iosr-JDMS   Volume-22 ~ Issue-8 ~ Aug. 2023

Abstract: Background: The devastating COVID Pandemic has physically distanced the doctor from the patient, giving life to the new era of telemedicine in communicating, diagnosing and treating the patient. As physical examination has got almost no role to play in telemedicine, dependence on the patient's symptoms in the clinical diagnosis has gained more relevancy. Eventually, the patient's history became the most important diagnostic tool for evaluation of the patient's condition. In this back drop,The relevance of history in clinical diagnosis has taken the center stage. In the present day scenario where physical......

Key Word: History taking; Physical examination; Laboratory diagnosis; Relevance.

[1]. Feddock, C. A. (2007). The Lost Art Of Clinical Skills. The American Journal Of Medicine, 120(4), 374-378.
[2]. Hampton, J. R., Harrison, M. J., Mitchell, J. R., Prichard, J. S., & Seymour, C. (1975). Relative Contributions Of History-Taking, Physical Examination, And Laboratory Investigation To Diagnosis And Management Of Medical Outpatients. Br Med J, 2(5969), 486-489.
[3]. Peterson, M. C., Holbrook, J. H., Von Hales, D. E., Smith, N. L., & Staker, L. V. (1992). Contributions Of The History, Physical Examination, And Laboratory Investigation In Making Medical Diagnoses. Western Journal Of Medicine, 156(2), 163.
[4]. Roshan, M., & Rao, A. P. (2000). A Study On Relative Contributions Of The History, Physical Examination And Investigations In Making Medical Diagnosis. The Journal Of The Association Of Physicians Of India, 48(8), 771-775.
[5]. Muhrer, J. C. (2014). The Importance Of The History And Physical In Diagnosis. The Nurse Practitioner, 39(4), 30-35.

Abstract: Artificial intelligence (AI) has undeniably left its mark on numerous fields of medicine, and radiology is no exception. With its data processing capabilities and pattern recognition, AI has introduced revolutionary changes in the interpretation of radiological images, leading to significant improvements in diagnostics and patient care. In this article, we will explore the crucial role of artificial intelligence in radiology and its impact on clinical practice.....

[1]. Esteva, A., Kuprel, B., Novoa, R. A., Ko, J., Swetter, S. M., Blau, H. M., & Thrun, S. (2017). Dermatologist-Level Classification Of Skin Cancer With Deep Neural Networks. Nature, 542(7639), 115-118.
[2]. Choy, G., Khalilzadeh, O., Michalski, M., Do, S., Samir, A. E., Pianykh, O. S., & Geis, J. R. (2018). Current Applications And Future Impact Of Machine Learning In Radiology. Radiology, 288(2), 318-328.
[3]. Topol, E. J. (2019). High-Performance Medicine: The Convergence Of Human And Artificial Intelligence. Nature Medicine, 25(1), 44-56..

Abstract: Introduction: Taurodontism is a dental anomaly defined by enlargement of the pulp chamber of multirooted teeth with apical displacement of the pulp floor and bifurcation of the roots. It can be an isolated trait or part of a syndrome. The complete or partial absence of an X chromosome in the karyotype of phenotypic females has an impact on tooth morphology. The association of taurodontism and X-chromosome aneuploidy indicates that the X chromosome is involved in the regulation of root morphogenesis. The purpose of this study was to investigated the root....

Keywords: Taurodontism, premolars, Turner syndrome, root morphology, tooth morphology.

[1] Warburton D, Kline J, Stein Z, Susser M. Monosomy X: A Chromosomal Anomaly Associated With Young Maternal Age. The Lancet. 1980;1:167-9.
[2] Lippe B. Turner Syndrome. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1991; 20(1):121-52.
[3] Frias JL, Davenport ML. Health Supervision For Children With Turner Syndrome. Pediatrics. 2003 Mar;111(3):692-702.
[4] Kočova M. Turner Syndrome-Challenge For Early Diagnosis And Successful Therapy. Reviews In Pediatrics. 2010;12:61-7.
[5] Elsheikh M, Dunger DB, Conway GS, Wass JAH. Turner's Syndrome In Adulthood. Endocrine Reviews. 2002; 23(1):120-40. Doi: 10.1210/Edrv.23.1.0457. PMID: 11844747.

