iosr-JDMS   Volume-16 ~ Issue-3 ~ March-2017

Abstract: In normal pregnancy, although maternal serum alkaline phosphatase increases and reaches the twofold of non-pregnant serum level, above this level, hepatic, renal, bone diseases and malignancies should be kept in mind. We report a case of 26-year-old pregnant woman with increased maternal serum level of alkaline phosphatase (10-fold). Patient was induced and delivered a female baby with encephalocele,meningocele and hydrocephalus. After delivery, maternal serum alkaline phosphatase activity returned to normal reference
range.

[1]. Eschenbach DA. Ureaplasmaurealyticum and premature birth. Clin Infect Dis. 1993;17(Suppl 1):S100–6.
[2]. 2. Gibbs RS, Duff P. Progress in pathogenesis and management of clinical intraamniotic infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1991;164:1317.
[3]. 3.Bacterial Sepsis in pregnancy. RCOG guideline 64A. April 2012
[4]. .Newton ER. Preterm labor, preterm premature rupture of membranes, and chorioamnionitis. ClinPerinatol. 2005;32:571–600).
[5]. Van Hoeven KH, Anyaegbunam A, Hochster H, et al. Clinical significance of increasing histologic severity of acute inflammation
in the fetal membranes and umbilical cord. PediatrPathol Lab Med 1996;16:731–44.

Abstract: Foreign bodies are rare causes of appendicitis and, in most cases, ingested foreign bodies pass through the alimentary tract asymptomatically. However, ingested foreign bodies may sometimes remain silent within the appendix for many years without an inflammatory response. Despite the fact that cases of foreignbody induced appendicitis have been documented, sharp and pointed objects are more likely to cause perforations and abscesses, and present more rapidly after ingestion. Blunt foreign bodies are more likely to remain dormant for longer periods and cause appendicitis through obstruction of the appendiceal lumen.

Keywords: foreign body, appendicitis

[1]. Chandrasegaram M, Rothwell L, An E, Miller R. Pathologies of the appendix: a 10-year review of 4670 appendicectomy
specimens. ANZ J Surg. 2012;82: 844–7.
[2]. Sartelli M, Abu-Zidan F, Catena F, Griffiths E, Saverio S, Coimbra R, et al. Global validation of the WSES Sepsis Severity Score
for patients with complicated intra-abdominal infections: a prospective multicentre study (WISS Study). World J Emerg Surg.
2015;10:61.
[3]. Hazer B, Dandin O, Karakaş D. A rare cause of acute appendicitis: an ingested foreign body. Ulus Travma Acil Cerr Derg.
2013;19(6):570–2.
[4]. Benizri E, Cohen C, Bereder J, Rahili A, Benchimol D. Swallowing a safety pin: report of a case. World J Gastrointest Surg.
2012;4:20–2.
[5]. Baek S, Bae O, Hwang I. Perforated appendicitis caused by foreign body ingestion. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech.
2012;22:e94–97..

Abstract: 1.1 Objective Comparative analysis of hearing in patients undergoing medical management in patients having chronic otitis media during active and inactive period 1.2 Materials And Methods 25 patients aged 15-50 years with chronic otits media with conductive hearing loss who undergoes medical management. 1.3 Results Audiological improvement of around 10-15dB is seen in the study group.

Keywords: Active mucosal disease,chronic otitis media, hearing, medical management, pure tone audiometry.

.............

Abstract: Introduction: Tuberculosis is caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis complex.India is the country with the highest burden of T.B. Objective: To analyse changes in liver enzymes( ALT& AST) with anti tubercular treatment in newly diagnosed sputum smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis patient. Methods:Data was obtained from O.P.D and Indoor patients of Department of Medicine,, R.I.M.S, Ranchi who were suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis. 55 patients were included in this study of which 2 patients developed ATT induced hepatitis and 3 patients remained sputum smear positive even after completion of intensive phase and hence were excluded from the study.......

Keywords: Att, Liver Enzymes, Pulmonary Tuberculosis

[1]. Harrison Principle of Internal Medicine,19th;1102
[2]. ↑"Global Tuberculosis Control 2015,WHO, Geneva, 2015 www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/ - See more at: http://www.tbfacts.org/tb-statistics-india/#sthash.n7evM2vw.dpuf
[3]. "Basic Statistics: About Incidence, Prevalence, Morbidity, and Mortality – Statistics Teaching Tools", Department of Health, New
York State www.health.ny.gov/diseases/chronic/basicstat.htm - See more at: http://www.tbfacts.org/tb-statisticsindia/# sthash.n7evM2vw.dpuf
[4]. Sharma SK, Balamurugan A, Saha PK, Pandey RM, MehraNK.Evaluation of clinical and immunogenetic risk factors for the developmentof hepatotoxicity during antituberculosis treatment. Am J RespirCritCareMed 2002;166:916-9.
[5]. Pande JN, Singh SPN, Khilnani GC, Khilnani S, Tandon RK. Riskfactors for hepatotoxicity from antituberculosis drugs: a casecontrolstudy. Thorax 1996;51:132-6.

