iosr-JDMS   Volume-15 ~ Issue-10 ~ October-2016

Abstract: Plasma cell gingivitis is a rare condition characterized by diffuse and massive infiltration of plasma cells into the sub-epithelial connective tissue.It is considered as a hypersensitive reaction to an allergen, the etiology of this bizarre condition is still not properly understood.Plasma cell gingivitis is a rare benign condition of the gingiva characterized by well demarcated erythematous and oedematous gingiva often extending to the mucogingival junction. Here we are presenting a case of plasma cell gingivitis in a partially edentulous arch.The condition was diagnosed based on clinical and histopathologic findings. Early diagnosis is essential as plasma cell gingivitis has similar pathologic changes seen clinically as in leukaemia, HIV infection, discoid lupus erythematosus, atrophic lichen planus, desquamative gingivitis, or cicatrical pemphigoid which must be differentiated through hematologic and serologic testing................

Keywords: Allergen, benign condition, biopsy, edentulous arches, plasma cell gingivitis.

[1]. Serio FG, Siegel MA, Slade BE. Plasma cell gingivitis of unusual origin. A case report. J Periodontol 1991;62:390-3.
[2]. Newcomb GM, Seymour GJ, AdkinsKF: An unusual form of chronic gingivitis: an ultrastructural,histochemical and immunologic
investigation. Oral Surg 1982; 53:488.
[3]. Bhaskar SN, Levin MP, Frisch J. Plasma cell granuloma of periodontal tissues. Report of 45 cases.Periodontics 1968; 6:272‑6.
[4]. Macleod RI, Ellis JE. Plasma cell gingivitis related to the use of herbal toothpaste. Br Dent J. 1989; 166:3756.
[5]. Kerr DA, McClatchey KD, Regezi JA. Allergic gingivostomatitis (due to gum chewing) J Periodontol.1971; 42:709–12.

Abstract: Altered metabolism is associated with several disease states with abnormal chemical reactions in the body. This leads to oxidative stress which is a result of imbalance between the generation of reactive oxygen species and the antioxidant defence system. Damage to this system has been provided to play a role in various health disorders. This study evaluated and compared the antioxidant status of subjects with sickle cell disease, chronic diabetes mellitus and hypertension in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. This is with a view to determine the long time complications of these disorders on the antioxidant compounds, vitamins A, C, E and the enzymes, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase............

Keywords: Antioxidant; Metabolism; Oxidative stress; Sickle cell anaemia; Diabetes mellitus; Hypertension.

[1]. Aquil, A., Usha, S., Mohd, M.H., Najmul, I. and Imran, R. (2013). The role of Endogenous antioxidant enzymes and malondialdehyde in essential hypertension. Journal of Clinical Diagnostic Research 7(6): 987-990.
[2]. Azar, B., Hamid, N. and Mahmoud, R.K. (2014). Oxidative stress and hypertension. Possibility of hypertension therapy with antioxidants. Journal of India Academy of clinical Medicine 12(2): 122-127.
[3]. Baynes, J.W. and Thorpe, S.R. (1996). The role of oxidative stress in diabetic complications. Current Opinion Endocrinology 3: 227-284.
[4]. Chen, J., He, J., Hamm, L., Batuman, V. and Whelton, P.K. (2002). Serum antioxidant vitamins and blood pressure in United States. Population Hypertension 40(6): 810-816.
[5]. Chobanian, A.V., Bakris, G.L., Black, H.R., Cushman W.C., Green, L.A., Izzo, J.L. et al (2003). Seventh report of the joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood pressure. Hypertension 42: 1206-1252.

Abstract: Klippel Trenaunay weber syndrome is a rare disease of vascular and lymphatic system presenting with port wine nevus, vascular malformations, hypertrophy of both bony and soft tissues. The patient may develop unexplained pulmonary hypertension among in such cases and may need screening for diagnosis of pulmonary embolism as observed in the present case..........