Abstract: There are only a few case reports in the literature regarding autoimmune hepatitis precipitated by chronic hepatitis B infection. Here, we present the case of a 61-year-old female who presented with excessive fatigue and transaminitis for one year. The patient had a prior history of jaundice (not previously evaluated), Graves disease three years ago, and a history of radioactive iodine ablation two years ago. Post-ablation, the patient developed hypothyroidism. Initial laboratory results showed SGOT at 512 U/L, SGPT at 334 IU/L, and ALP at 131. An extensive workup was conducted......

Keywords: AIH -Auto immune hepatitis ,CHB -Chronic hepatitis B infection ,ANA -Anti nuclear Anti body Anti LC1-Liver cytosol .

[1]. Solari, N. F., & Cherñavsky, A. C. (2013). Autoimmune Hepatitis. In Autoimmunity: From Bench To Bedside [Internet]. El Rosario University Press. Https://Www.Ncbi.Nlm.Nih.Gov/Books/NBK459451/
[2]. Johnson, P. J., & Mcfarlane, I. G. (1993). Meeting Report: International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 18(4), 998–1005. Https://Doi.Org/10.1002/Hep.1840180435
[3]. Abe, M., Onji, M., Kawai-Ninomiya, K., Michitaka, K., Matsuura, B., Hiasa, Y., & Horiike, N. (2007). Clinicopathologic Features Of The Severe Form Of Acute Type 1 Autoimmune Hepatitis. Clinical Gastroenterology And Hepatology: The Official Clinical Practice Journal Of The American Gastroenterological Association, 5(2), 255–258. Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Cgh.2006.10.011
[4]. Linzay, C. D., Sharma, B., & Pandit, S. (2023). Autoimmune Hepatitis. In Statpearls. Statpearls Publishing.
Http://Www.Ncbi.Nlm.Nih.Gov/Books/NBK459186/
[5]. Gleeson, D., Heneghan, M. A., & British Society Of Gastroenterology. (2011). British Society Of Gastroenterology (BSG) Guidelines For Management Of Autoimmune Hepatitis. Gut, 60(12), 1611–1629. Https://Doi.Org/10.1136/Gut.2010.235259

Abstract: Introduction: Tuberculous Cervical Lymphadenitis (TCL) is a common manifestation of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, with significant variations in prevalence and clinical presentations across different regions and populations. Despite the high burden of tuberculosis in Bangladesh, there is a paucity of research on the prevalence and demographic incidence of TCL in the country. The aim of this study was to investigate the socio-demographic characteristics and clinical presentations of TCL patients in Dhaka, Bangladesh, and to compare these findings with those of other studies to provide a comprehensive understanding of the disease's epidemiology and clinical manifestations.....

Keywords: Tuberculosis, Tuberculous Cervical Lymphadenitis, Fever, Extrapulmonary TB, Bacteria

[1]. Tuberculosis (TB) [Internet]. WHO | Regional Office For Africa. 2023 [Cited 2023 Jun 18]. Available From:
Https://Www.Afro.Who.Int/Health-Topics/Tuberculosis-Tb
[2]. TB And Poverty [Internet]. TB Alert. [Cited 2023 Jun 18]. Available From: Https://Www.Tbalert.Org/About-Tb/Global-Tb-Challenges/Tb-Poverty/
[3]. Tuberculosis In Developing Countries [Internet]. [Cited 2023 Jun 18]. Available From: Https://Www.Cdc.Gov/Mmwr/Preview/Mmwrhtml/00001729.Htm
[4]. Global Tuberculosis Report 2020 [Internet]. [Cited 2023 May 8]. Available From: Https://Www.Who.Int/Publications-Detail-Redirect/9789240013131
[5]. Abdejelil KB, Neifar N, Souissi B, Haddar S, Mahfoudh KB. Illustrate The Different Ultrasound Features Of Tuberculous Cervical Lymphadenitis (TCL). Identify The Ultrasound Signs That Distinguish TCL Among Its Differential Diagnoses. [Internet]. ECR 2019 EPOS. European Congress Of Radiology - ECR 2019; 2019 [Cited 2023 Jun 18]. Available From: Https://Epos.Myesr.Org/Poster/Esr/Ecr2019/C-2637