Abstract: Purpose: Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a premalignant condition mainly associated with chewing areca nut. It is characterized by inflammation, increased deposition of submucosal collagen and fibrotic bands in the oral tissues, which increasingly limit mouth opening. Thus causing difficulty in mastication, speech, swallowing, maintaining oral hygiene and decreases patients' quality of life. We evaluated efficacy of coronoidotomy at improving patient's mouth opening. Aim And Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of coronoidotomy along with fibrotic bands release as surgical intervention in advanced oral submucous fibrosist............

Keywords: Oral Submucous Fibrosis, interincisal distance, Bilateral Coronoidotomy.

[1]. Pindborg J.J, Sirsat S.M; Oral Submucous Fibrosis, Oral Surg 1966; 22(6): 764-79.
[2]. Rajendran.OSMF: Etiology, pathogenesis and future research. Bulletin of WHO 1994, 72(6): 985-996.
[3]. Xiaowen Jiang , Jing Hu. Drug treatment of oral sub-mucous fibrosis: a review of the literature. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2009;67:1510–5.
[4]. Yang-Ming Chang, Chi-Ying Tsai, Morten Kildal, and Fu-Chan Wei: Importance of Coronoidotomy and Masticatory Muscle Myotomy in Surgical Release of Trismus Caused by Submucous Fibrosis: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, June 2004; 113(7): 1940-1948.
[5]. Mehrotra D, Pradhan R, Gupta S. Retrospective comparison of surgical treatment modalities in 100 patients with oral submucous fibrosis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2009;107:e1–0..

Abstract: Introduction- Cerebral malaria is defined as a diffuse cerebral encephalopathy, characterized by unarousable coma in the absence of any other attributable cause of unconsciousness (i.e. meningoencephalities, stroke, head injury, heat stroke, metabolic encephalopathies etc.) in a patient having plasmodium falciparum infection. Materials and methods • The present study "study of lactic acid level in cerebro-spinal fluid and its prognostic significance in patients of cerebral malaria" was carried out in the Department of Medicine, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi..........

Keyword:-Cerebral malaria, CSF Lactic acid, prognostic significance.

[1]. Harrison'sprinciple of internal medicine 19th edition page -1368-1384
[2]. Park's text book of preventive & social medicine 23rd edition 2015page no- 255-269
[3]. API 2015 conference medicine update – severe and complicated malaria.
[4]. The role of cerebral oedema in the pathogenesis of cerebral malariaL.A. SanniPages 137-142
[5]. White N.J., Warrell and Looreesuwanet.al.The lancet –volume 325,issue 8432(1985)page no 776-8.

Abstract: Orthognathic surgeries are routinely performed to improve esthetic and function. Predication of soft tissue response to mandibular surgery is more certain than maxillary surgery. Purpose of this study is to identify nasolabial soft tissue changes that occur with the maxillary advancement surgery and to evaluate correlation between hard tissue and soft tissue change. Materials and Methods : A retrospective study of 35 non growing Class-III adult patients who had le fort –I advancement surgery at Shands hospital Jacksonville were included. All the subjects were diagnosed with maxillary deficiency and treated with least 5mm of maxillary advancement surgery. Lateral cephalograms were taken at least one month before and more than 2-3 weeks after the surgical procedure. All the cephlograms were scanned and digitized using dolphin imaging program by a single examiner............

Keywords: Labial soft tissue change, Maxillary advancement surgery, Naso-Labial angel changes

[1]. Altug-Atac, A. T. Facial Soft Tissue Profile Following Bimaxillary Orthognathic Surgery.Angle Orthodontist,2008;, Vol 78, 50-57.
[2]. Bell WH, Profit WR, White RP. Surgical correction of dentofacial deformities. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1980
[3]. Collins PC, Evker BN. The alar base cinch: A technique for prevention of alar base flaring secondary to maxillary surgery. Oral Surg 1982: 53: 549-53.
[4]. Daun J J, Fonseca RJ, Bell WH. Soft tissue changes associated with total maxillary advancement: a preliminary study. J Oral Surg 1976: 34: 19-23.
[5]. FreIhofer P. The lip profile after correction of retromaxillarism in cleft and non-cleft patients. J Maxillofac Surg 1976: 4: 136-41.