Keywords: Klippel Trenaunay weber syndrome, port wine stain, pulmonary thromboembolism.

[1]. James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology (10th ed).
Saunders. p. 585. 0-7216-2921-0.
[2]. You, CK, Rees, J, Gillis, DA, et al (1983) Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome: a review. Can J Surg26,399-403.
[3]. Lindenauer SM. The Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome: varicosity, hypertrophy and haemangioma with no arteriovenous fistula. Ann
Surg 1965; 162:303-314.
[4]. Adriane Gianlupi, Richart W. Harper,Denis M. Dwyre et al. Recurrent Pulmonary Embolism Associated With Klippel-
Trenaunay-Weber Syndrome. Chest.1999;115(4):1199-1201. doi:10.1378/chest.115.4.1199
[5]. Rose LF, Kaye D: Internal Medicine for Dentistry, St. Louis: The CV Mosby Co, 1991, pp 777-79.
[6]. Koch G: Eur klinik symptomatologie pathogeneses and erbpathologie des Klippel-TrenaunayoWeber-schen syndrom. Acta Genet
Med Wochenschr 84:326-70, 1956..

Abstract: Diabetes Mellitus is considered to be a cardiovascular disease equivalent. The risk of CVD in DM is manifold, and the implications of the disease becomes even more grave when young diabetics die of cardiovascular diseases. The escalating number of young diabetics emphasises the need for early diagnosis and intervention when necessary to halt the progression of CVD. The present study is a novel attempt to assess the prevalence of CVD in young diabetics in upper Assam with poor glycemia and dyslipidemia with the aims and objectives to study the glycemic status and lipid profile in young diabetics and to study the CVD risk and involvement........

[1]. Ramachandran A, Jali MV, Mohan V, Snehalatha C, Viswanathan M. High prevalence of diabetes in an urban population in south India. BMJ 1988;297:587-90.
[2]. Sridhar GR, Rao PV, Ahuja MMS. Epidemiology of diabetes and its complications. In: RSSDI textbook of diabetes mellitus. Hyderabad: Research Society for the Study of Diabetes in India; 2002 p. 95-112.
[3]. Rao PV, Ushabala P, Seshaiah V, Ahuja MMS, Mather HM. The Eluru survey: prevalence of known diabetes in a rural Indian population. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1989; 7 : 29-31.
[4]. Anjana RM, Pradeepa R, Deepa M, et al. Prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes (impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance) in rural and urban India: phase 1 results of the Indian Council of Medical Research-India DIABetes (ICMR INDIAB) study. Diabetologia. 2011;54(12):3022-7
[5]. Kitagawa T, Owada M, Urakami T, et al. Increased incidence of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus among Japanese school children correlates with an increased intake of animal protein and fat, Clin Pediatr. 1998;37(2):11-5.

Abstract: Aims of the study: 1. To assess the best line of treatment for serous otitis media. 2. To prevent the complications of serous otitis media. Materials And Methods: In Andhra medical college Government ENT hospital, a Tertiary referral hospital in Andhra Pradesh, a total of 56,800 patients were examined from January 2014 to December 2015 i.e. in 24 months period. 260 cases of serous otitis media, with hard of hearing, aural fullness, pain in the ear and tinnitus were identified for this study. Finally 60 cases of persistent serous otitis media after 1 month of medical management were selected. They were divided into 2 groups each with 30 patients. In Group I, the medical management was continued for 6 months........

Keywords: Serous Otitis Media, Grommet, Conductive hearing loss, Adhesive otitis media, Tympanosclerosis.

[1]. The etiology of glue ear in a case control study. Int.J Pediatr otorhinolaryngol 1985; 9:121-33.

[2]. Tos M epidemiology and spontaneous improvement of secretory otitis.Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg 1983;37:43.

[3]. Simpson SA, Lewis R, van der Voort J, Butler CC. Oral or topical nasal steroids for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(5): CD001935.