Abstract: Introduction: Chronic liver disease (CLD) is a progressive condition leading to hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis. Patients with CLD often experience complications such as bleeding esophageal varices and ascites. Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in CLD patients due to various factors, including reduced exposure, malabsorption, and impaired hepatic hydroxylation. Studies have consistently shown a significant deficiency of vitamin D in patients with CLD, emphasizing the importance of addressing this issue for improved skeletal health and immune function.......

Keywords: Serum, Vitamin-D, Calcium, Chronic, liver

[1]. V. Hernandez-Gea And S. L. Friedman, "Pathogenesis Of Liver Fibrosis," Annu. Rev. Pathol. Mech. Dis., Vol. 6, Pp. 425–456, 2011.
[2]. H. Cichoż-Lach, K. Celiński, M. S\Lomka, And B. Kasztelan-Szczerbińska, "Pathophysiology Of Portal Hypertension," J Physiol Pharmacol, Vol. 59, Pp. 231–238, 2008.
[3]. P. Sharma, "Value Of Liver Function Tests In Cirrhosis," J. Clin. Exp. Hepatol., Vol. 12, No. 3, Pp. 948–964, 2022.
[4]. M. T. Kitson And S. K. Roberts, "D-Livering The Message: The Importance Of Vitamin D Status In Chronic Liver Disease," J. Hepatol., Vol. 57, No. 4, Pp. 897–909, 2012.
[5]. C. S. Stokes, D. A. Volmer, F. Grünhage, And F. Lammert, "Vitamin D In Chronic Liver Disease," Liver Int., Vol. 33, No. 3, Pp. 338–352, 2013.

Abstract: We represent in this study the long term results of docetaxel, cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil chemo-induction followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy in patients with locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma type Undifferentiated Carcinoma of the Nasopharyngeal Type (UCNT). The primary endpoint was overall response rate (ORR) after induction CT and after cCTRT. Secondary end points were safety, disease free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS). Patients and methods.....

Keywords: UCNT, Induction chemotherapy, chemoradiotherapy

[1]. Mao YP, Xie FY, Liu LZ, Et Al. Re-Evaluation Of 6th Edition Of AJCC Staging System For Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma And Proposed Improvement Based On Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009;73(5):326–1334
[2]. Globocan 2020
[3]. Chua MLK, Wee JTS, Hui EP, Chan ATC. Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Lancet. 2016;387(10022):1012–24.
[4]. Lee AW, Lin JC, Ng WT. Current Management Of Nasopharyngeal Cancer. Semin Radiat Oncol. 2012;22(3):233–44.
[5]. Tao CJ, Liu X, Tang LL, Mao YP, Chen L, Li WF, Et Al. Prognostic Scoring System For Locoregional Control Among Patients With Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Treated By Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy. Chin J Cancer. 2013;32(9):494–501

Abstract: Background: Rehabilitation with dental implants improves the quality of life of edentulous patients. The aim of this work was to evaluate the stability of computer-guided zygomatic implant placement associated with customized guided drill keys Materials and Methods: This study was carried out on 6 edentulous patients with severely atrophic upper arch were included. Each patient received 2 conventional implants in the anterior maxilla and 2 zygomatic implants on either side in the zygomatic bone. The zygomatic implants were all surgically drilled using a computer-guided approach and computer-guided stent. Clinical and radiographic follow-up was conducted for each patient.....