Abstract: Background: Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a heme enzyme which is the major protein in neutrophils and, to a lesser extent, in monocytes. MPO uses H2O2 to generate HOCl that is a potent bactericidal agent, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). MPO plays an essential part in the innate immune system by catalyzing the production of HOCl. However, MPO has also been implicated as a very harmful agent in an increasing number of inflammatory-mediated disorders Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between MPO with albumin creatinine ratio and to explore possible correlation with HbA1c and Insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients.............

Keywords: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Albumin creatinine ratio (ACR)

[1]. International Diabetes Foundation. IDF Diabetes Atlas: 2015; 7 th edition: 1-144.
[2]. Shaw JE, Sicree RA, Zimmet PZ. Global estimation of the prevalence of diabetes for 2030. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2010;87(1):4-
14.
[3]. Lee ET, Keen H, Bennett PH, Fuller JH, Lu M. Follow up of the WHO multinational study of vascular disease in Diabetes: General
description and morbidity. Diabetologia. 2001;44(2):S3-13.
[4]. Vishwanath K, McGavin DD. Diabetic retinopathy: clinical findings and management. Community Eye Health. 2003;16:21-24.
[5]. Turner RC, Holman RR. Lessons from UKPDS Diabetes. Res Clin Pract. 1995;28(7):S151-157.

Abstract: Maxillary expansion is an area where extensive researches have been performed because of its wide range of application.Many designs and modifications have been suggested by various authors since its introduction.The overall goal of this review is to have an insight regarding history,clinical application,effects on maxillary complex andrecent advances in RME

Keywords: CBCT,crossbite,orthopaedic correction,rapidmaxillary expansion,transverse deficiency

[1]. McNamara JA, Maxillary transverse deficiency, Am J OrthodDentofacialOrthop 2000;117:567-70.
[2]. Chantal Gauthier, Periodontal effects of surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion evaluated clinically and with cone-beam
computerized tomography: 6-month preliminary results ,Am J OrthodDentofacialOrthop 2011;139:S117-28.
[3]. Michael D. Adkins,Arch perimeter changes on rapid palatal expansion.Am j orthoddentofacorthop 1990;97:194-9
[4]. James A Mcnamara,WilliamBrudon,Rapid maxillary expansion appliances,Orthodontics and dentofacial orthopaedics(Needham
Press).
[5]. Melsen B,Palatal growth studied on human autopsy material: a histologic microradiographic study. American Journal of
Orthodontics,1975, 68 : 42 – 54.

Abstract: Background: Achieving anatomical graft placement remains one of the major challenges in ACL reconstruction. In this study we analyzed the anatomic femoral tunnel placement of single bundle endoscopic ACL reconstruction by the medial portal technique using 3D CT reconstruction. Materials & Methods: This cross - sectional observational study was performed on 35 consecutive cases of ACL injury presenting over a period of one year. Post-operatively analysis of femoral tunnel placement was done using Mochizuki's method. The data recorded was subjected to standard statistical analysis. Results: Our study had 29 males and 6 females between 20-50 years of age. In accord with the variance from anatomical position of femoral tunnel by Mochizuki's method expressed as percentage {38.7% ± 2.7% as reported by Mochizuki et al}, 18(52%) patients were within the percentage group of 35-39.9. Between the percentage group of 40-44.9 there were 10(29%) patients while 4(11%) were between the percentage group of 30-34.9 and only 3(8%) patients were between 45-50..............

Keywords: Femoral tunnel, Anatomical single bundle ACL reconstruction, Medial portal, Mochizuki's method of CT analysis.

[1]. Chong Bum Chang,Ja-Young Choi, In Jun Koh, Kil Jae Lee,Kyung-Hag Lee, Tae Kyun Kim. Comparisons of Femoral Tunnel
Position and Length in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction:ModifiedTranstibial Versus Anteromedial Portal
Techniques.Arthroscopy. 2011;27(10):1389-94.
[2]. Sim JA, Gadikota HR, Li JS, Li G, Gill TJ. Biomechanical evaluation of knee joint laxities and graft forces after anterior cruciate
ligament reconstruction by anteromedial portal, outside-in, and transtibial techniques.Am J Sports Med. 2011;39(12):2604-10.
[3]. Hong-Chul Li, Yong-Cheol Yoon, Joon-Ho Wong, Ji-Hoon Bae. Anatomical versus non-anatomical single bundle anterior cruciate
ligament reconstruction: a cadaveric study of comparison of knee stability. ClinOrthop Surg. 2012;4(4):249-55.
[4]. Kwang W L, Yoon S H, Yong J C, Yang D S, Kim H Y, Won S C.Anatomic Single Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament
Reconstruction by Low Accessory Anteromedial Portal Technique: An In Vivo 3D CT Study.Knee Surgery & Related Research.
2014;26(2):97-105.
[5]. Mochizuki T, Muneta T, Nagase T, Shirasawa S, Akita KI, Sekiya I. Cadaveric knee observation study for describing anatomic
femoral tunnel placement for two-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy. 2006;22:356-61.