[4]. Becker GD, Eckberg TJ, Goldwar RR, Swimming and Tympanostomy tube; A prospective study. Laryngoscope 1987;97:740-1. [5]. Rosenfeld RM, Schwartz SR, Pynnonen MA, et al. Clinical practice guideline: tympanostomy tubes in children. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2013;149(suppl 1):S1–S35pmid:23818543

Abstract: 50 episodes of unilateral RVO in 50 patients were studied in this series giving special consideration to high risk factors and manifestations, results of various modalities of management and eventual complications. Aims and objectives of the study : 1. To study the prevalence of disease 2. To assess risk factors for RVO 3. To study the results of various modalitiesof treatment Inclusion criteria :...........

[1]. Eugene wolf anatomy of the eye and orbit 7th edition 1976
[2]. Duke elder-Diseases of the retina vol x 1967
[3]. Parsons disease of the eye 20th edition
[4]. Yanoff and Duker ophthalmology 3rd edition chapter 6,17
[5]. Jack.J.Kanski-clinical ophthalmology 6th edition

Abstract: In this study various abnormal haemoglobin fractions on HPLC were observed in 158 cases out of the total 300 screened paediatric anaemic cases. Of the 300 paediatric cases, samples analyzed on CE-HPLC for haemoglobinopathies, maximum 67 (22.33%) cases were diagnosed as S-β double heterozygous, 39(13%) as sickle cell trait, 27 (9 %) as β-thalassaemia major, 10 (3.33 %) as sickle cell disease, 05 (1.66 %) were diagnosed as β-thalassaemia trait, 03 ( 1%) were unknown haemoglobins , 02 (0.66 %) as Hb E-β-thalassaemia double heterozygous, 02 (0.66 %) as SCT + Hb D trait and 01 (0.3%) as Hb E trait............

Keywords: Double heterozygous , paediatric haemoglobinopathies.

[1]. A. Rangan, A.Handoo,S.Sinha,R.Saxena,I.C.Verma,s.Kumar et al. Utility of family studies in diagnosing abnormal hemoglobins/
thalassemic states. Indian Journal of Pediatrics, Volume 76-June, 2009;76(6); p 615-21
[2]. Ana Caroline NovaesSoaresa, Isabella ChagasSamicoa, Aderson Silva Araújob, Marcos André C. Bezerrac,
BetâniaLucenaDominguesHatzlhoferb. Follow-up of children with hemoglobinopathies diagnosed by the Brazilian Neonatal
Screening Program in the State of Pernambuco. Rev bras hematolhemoter. 2014;36(4):250–55
[3]. Kabramadhulika, Menon P. S. N.The challenge of haemoglobinopathies in India. The national medical Journal of India,
1999;12(5):198-201
[4]. Rangan A, Handoo A, Sinha, Saxena S, Verma I.C, Kumar S et al. Utility of family studies in diagnosing abnormal hemoglobins/
thalassemic states. Indian Journal of Paediatrics. 2009 june; 76(6): 615-21
[5]. AllaJoutovsky, Joan Hadzi-Nesic,MichaelA.Nardi. HPLC Retention Time as a Diagnostic Tool for Hemoglobin Variants and
Hemoglobinopathies: A study of 600 000 samples in a Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory. Clinical chemistry. 2004 50(10); 1736-47.

Abstract: Introduction : Wyburn-Mason syndrome is a rare condition considered as one of the nonhereditory congenital phacomatosis,characterised by arterio-venous malformations that affects retina,visualpathway,mid-brain and facial structures with no age and sex predilection.To the date ,fewer than 100 cases have been reported in the literature1.so herein we are reporting a case of Wyburn-Mason syndrome. Case report : A 22 years male ,presented with acute onset of weakness in right upper and lower limb since 3
days,associated with right eye ptosis and deviation of angle of mouth to left.It was preceded by an episode of vomitting and generalised tonic clonic seizure.........