Keywords: Zygomatic implant, Guided surgery, Computer aided implantology

[1]. Aparicio C, Perales P, Rangert B. Tilted Implants As An Alternative To Maxillary Sinus Grafting: A Clinical, Radiologic, And Periotest Study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2001;3:39-49.
[2]. Toljanic JA, Baer RA, Ekstrand K, Thor A. Implant Rehabilitation Of The Atrophic Edentulous Maxilla Including Immediate Fixed Provisional Restoration Without The Use Of Bone Grafting: A Review Of 1-Year Outcome Data From A Long-Term Prospective Clinical Trial. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2009;24:518-26.
[3]. Balshi TJ, Wolfinger GJ, Shuscavage NJ, Balshi SF. Zygomatic Bone-To-Implant Contact In 77 Patients With Partially Or Completely Edentulous Maxillas. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012;70:2065-9.
[4]. Vrielinck L, Blok J, Politis C. Survival Of Conventional Dental Implants In The Edentulous Atrophic Maxilla In Combination With Zygomatic Implants: A 20-Year Retrospective Study. Int J Implant Dent. 2022;8:27-8.
[5]. Papaspyridakos P, Chen C-J, Singh M, Weber H-P, Gallucci G. Success Criteria In Implant Dentistry: A Systematic Review. J Dent Res. 2012;91:242-8

Abstract: Résumé: Les fistule oeso-pleurales (FOP) sont des entités peu décrites dans la littérature. Il s'agit d'urgences diagnostiques et thérapeutiques, mettant en jeu le pronostic vital du patient à court terme .Elles sont généralement dû à des complications traumatiques, iatrogènes ou par une augmentation soudaine de la pression intra oeosphagienne avec des vomissements ou des régurgitations violentes qui peuvent se voir dans le mégaoesophage ou autres.....

[1]. An Esophagopleuralfistularelated To Cardiopulmonaryresuscitation .Doniamafi, Md,Stéphane Legriel, Md,
Phd,Clément Charbonnel, Md,Kamel Benghalia, Md, Catalinzavastin, Md,Matthieu Glorion, Md,Marine Paul, Md .A P R I L 5 , 2 0 2 3 : 1 0 1 7 6 9
[2]. Incidental Finding Of Esophagopleural Fistula With Underlying Barrett's
[3]. Esophagus And Suspected Boerhaave Syndrome . Moeez Qureshi Sofiya Azim Kaitlin Stackable Melanie Akuna Adnan Khan And Nathan Miller . October 2 0 2 1
[4]. A Propos D'un Cas De Fistule Oeso-Pleurale Gauche Haute Post-Traumatique A Thorax Ferme Avec Empyeme Chez Un Enfant De 10 Ans .Rajaonarivony T., Rajaonarison A., Rakotondrabe J.B, Ramiarisoa L., Randriamananjara N.,Ranaivozanany A . 2001 - 48 (12)
[5]. Eldor J, Ofek B, Abramowitz Hb. Perforation Of Oesophagus By Tracheal Tube During Resuscitation. Anaesthesia. 1990;45:70–71.

Abstract: Background:Down's syndrome (trisomy 21) is the most common chromosomal abnormality that is compatible with life. These patients are of special concern because of their associated problems with regard to congenital heart diseases, gastrointestinal conditions, respiratory and other health issues including oral health problems like dental caries, periodontal diseases, tooth anomalies, facial trauma and injury......