Abstract: Laparoscopic surgery has revolutionized the field of general surgery and has gained worldwide popularity and acceptance. However as it became more prevalent new concerns arose regarding the adverse effects of carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum and increased intra-abdominal pressure during laparoscopic procedures. This is a prospective study, where blood samples were collected from 60 inpatients, undergoing various laparoscopic procedures, preoperatively once and post operatively on days 1 and 3. They were tested for liver function by assessing levels of serum bilirubin, serum alanine amino transferase (ALT), serum aspartateaminotransferase (AST) and serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP)............

Keywords: Carbon dioxide, Laparoscopy, Laparoscopic surgery,LFTs, Pneumoperitoneum.

[1]. Kiely JM, Brannigan AE, Foley E, Cheema S, O'Brien W, Delaney PV. Day case laparoscopic cholecystectomy is feasible. Med
Sci. 2001; 170(2):98–99.
[2]. Odeberg-Wernerman S. Laparoscopic surgery - effects on circulatory and respiratory physiology: an overview. Eur J Surg Suppl
2000; 585:4-11.
[3]. Hasukić S. Postoperative changes in liver function tests: randomized comparison of low- and high-pressure laparoscopic
cholecystectomy. Surg Endosc 2005 Nov; 19(11):1451-55.
[4]. Schmandra TC, Kim ZG, Gutt CN. Effect of insufflation gas and intraabdominal pressure on portal venous flow during
pneumoperitoneum. Surg Endosc 2001; 15: 405-8.
[5]. Saber AA, Laraja RD, Nalbandian HI et al. Changes in liver function tests after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: not so rare, not
always ominous. Am Surg 2000; 66:699-702.

Abstract: Although urinary tract infections(UTI) are a common entity among all age groups, it warrants prompt attention in paediatric population. The infections are often fraught with underlying genitourinary abnormalities in children and hence systematic evaluation is necessary to decrease morbidity. Our study enrolled children with documented UTI . 93 children were taken up with ages from 15 days to 12 years and were further evaluated. Ultrasonogram detected abnormalities in twenty four .Voiding cystourethrogram revealed pathologies in 23 children. Intravenous pyelography was done in two occasions. Children with vesicoureteric reflux underwent DMSA to assess the extent of parenchymal damage............

Keywords: DMSA,DTPA, Posterior urethral valve,Urinary tract infections ,Vesicoureteric reflux,

[1] Asscher Aw.McLachlan msf, Veriner-Jones R,et al:Screening for Asymptomatic urinary-tract infection in school girls.Lancet
1973:2:1
[2] Wimberg J.anderson HJ bergstrom T,et al:Epidemiology of symptomatic urinary tract infection in childhood. Acta Paediatr Scand
0974:S252:1-20
[3] Ruston H,Majid :Pyelonephritis in male infants:How important is the foreskin? Urol 1992a:148:773-736
[4] Wattergren B,Fasth A,Jacobsson Bet al:UTI during the first year of life in a Goteborg area 19977-79 Pediatr res 1980:14:981
[5] Megan A Moreno, MD, MSEd, MPH.A Urinary Tract Infections in Children and Adolescents
JAMA Pediatr. 2016;170(9):916. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.2163

Abstract: Objectives: Mental retardation is a common problem. The present study has been undertaken to find out whether there was any definite anthropometric measurements suggestive or diagnostic of idiopathic mental retardation. Materials and method: 100 children with idiopathic mental retardation were selected from various Institutions for mentally retarded children. Controls were selected as 120 students from the nearby Government schools having normal intelligence and behaviour. For this study the method of Singh and Bhasin was followed. Recording of measurements, calculation of indices and statistical analysis were done. Design: Descriptive study.........

Keywords: biparietal dimension, cephalometry, cranial` capacity, cranial index, mental retardation

[1]. Butter MG, Pratesi R,Watson MS, Beg WR,Singh DN Anthropometric and craniofacial patterns in mentally retarded males with emphasison the fragile X syndrome.Clin Genet.1993 Sept; 44(3):129- 138[2] Thapar R, Angadi P.V, Hallikerimath S, Kale AD (2012). Sex assessment using odontometry and cranial anthropometry: evaluation in an Indian sample: Forensic Sci Med Pathol 8;94-100
[2]. Sivakumar K, Chandu G, Shaffiulla M(2010) Severity of Malocclusion and Orthodontic Treatment Needs among 12 to 15 year old School Children of Davangere District Karnataka.India Eur.J.Dent 4; 298-307
[3]. Shivakumar KM, Chandu GN, Subba Reddy VV, Shaffiulla MD(2009) Prevalance of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs among middle and high school children of Davangere District,Karnataka, India by using dental Aesthetic Index. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 27: 211-218
[4]. Aylward E.H, Minshew N.J (Effects of age on brain volume and head circumference in Neurology 2002) 59:2 175-183
[5]. OP Ghai, Central nervous system(Essential Paediatrics6thedition, CBS Publishers New Delhi, 2004) P500-545.