Keywords: Wyburn-Mason syndrome , Arteriovenous malformations, Bonnet-Dechaume-Blanc syndrome.

[1]. Wyburn-Mason R. Arteriovenous aneurysm of midbrain and retina, facial naevi and mental changes. Brain. 1943;66:163-203.
[2]. Bonnet P, Dechaume J, Blanc E. L'aneurysmecirsoide de la retine (aneurysmevasemeaux). J Med Lyon.1937;18:165-178.
[3]. P.N.Dayani, A.A.Sadun. A case report of Wyburn-Mason syndrome and review of the literature.Case report. Neuroradiology
(2007);49:445-456.
[4]. Selhorst JB. Phacomatoses. In: Miller NR, Newman NJ, eds. Walsh and Hoyt Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 5th ed.
Baltimore:Williams and Wilkins, 1998:2725-9
[5]. Sibony PA, Lessell S, Wray S. Chiasmal syndrome caused by arteriovenous malformations. Arch Ophtalmol1982;100:438-442..

Abstract: Introduction: Acute kidney injury is not a single disease but a terminology for a group of conditions that have similar diagnostic features, importantly, an elevation in the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level and/or an elevation in the plasma or serum creatinine (S.Cr) concentration, often associated with a decrease in urine volume. AKI can vary in severity from asymptomatic and transient changes in laboratory measures of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), to exaggerated and rapidly fatal derangements in effective circulating blood volume, electrolyte and acid-base composition of the plasma..........

Keywords: Acute Kidney Injury, Creatinine, BUN, FeNa, RIFLE.

[1]. Brenner and Rector's the kidney 8th edition.
[2]. William F. Ganong review of medical physiology 22nd edition.
[3]. Harrison's principles of internal medicine 18th edition.
[4]. Robert W Schrier manual of nephrology 7th edition.
[5]. Bellomo R, Ronco C, Kellum JA et al. Acute renal failure—definition, outcome measures, animal models, fluid therapy and information technology needs: the Second International Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Group. Crit Care 2004; 8:R204-R212

Abstract: Biological treatment approaches recently have shown encouraging results in degenerative disc disease and additional relief in back and leg pain1.Stitchless endoscopic transforaminal surgery under local anaesthesia is a paradigm shift IN spine surgery for disc degeneration.2 Ability of a surgeon to identify pain generators in patient under local anaesthesiais its core. The "in vivo visualization" of etiopathology in degenerative lumbar spine and probing pain generators in real time revolutionized disc and spine surgery by increasing certainty of diagnosis and resulting treatment planning..........

[1]. Moriguchi Y1, Alimi M1, Khair T1, Manolarakis G1, Berlin C1, Bonassar LJ2, Härtl R1. Biological Treatment Approaches for
Degenerative Disk Disease: A Literature Review of In Vivo Animal and Clinical Data. Global Spine J. 2016 Aug;6(5):497-518. doi:
10.1055/s-0036-1571955. Epub 2016 Jan 27.
[2]. Gore S1, Yeung A2 The "inside out" transforaminal technique to treat lumbar spinal pain in an awake and aware patient under local
anesthesia: results and a review of the literature. Int J Spine Surg. 2014 Dec 1;8. doi: 10.14444/1028. eCollection 2014.
[3]. Yeung AT1, Gore S2. In-vivo Endoscopic Visualization of Patho-anatomy in Symptomatic Degenerative Conditions of the Lumbar
Spine II: Intradiscal, Foraminal, and Central Canal Decompression. Surg Technol Int. 2011 Dec;21:299-319.
[4]. Li P, Jia N, Shen Y, Jin X, Shen Y, Ding W, Zhang W. Experimental study on effect of three different operative ways of annulus
fibrosus incision on intervertebral disc biomechanical strength. Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2016 Feb;30(2):202-
7.
[5]. Brisby H1. Pathology and possible mechanisms of nervous system response to disc degeneration. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006
Apr;88 Suppl 2:68-71.