Keywords: Down's syndrome, Cardiopathies, Atlantoaxial Instability, Dental Management

[1]. Azizah Bin Mubayrik.The Dental Needs And Treatment Of Patients With Down Syndrome.Dent Clin N Am 60 (2016) 613–626 Http://Dx.Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Cden.2016.02.003
[2]. Allt Jules E, Howell Charlotte J.Down's Syndrome BJA CEPD Reviews Volume 3, Issue 3, June 2003, Pages 83-86. Https://Doi.Org/10.1093/Bjacepd/Mkg083
[3]. Konstantinos Dimopoulos, Andrew Constantine,Paul Clift,Robin Condliffe,Shahin Moledina,Katrijn Jansen,Ryo Inuzuka,Gruschen R. Veldtman,Clifford L. Cua,Edgar Lik Wui Tay,Alexander R. Opotowsky,George Giannakoulas,Rafael Alonso-Gonzalez,Rachael Cordina,George Capone,Judith Namuyonga,Charmaine H. Scott,Michele D'Alto,Francisco J. Gamero,Brian Chicoine,Hong Gu,Alisa Limsuwan,Tosin Majekodunmi,Werner Budts,Gerry Coghlan,Craig S. Broberg.Cardiovascular Complications Of Down Syndrome: Scoping Review And Expert Consensus.Circulation. 2023;147:425–441
[4]. Sanaa Benhaourech, Abdenasser Drighil, Ayoub El Hammiri Congenital Heart Disease And Down Syndrome: Various Aspects Of A Confirmed Association Cardiovascular Journal Of Africa • Volume 27, No 5, September/October 2016
[5]. Atlantoaxial Instability In Down Syndrome - Guidelines For Screening And Detection.Roy Et Al.Journal Of The Royal Society Of Medicine Volume 83 July 1990.433-435

Abstract: Background: The development of mucinous carcinoma within anal Crohn disease is highly unlikely, appear after several years of evolution of an anal fistula and its diagnosis is difficult as it may be masked by the inflammatory disease. The particularity in our clinical case is the appearance of the tumor rather early after less than 4 years of evolution of the anal fistula. Patient concerns: Our patient is a 38-years-old female who is followed for ileo colic Crohn disease A2 L3 B2-3 evolving for 10 years and a complex anal fistula for less than 4 years having undergone a Seton drainage on multiple occasions and......

Keywords: Crohn disease, Mucinous carcinoma, anal fistula

[1] M. R. Montes, U. D. A. Olabarria, I. B. Bergara, V. P. Porras, And F. J. I. Aguirre, "Mucinous Adenocarcinoma Within An Anal Fistula In A Patient With Crohn's Disease," Int. Surg. J., Vol. 6, No. 11, P. 4121, 2019, Doi: 10.18203/2349-2902.Isj20195134.
[2] H. J. Freeman, "Colorectal Cancer Risk In Crohn's Disease," World J. Gastroenterol., Vol. 14, No. 12, Pp. 1810–1811, 2008, Doi: 10.3748/Wjg.14.1810.
[3] C. N. Bernstein, J. F. Blanchard, E. Kliewer, And A. Wajda, "Cancer Risk In Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease," Cancer, Vol. 91, No. 4, Pp. 854–862, 2001, Doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(20010215)91:4<854::Aid-Cncr1073>3.0.Co;2-Z.
[4] H. J. Freeman, "Tabulation Of Myeloid, Lymphoid And Intestinal Malignancies In Crohn's Disease," Can. J. Gastroenterol., Vol. 16, No. 11, Pp. 779–784, 2002, Doi: 10.1155/2002/193285.
[5] N. E. West, P. E. Wise, A. J. Herline, R. L. Muldoon, W. V. Chopp, And D. A. Schwartz, "Carcinoid Tumors Are 15 Times More Common In Patients With Crohn's Disease," Inflamm. Bowel Dis., Vol. 13, No. 9, Pp. 1129–1134, 2007, Doi: 10.1002/Ibd.20172.

Abstract: Background: Zygomatic implant is a proven modality for treating completely and partially edentulous patients, the reconstruction of missing teeth in the posterior area of the jaw has been always hampered by limited bone availability and insufficient bone quality and may require additional surgical intervention to augment bone levels. The aim of this work was to evaluate the stability of computer-guided zygomatic implant placement associated with customized drill guides. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out on 6 patients, both sexes, with severely atrophic edentulous upper arch (Cawood class IV, V, VI) could.....