Abstract: Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by airflow limitation, pulmonary hyperinflation with reduced muscle efficiency resulting in muscle shortening and reduced chest expansion . Stretching increases muscle length and reduce dyspnea . Global postural re- education (GPR) is used to stretch static muscles, increase flexibility and strength. The aim of the study is to find the effects of global postural re- education on pulmonary function and chest excursion in moderate COPD subjects. Methods: 40 subjects between 40-50 years were selected by simple random sampling based on inclusion criteria. Baseline values of FEV1/FVC for pulmonary function and chest excursion were assessed.........

Keywords: COPD,GPR ,FEV1/FVC, Chest excursion

[1]. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.(GOLD,2006).
[2]. Datamonitor ; Epidemiology: COPD in India. April 1,2015.
[3]. SK Jindal COPD; The unrecognized epidemic in india.feb 2012.vol.60.
[4]. Rob CI Wijst, Hans Degens ; Factors contributing to muscle wasting and dysfunction in COPD patients.2007:2(3) 289-300.
[5]. R.J. Halbert, MD, MPH; Sharon Isonaka, MD, MS; Dorothy George, Pharam D; Interpreting COPD prevalence Estimates, what is the true burden of diseae. CHEST /123/5 May,2003.

Abstract: To evaluate & compare microleakage in class II cavities restored with three different bulk fill composites. Forty five sound first molars free of caries, cracks, decay and restorations were selected for this study. Class II cavity slot preparations were made with the following dimensions, buccolingual-4 mm, mesiodistally- 4mm, and 4mm depth were prepared. The gingival margin was placed 1mm below CEJ. The test specimens were randomly divided into three groups GROUP 1: Silorane composite, Group 2:- Tetric evoceram
bulk fill, Group 3: Ever X posterior.........

Keywords: ever X posterior, microleakage, bulk fill, dye extraction

[1]. M. Sadeghi .The Effect of Fluid Composite as Gingival Layer on Microleakage of Class II Composite Restorations.DRJ; 2007:4;
40-47.
[2]. Peris AR, Duarte S, de Andrade MF. Evaluation of marginal microleakage in class II cavities: Effect of microhybrid flowable,and
compactable resins. Quintessence Int 2003;
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[4]. Alani AH, Toh CG. Detection of microleakage around dental restorations: A review. OperDent 1997; 22:173-85.
[5]. Neiva IF, de Andrada MAC, Baratieri LN, Monteiro Júnior S,Ritter AV. An invitro study of the effect of restorative technique on
marginal leakage in posterior composites. Oper Dent1998; 23:282-9.

Abstract: Plants as well as animals contain hundreds of small RNAs with distinct genes responsible for their regulation. Any changes in this has corresponding effects on the development and growth of organisms. These small RNAs include microRNA, Piwi-interacting RNA, and short interfering RNA. In case of plants there is complete complimentarity between the microRNA and mRNA, while in animals only partial complimentarity exists. These small RNAs have been used in therapeutics as well as in studying the development process.

Keywords: Small RNA, RISC, siRNA, RNAi, Post-transcriptional gene silencing.

[1]. Hamilton A, Baulcombe D. A species of small antisense RNA in posttranscriptional gene silencing in plants. Science. 1999.
286(5441);950-2.
[2]. Elbashir S, Harborth J, Lendeckel W, Yalcin A, Weber K, Tuschl T. Duplexes of 21-nucleotide RNAs mediate RNA interference in
cultured mammalian cells. Nature. 2001. 411(6836); 494-988.
[3]. Aagaard L, Rossi JJ. RNAi therapeutics : principles, prospects and challenges.Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 2007. 59(2-3);
75-86.
[4]. Kim VN. Small RNAs : classification, biogenesis and function. Molecules and cells. 2005.19(1); 1-15.
[5]. Bernstein E, Caudy A, Hammond S, Hannon G. Role for a bidentate ribonuclease in the initiation step of RNA interference. Nature.
2001. 409(6818); 363-6..

Abstract: Discoloration of the tooth, especially the anterior, can result of considerably cosmetic impairment in young patients. To treat such kind of patient is a challenge for the dental practitioners. The variety of post endodontic restorations options are full veneers, laminates, crowns, bleaching which is non invasive technique. This article describes a case of nonvital bleaching which was performed on a root canal treated tooth with successful result within two months with no reversible discoloration or cervical root resorption.....................