Abstract: This study was conducted to analyze the incidence, antenatal & postnatal complications ,perinatal outcome and to be advocate routine screening for thyroid disorders in pregnancy in year oct 2015 to sep 2016 at CMCH Coimbatore . This study was prospective ,interventional and observational study with 50 cases which was already diagnosed or diagnosed when suspected as pregnancy with thyroid disorders.Total number of patients who were admitted in labour room with pregnancy -12873, out of these 4% aborted in the form of complete and incomplete abortion ,missed abortion . 2.09% patient delivered before the completion of 37 weeks [preterm] and 0.932% patient were diagnosed as the pregnancy with intrauterine fetal demise and delivered vaginally .........

Keywords: Pregnancy , hyperthyroidism ,hypothyroidism .

[1]. Okosieme, OE; Marx,H; Lazarus,JH (Sep 2008). "Medical management of thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy and the postpartum.". Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy. 9 (13): 2281–93. doi:10.1517/14656566.9.13.2281. PMID 18710353. [2]. Jump up to:a b c Spencer, L; Bubner, T; Bain, E; Middleton, P (21 September 2015). "Screening and subsequent management for thyroid dysfunction pre-pregnancy and during pregnancy for improving maternal and infant health.". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 9: CD011263. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011263.pub2. PMID 26387772.

[3]. Jump up to:a b c Korevaar, Tim I M; Muetzel, Ryan; Medici, Marco; Chaker, Layal; Jaddoe, Vincent W V; de Rijke, Yolanda B; Steegers, Eric A P; Visser, Theo J; White, Tonya; Tiemeier, Henning; Peeters, Robin P (September 2015). "Association of maternal thyroid function during early pregnancy with offspring IQ and brain morphology in childhood: a population-based prospective cohort study". The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. 4: 35–43.doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(15)00327-7.

[4]. Jump up^ Smyth, PP; Hetherton, AM; Smith, DF; Radcliff, M; O'Herlihy, C (Sep 1997). "Maternal iodine status and thyroid volume during pregnancy: correlation with neonatal iodine intake.". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 82 (9): 2840–doi:10.1210/jcem.82.9.4203. PMID 9284707.

[5]. Jump up^ WHO S, Andersson M, de Benoist B, Delange F, Zupan J (Dec 2007). "Prevention and control of iodine deficiency in pregnant and lactating women and in children less than 2-years-old: conclusions and recommendations of the Technical Consultation." (PDF).Public health nutrition. 10 (12A): 1606–11. doi:10.1017/S1368980007361004.PMID 18053287.

Abstract: Peyronie's disease is a disease that affects men. We do not know its cause and the treatment differs. Often invasive treatment such as infiltration of hard tissue in the penis or operative treatment is mentioned. Ultrasound therapy is a non-invasive method where we aim, by using ultrasound waves, to break apart the hard non-elastic tissue that grows in the penis and causes both pain and penile curvature during erection. In the article we present the case of patient with Peyronie's disease where ultrasound therapy was used

Keywords: Peyronie's disease, therapeutic ultrasound, erectile dysfunction

[1]. Nehra A, Alterowitz R, Culkin DJ, et al. Peyronie's Disease: AUA Guideline. J Urol 2015; 194 (3): 745-753.
[2]. Mulhall JP, Creech SD, Boorjian SA, et al. Subjective and objective analysis of the prevalence of Peyronie's disease in a
population of men presenting for prostate cancer screening. J Urol 2004; 171: 2350.
[3]. Taylor FL, Levine SD. Peyronie's disease. Urol Clin North Am 2007; 34: 517.
[4]. Rosen R, Catania J, Lue T, et al. Impact of Peyronie's disease on sexual and psychosocial functioning; qualitative findings in
patients and controls. J Sex Med 2008; 5: 1977.
[5]. Smith JF, Walsh TJ, Conti SL, et al. Risk factors for emotional and relationship problems in Peyronie's disease. J Sex Med
2008; 5: 2197.