Keywords: Zygomatic implant, Guided surgery, Computer aided implantology

[1]. Basyoni AI, Hassan SA, Adly NM. Minimal Invasive Computer Assisted Dental Reconstruction Of Atrophic Maxilla By Zygomatic Implants Combined With Conventional Implants. Al-Azhar D J. 2020;7:13-21.
[2]. Arısan V, Karabuda ZC, Özdemir T. Accuracy Of Two Stereolithographic Guide Systems For Computer‐Aided Implant Placement: A Computed Tomography‐Based Clinical Comparative Study. J Periodontol. 2010;81:43-51.
[3]. Aparicio C, Manresa C, Francisco K, Claros P, Alández J, González‐Martín O, Et Al. Zygomatic Implants: Indications, Techniques And Outcomes, And The Zygomatic Success Code. Periodontology 2000. 2014;66:41-58.
[4]. Aparicio C. A Proposed Classification For Zygomatic Implant Patient Based On The Zygoma Anatomy Guided Approach (ZAGA): A Cross-Sectional Survey. Eur J Oral Implantol. 2011;4:269-75.
[5]. Ewers R, Schicho K, Undt G, Wanschitz F, Truppe M, Seemann R, Et Al. Basic Research And 12 Years Of Clinical Experience In Computer-Assisted Navigation Technology: A Review. J Maxillofac Surg. 2005;34:1-8.

Abstract: Summary: Angiosarcoma is a rare, severely cancerous tumor that develops from the endothelial cells of tiny blood arteries. They typically affect the liver, breast, deep soft tissues, and skin. The only case reports of pleural angiosarcomas in the medical literature are extremely rare. The clinical and radiological aspects are not very specific; its diagnosis is essentially histological. Immunohistochemistry is valuable in making the diagnosis, showing negative reactivity for mesothelial markers and positivity for vascular markers. We report 2 cases of pleural effusion that reveals angiosarcoma.

Keywords: Angiosarcoma, malign, pleural effusion

[1]. Dainese E, Pozzi B, Milani M, Et Al. Primary Pleural Epithelioid Angiosarcoma. A Case Report And Review Of The Literature. Pathol Res Pract 2010; 206(6): 415–419.
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[5]. Maziak DE, Shamji FM, Peterson R, Perkins DG. Angiosarcoma Of The Chest Wall. Ann Thorac Surg 1999; 67: 839–41.

Abstract: Hydatid pulmonary embolism is rare but serious. It most often results from the rupture of a cyst in the right heart chambers and more rarely from the rupture of a hepatic cyst in the venous return circulation, The aim of this article is to shed light on this form of pulmonary embolism, which can be life-threatening because of the risk of acute fatal complications such as anaphylactic shock and vascular rupture, as well as chronic progression to respiratory failure and right heart failure..

Keywords: Hydatid cyst, rupture, pulmonary embolism

[1]. Serraj, M., Smahi, M., Kamaoui, I., El Houari, A., Sahnoune, F., Ouadnouni, Y., Amara, B., El Biaze, M., Tizniti, S., & Benjelloun, M. C. (2013). Embolie Pulmonaire D'origine Hydatique : Une Complication Rare Du Kyste Hydatique Du Foie. Revue Des Maladies Respiratoires, 30(3), 215–221.
[2]. Ellouze, S., Bahri, M., Abdennadher, M., Kossentini, M., Abid, N., Chaabouni, S., Khabir, A., & Boudawara, T. (2011). Embolie Pulmonaire Hydatique Chez Un Enfant. Archives De Pédiatrie, 18(9), 987–989.
[3]. Yagüe, D., Lozano, M. P., Lample, C., Nuñez, M. E., & Sánchez, F. (1998). Bilateral Hydatid Cyst Of Pulmonary Arteries: MR And CT Findings. European Radiology, 8(7), 1170–1172.
[4]. Bousnina, S., Racil, H., Maghraoui, O., Marniche, K., Ben Mrad, S., Ghedira, H., Megdiche, M. L., El Mezni, F., & Chabbou, A. (2005). L'embolie Pulmonaire Hydatique. Revue De Pneumologie Clinique, 61(1), 31–36.
[5]. Menassa-Moussa, L., Braidy, C., Riachy, M., Tabet, G., Smayra, T., Haddad-Zebouni, S., Ghossain, M., & Aoun, N. (2009). Une Hydatidose Diagnostiquée A L'occasion D'une Embolie Pulmonaire. Journal Des Maladies Vasculaires, 34(5), 354–357