[1]. Ingle J, Bakland: Endodontics, ed 5. Philadelphia, Lea and Febiger,1976
[2]. Cohen SC, Bums RC. Pathways of the Pulp. St. Louis, C.V. Mosby ,1980.
[3]. Fisher NL, Radford JR. Internal bleaching of discolored teeth. Dent Update, 1990; 110–14
[4]. Wray A, Welbury R. Treatment of the intrinsic discoloration in the permanent anterior teeth in children and adolescents. Int J
PaediatrDent 2001; 11: 309–31.
Lee GP, Lee MY,Lum SO, Poh RS, Lim KC. Extra-radicular diffusionof hydrogen peroxide and the pH changes which were
associated with the intracoronal bleaching of discolored teeth by using differentbleaching agents. Int Endod J 2004 ;37:500-06.
[5]. Lambrianidis T, Kapalas A, Mazinis M. Effect of calcium hydroxide as a supplementary barrier in the radicular penetration of
hydrogenperoxide during intra-coronal bleaching in vitro. Int Endod J 2002;35:985-90..

Abstract: Hepatitis C virus infection continues to be a major public health problem warranting high priority efforts for control and treatment. Hepatitis C virus infection is a major health problem among dialysis patients in developing countries. This study was conducted to measure the prevalence of HCV and to identify the possible risk factors associated with HCV infection among haemodialysis patients at dialysis centers in Khartoum State, Sudan..........

Keywords: HCV, Haemodialysis patients, risk factor, Khartoum State, Sudan

[1]. Zaller N, Nelson KE, Aladashvili M, Badridze N C D and Tsertsvadze T. Risk factors for Hepatitis C virus infection among blood
donors in Georgia. European Journal of Epidemiology 2004; 19: 547-553
[2]. Sabry A, El-Dahshan K, Mahmoud K, El-Husseini A, Sheashaa H and Abo-Zenah H. Effect of hepatitis c virus infection on
haematocrit and haemoglobin levels in Egyptian haemodialysis patients. Eur J Gen Med 2007; 4(1):9-15
[3]. Alavian SM, Housseini SMM and Rahnavaradi M. Hepatitis C among Haemodialysis Patients: A Review on Epidemiologic,
Diagnostic, and Therapeutic Features. Hepatitis Monthly 2007, 7(3): 153-162
[4]. Souza KP, Luz JA, Teles SA, Carneiro MAS, Oliveira LA, Gomes AS, Dias MA, Gomes SA, Yoshida CFT and Martins RMB.
Hepatitis B and C in the Haemodialysis Unit of Tocantins, Brazil: Serological and Molecular Profiles. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Rio
de Janeiro. 2003; 98(5): 599-603
[5]. Saxena AK, Panhotra BR, Sundaram DS, Naguib M, Venkateshappa CK, Uzzaman W, Al Mulhim K and Al-Hasa H. Impact of
dedicated space, dialysis equipment, and nursing staff on the transmission of hepatitis C virus in a hemodialysis unit of the Middle
East. Am J Infect Control. 2003; 31:26-33..

Abstract: Childhood cerebral hemiatrophy or Dyke-Davidoff-Masson syndrome is very rare in our locality characterized by symmetrical calcifications noticeable in parts of the brain. We present two cases of cerebral hemiatrophy (Dyke-Davidoff-Masson syndrome) in a 4 year old boy and 8 year old girl both presenting with seizures and diagnosed using computed tomography.

Keywords: childhood, cerebral hemiatrophy, seizures, computed tomography (CT)

[1]. F.U. Uduma, J.C. Emejulu, M. Motah, P.C. Okere, P.C. Ongolo and W. Muna. Differential diagnosis of cerebral hemiatrophy in
childhood: A review of literature with illustrative report of two cases. Global J Health Sci., 5(3), 2013, 195-207.
[2]. J.B. Ndahiriwe, E. Cook . Dyke-Davidoff-Masson syndrome: A rare imaging case. Rwand Med J., 69(1), 2012, 54-56.
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Davidoff-Masson syndrome: A case study. Medicina universitaria, 16(63), 2014, 71-73.
[4]. V.K. Bakshi, P. Yadav, J. Chowdhary, H. Mishra and M. Shivnani. Cerebral hemiatrophy-role of CT and MRI in etiological
stratification. 2015 www.posterng.netkey.at/.../index.php (accessed online on 17th December, 2015)
[5]. D. Negron, M.S. Correa-Rivas and L.E. Colon-Castillo. Cerebral hemiatrophy: An associated finding in an epileptic child. Puerto
Rico Health Sci J. 22(2), 2003, 191-93..

Abstract: There are good and dedicated doctors out there. This article is not about them. The contents and views expressed in this article is about the greedy "black sheep" and in no ways reflect anyone professional in particular.

