext to marriage was given by the assailant, in 23% cases the incentive was not given to the victim. In this study 3 victims (2.5%) cases reported to hospital for medical examination within 12 hours after assault and 72 victims (60%) cases reported to hospital for medical examination more than 1 month. Most of victims i.e. 65% were studying in primary school.

[1]. National Crime Report Bureau, New Delhi March 1986. Available from http://ncrb.nic.in.
[2]. Tamuli RP, Paul B, Mahanta P. A Statistical Analysis of Alleged Victims of Sexual Assault – A Retrospective Study. J Punjab Accad Forensic Med Toxicology 2013; 13(1):12
[3]. .SoumyajyotiBandyopadhay, A Study on Sexual Assault Victims Attending a Tertiary Care Hospital of Eastern India, IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences, e-ISSN: 2279-0853, p-ISSN: 2279-0861. Volume 6, Issue 6 (May.- Jun. 2013), P-16-19.
[4]. KalpasreeBhowmik, RiturajChaliha, A Descriptive One Year Study on the Alleged Male and Female Victims and Accused of Sex Crimes, Journal of Indian Academy of Forensic Med, July September 2011, Vol. 33, No. 3 214,216
[5]. Sukul B, Chattopadhyay S and Bose T K. A Study of the Victims of Natural Sexual Offence in the Bankura District in West Bengal.J Indian Acad Forensic Med 2009; 31(1); 25 29.

Abstract: Worldwide Female sterilization is the most popular and effective method of contraception. In addition to being permanent it is safe and relatively free from side effects. 5-6 million sterilization is done annually in India. The most popular method being laparoscopic sterilization. Sterilization failure may occur at a rate of 0.1 to 0.8 %. Post sterilization failure may present as ectopic which is of concern as it can cause high morbidity and mortality due to delayed diagnosis.

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Abstract: Résume : Le neuroblastome appelé aussi sympathoblastome est une tumeur embryonnaire maligne développé aux dépens des cellules de la crête neurale, la plus fréquente des tumeurs solides chez l'enfant âgé de moins de 5ans. L'atteinte orbitaire primitive est exceptionnelle. Nous rapportons le cas d'une Fillette de 4 ans, qui consulte pour un oeil droit rouge, douloureux d'apparition brutale sans contexte traumatique, ayant bénéficié d'un examen ophtalmologique complet avec réalisation L'échographie oculaire et d'une IRM ainsi le prélèvement de chambre antérieur. Une énucléation sur un globe non fonctionnel a été décidé à visée diagnostic, vu la forte suspicion d'une pathologie tumorale et l'absence......

Keywords: neuroblastome ; tumeur embryonnaire ; Exophtalmies ; des catécholamines.

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[2]. Muthukrishnan Vallinayagam. Primary orbital neuroblastoma with intraocular extension. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2015 Aug ; 63(8) : 684–686.
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[4]. Dutton JJ, Orbital diseases; Yanoff M, Ducker JS, ophthalmology. Mosby ST Lousi MO 2004 :729-3.

Abstract: Résume: La kérato-conjonctivite vernale est une forme rare sévère d'allergie oculaire qui touche préférentiellement le jeune garçon pour disparaître à la puberté le plus fréquemment. Elle est rare chez l'adulte, Nous rapportons le cas d'une patiente de 26 ans, sans antécédents particuliers, qui s'est présentée aux urgences pour un oeil rouge douloureux avec photophobie intense depuis une semaine. L'acuité visuelle était chiffrée à 0.5/10e, l'examen à la lampe à fente retrouvait une conjonctivite folliculo-papillaire sans papilles géantes avec une hyperhémie conjonctivale et un bourrelet limbique. L'examen de la cornée présentait une plaque vernale triangulaire supérieure juxta-limbique. La chambre antérieure était calme. Le traitement avait consisté en un débridement puis une corticothérapie à forte.....

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