Abstract: The hereditary disorders of haemoglobin such as thalassemias and other haemoglobinopathies are the most common single gene disorder throughout the world with the highest frequency in the tropics, subtropics, Mediterranean basin and Southeast Asia. There is regional variation in the distribution status of carriers and diseases in our country. The clinical presentation of these haemoglobin disorders varies from asymptomatic to severe transfusion dependent anaemia. Prevention is more cost-effective than treating thalassemia patients and reduction of.......

Keywords: Anaemia, thalassemia, haemoglobinopathies, carriers, Hb electrophoresis

[1]. Primary health care approaches for prevention and control of congenital and genetic disorders. Report of WHO meeting, Cairo, Egypt. 6-8 Dec 1999. WHO HGN WG00.1.
[2]. Weatherall DJ, Clegg JB. Thalassemia: a global public health problem. Nat Med 1996;2: 847-9.
[3]. Sharma N, Pant AD, Manandhar U. Spectrum of hemoglobinopathies in a tertiary care centre. Journal of Pathology of Nepal 2020; 10: 1645-1649.
[4]. Narang V, Jain A, Grover S, Soni A, Narang M, Taneja A. Prevalence and spectrum of haemoglobinopathies in females of reproductive age group- A first tertiary care center experience in Punjab, North India. Indian J Pathol Microbiol September 14, 2022. IP; 203: 188.241.98.
[5]. Galanello R, Eleftheriou A. Synodinos JT, Old J. Petrou M and Angastiniotis. Prevention of thalassemias and other haemoglobin disorders. Thalassemia International Prevention Publications. 2003; Nicosia, Cyprus.

Abstract: Background: Autism is a lifelong neurodevelopmental disorder. The oral health status of children with autism worldwide has been found to be poor for a variety of reasons. Because of the difficulty coaches and parents have in brushing their children's teeth, these patients are expected to be at increased risk of tooth decay and gingivitis from improper brushing and flossing. Because of their poor tongue coordination, they tend to put food in their mouth instead of swallowing it, making them more susceptible to tooth decay. Communication and behaviour problems are the biggest challenges in oral care. Objective: The aim of this study was to estimate the Oral Health Status of children......

Keywords: Autism, Oral, Gingivitis, Flossing

[1] Rutter M. Incidence of autism spectrum disorders: changes over time and their meaning. Acta paediatrica. 2005 Jan;94(1):2-15.
[2] Barbaresi WJ, Katusic SK, Voigt RG. Autism: a review of the state of the science for pediatric primary health care clinicians. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine. 2006 Nov 1;160(11):1167-75.
[3] Newschaffer CJ, Croen LA, Daniels J, Giarelli E, Grether JK, Levy SE, Mandell DS, Miller LA, Pinto-Martin J, Reaven J, Reynolds AM. The epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders. Annu. Rev. Public Health. 2007 Apr 21; 28:235-58.
[4] Jaber MA. Dental caries experience, oral health status and treatment needs of dental patients with autism. Journal of Applied Oral Science. 2011; 19:212-7.
[5] Geetha B, Sugunadevi T, Srija B, Laleethambika N, Balachandar V. Art of Music, as Harmony of the Spheres and Autism Spectrum Disorder.