[1]. Ankuran Dutta, Stop Medical Terrorism: If not Medical Terrorism, What is it?, http://smt.armt.in/2016/05/if-not-medical-terrorism-what-is-it.html

[2]. Stephen Murathe, Medical Terrorism – The 21st century new term for murdering patients, https://wwwlinkedln.com/pulse/medical-terrorism-21st-century-new-term-murdering-patients-murathe

[3]. Udaylal Pai, http://www.speakingtree.in/udaypai/blog ,Website: www.udaypai.in

[4]. Campaign against "Medical Terrorism‟ in State, The Assam Tribune Online, http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=may1516/at052

[5]. Anti-Medical Terrorism Day, http://eastern-today.com/entries/blog/anti-medical-terrorism-day-on-july-19-2016..

Abstract: Aim: To review the history of oral and maxillofacial surgery since beginning till date to analyze the progress and development arranged in systematic, chronological, comprehensive and reliable form Objectives : To supply this need and to preserve the memory and perpetuate the names of the men who wrought so strenuously and devotedly to initiate and achieve the wonderful improvement, discoveries and inventions that made oral and maxillofacial surgery what it is today, is the object of this publication. Material and Methods: Collection of data via various websites and books available............

Keywords: History, oral surgery, maxillofacial surgery, reconstructive surgery, craniofacial surgery

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[4]. Rowe NL. The history of the treatment of maxillofacial trauma. Ann Roy Coll Surg Eng 1971;49:329–49.
[5]. Guerini V. A history of dentistry from the most ancient times until the end of the eighteenth century. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1909

Abstract: Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (Vpds) Are Quite Common In Poorly Developed Countries Leading To A High Under 5 Morbidity And Mortality. In These Resource-Poor Settings, Immunization Has Been Shown To Prevent About Three Million Child Deaths Annually. Also Immunization Health Literacy Of A Parent Is Essential To Achieving And Maintaining The Gains Derived From Immunization Programs. However, Studies Examining The Degree Of Maternal Immunization Health Literacy In Ondo State, Nigeria Are Lacking. Aims: To Assess Mothers' Knowledge Of The National Programme On Immunization (NPI) Schedule In Akure North Local Government Area Of Ondo State...........

Keywords: Immunization, Knowledge, Ondo State, Nigeria.

[1]. B.N Tagbo , N.D Uleanya, I.C Nwokoye, J.C Eze and I.B Omotowo. Mothers‟ knowledge, perception and practice of childhood immunization in Enugu. Niger J paed 2012; 39(3) : 90-96. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njp.v39i3.1
[2]. Edna Iroha, Vaccines and Immunization, in Azubuike JC, Nkaginieme KEO (editors), Paediatrics and Child Health in a tropical region 2nd ed. (African Educational Services, Nigeria, 2007) Pg. 28-30.
[3]. World Health Organization, (2008). Immunization profile in Nigeria. [Accessed Jan 3 2016]; [7 screens] Available from: http://www.who.int/vaccines/globalsummary/ immunization/country profile result. cfm?C='nga'.
[4]. O. Aetekah , H. Beenis, R.S Amna, A. Ajmal and K.M Anita. Does improving maternal knowledge of vaccines impact on Immunization rates? A randomized-controlled trial in Karachi, Pakistan. BMC Public Health 2011;11:239 Available at: http://ecommons.aku.edu/pakistan_fhs_mc_women_childhealth_paediatr/66
[5]. A. Oyo-Ita, B, Fakunle, A. Fajola and E. Edet. Immunization Coverage in Selected

Abstract: Knowledge of root canal anatomy with possible variations is of prime concern responsible for successful endodontic therapy. Cooke and Cox were the first to document the C-Shaped canal in endodontic literature. The variation exhibits a fin or web connecting the individual root canals to form an orifice similar to letter 'C'. The irregular areas in C-shaped root canal system often may harbor soft tissue remnant or infected bacterial biofilm, leading to inadequate cleaning and root canal obturation.The use of the ultrasonics, (MTA
Fillapex), thermoplasticizedobturation techniques.............

Keywords:C shaped canals, Fan's classification, invagination, MTA Fillapex, Ultrasonic irrigation.

[1]. Hargreaves K, Cohen S. Pathway of the Pulp. 2011; 10th edition: 180.
[2]. Cleghorn B, Goodacre CH. Ingle's Endodontics. 2008; 6th edition: 162.
[3]. Jafarzaheh H, Wu YN. The C-shape root canal configuration: A review. J Endod. 2007; 33 (5):517-23.
[4]. Vikram M. C-shaped canal, an endodontic challenge. Health Renaissance. 2013; 11(1):89-91.
[5]. Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumgartner JC (2008) Ingle's Endodontics. (6th edn.), BC Decker Inc., Ontario, USA, pp. 162...

Abstract: Induction of labour is a common obstetric procedure. At present, different methods are used for induction of labour in women.One of these methods isFoley catheter, which is a low cost method that can induce labour with less risk to the fetus. This is one of the first studies in the Middle East aiming to study efficacy and safety of Foley catheter induction in nonscarred uterus of term pregnant women in comparison to prostaglandin vaginal tablet. This is a single centre, open-label, randomised controlled trial. It was performed in Madinah Maternity and Children Hospital (MMCH). Randomisation was conducted using simple alternative patient randomization............

Keywords: Mechanical induction, Foley catheter induction, Induction of labour, Nonscarred uterus, Prostaglandin, Prostin

[1]. 1. Baaren, G.v., M. Jozwiak, B. Opmeer, K. Rengerink, M. Benthem, d. MGK Dijksterhuis, M.v. Huizen, P.v.d. Salm, N. Schuitemaker, D. Papatsonis, D. Perquin, M. Porath, J.v.d. Post, R. Rijnders, H. Scheepers, M. Spaanderman, M.v. Pampus, J.d. Leeuw, B. Mol, and K. Bloemenkamp, Cost-effectiveness of induction of labour at term with a Foley catheter compared to vaginal prostaglandin E2 gel (PROBAAT trial). BJOG, 2013. 120: p. 987–95
[2]. Demosthenes, L. and K. Eichelberger, Outpatient cervical ripening: Has its time come? Contemporary OB/GYN, 2015: p. 1-4..
[3]. Mozurkewich, E., J. Chilimigras, D. Berman, U. Perni, V. Romero, V. King, and K. Keeton, Methods of induction of labour: a
systematic review. Biomed Central Pregnancy and Childbirth, 2011. 11(84): p. 1-19.. .

Abstract: Introduction: Abdominoplasty is a commonly requested procedure for many reasons, including the concerns of an aging population determined to maintain a youthful physique, women intent on restoring their pre pregnancy appearance, the rise in massive weight loss patients who are seeking to remove the stigmata of residual excess skin from weight loss. The goal of abdominal contour surgery is the aesthetic improvement of the affected soft tissue layers of skin, fat, and muscle through the least conspicuous incision feasible. In fact, problems that generate dissatisfaction and complaints from patients with classic abdominoplasty are primarily fullness of the flanks and epigastric areas 2...........

Keywords: Waist curve, abdominoplasty , new technique

[1]. Yousif NJ, Lifchez SD, Nguyen HH. Transverse Rectus Sheath Plication in Abdominoplasty. PlastReconstrSurg 2004, 114:778784.
[2]. Heller JB, Teng E, Knoll BI, Persing J . Outcome Analysis of Combined Lipoabdominoplasty versus Conventional Abdominoplasty. PlastReconstrSurg 2008, 121: 1821-1829.
[3]. Shermak MA, Rotellini-Coltvet LA, Chang D . Seroma Development following Body Contouring Surgery for Massive Weight Loss: Patient Risk Factors and Treatment Strategies. PlastReconstrSurg 2008, 122: 280-288.
[4]. Kelly HA. Report of gynecologic diseases (excessive growth of fat). Johns Hopkins Med J 1899, 10:197-201.
[5]. Pitanguy I Abdominal lipectomy: An approach to it through analysis of 300 consecutive cases. PlastReconstrSurg 1967, 40:384-391...

Abstract: Malignant hyperthermia (MH) a rare genetic disorder is often associated with congenital disorders which are not diagnosed preoperatively. The incidence of MH being very low is still potentially a fatal disorder in anesthesia practice. Mortality still remains high despite its complex and demanding management. Reporting of MH and MH-like syndrome when treated timely with Dantrolene Sodium drastically decreses the mortality of the patients. This report describes a case of congenital cleft lip in a patient of 5 years with no any other congenital anomaly associated with it. Presented as MH like syndrome in post-operative period, which was diagnosed promptly and managed by Dantrolene sodium.............

Keywords: Dantrolene Sodium (DS), Malignant Hyperthermia. (MH)

[1]. Kiranchand n, Mallanna B P, Bhaskar S B, srinivasalu D. Suspected malignant hyperthermia in a patient undergoing thyroidectomy.
India Journal of Anesthesia: Apr 2013 Vol. 57: Issue 2; 209-210.
[2]. Benca J, Hogan, Kirk et al. Malignant Hyperthermia, Coexsisting Diorders, and Enzymopathies: Risk and Management Options.
Anaesthesia & Analgesia: October 2009 Vol. 109: Issue 4; 1049-1053
[3]. Goebel B, Xerxes D, Mariarita S, Medne et al. Severe congenital RYR1-associated myopathy: the expanding clinicopathologic and
genetic spectrum. Neurology: Apr 2013 Vol. 80: Issue 17.
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