Abstract: Congenital malaria is a rare entity but not an uncommon one, particularly in areas of endemicity. Often the diagnosis is complicated by sepsis and many a times its overlooked .Unnecessary investigations and ineffective treatment can be avoided if congenital malaria be distinguished from its close differentials by specific tests .We report here a case of plasmodium vivax positive malaria in a 23 days old neonate born to a primigravida with TORCH infection

Keywords: Congenital malaria ,Endemicity , Neonate , Plasmodium Vivax , TORCH infection

[1]. Internet link http://www.nvbdcp.gov.in/Doc/National-framework-for-malaria-elimination-in-India-2016%E2%80%932030.pdf,
Date accessed: 04 Oct. 2016.
[2]. Ahmad Hashemzadeh ,FarhadHeydarian; Congenital malaria in a neonate; Archives of Iranian Medicine, Volume 8, Number 3, July
2005;226-228
[3]. Uneke CJ:Congenital malaria: an overview. Tanzan J Health Res. 2011, 13: 264-280.
[4]. Rai P, Majumdar K, Sharma S, Chauhan R, Chandra J. Congenital malaria in a neonate: case report with a comprehensive review
on differential diagnosis, treatment and prevention in Indian perspective. Journal of Parasitic Diseases: Official Organ of the Indian
Society for Parasitology. 2015;39(2):345-348. doi:10.1007/s12639-013-0342-1.
[5]. Gandhi A., Garg K., WadhwaN.. Neonatal Plasmodium vivax malaria: an overlooked entity. The Journal of Infection in Developing
Countries, North America, 5, mar. 2011.Available at: <http://www.jidc.org/index.php/journal/article/view/21727650>. Date
accessed: 04 Oct. 2016.

Abstract: Androgen insensitivity (testicular feminization) syndrome is a rare inherited form of male pseudohermaphroditism that occurs in a phenotypically normal woman with male karyotype (XY). We present a case of a 20 years old patient who had history of primary amenorrhea. The clinical examination shows a female phenotype: the breasts are normally developed, absence of hair in the groins and axillary areas, short blind vagina, absent cervix and uterus..........

Keywords: Testicular feminization syndrome, primary amenorrhea, androgen insensitivity syndrome, SRY gene

[1]. Zorlu F, Cengiz M, Gurkaynak M, Yildiz F, Atahan LI. Seminoma arising in androgen insensitivity syndrome (testicular
feminization syndrome) : A case report. Turkish Journal Of Cancer 2001; 31(4):168-71.
[2]. Yuan X, De-fen W, Xiao—ying L, Jun Y, Wei W. Mutation of the androgen receptor in an adolescent with complete androgen
insensitivity syndrome. Chinese Medical Journal 2010;123(1):1473-6.
[3]. Yamini P, Ajinkya J, Bharat K, Ushang K, Prashant K. A case of primary amenorrhea with 46XY karyotype: Androgen
insensitivity syndrome. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences 2013;5(5): 36-9.
[4]. Constantin G, Alexandru D, Sorin P, et al. Testicular feminization : complete androgen insensitivity syndrome. Discussions based
on a case report. Rom J MorpholEmbryol 2014;55(1):177-81.
[5]. Gottlieb B, Beitel L, Trifiro M. Androgen insensitivity syndrome, Gene reviews 1999. Available at
:http://www.geneclinics.org/profiles/androgen/detail.html.

Abstract: Introduction: Since the abdominal cavity contains the vital organs like liver, spleen, kidney, stomach, intestines etc, trauma to this region challenges the integrity and even the viability of the individual. Because of its size and anatomical position, it is a major site of trauma in road accidents. Even with the improvement in safety measures in vehicles and greater availability of state of art resuscitative measures, the mortality rate in crush injuries to the abdominal region has not declined..........

Keywords: Abdominal cavity, mortality, road accidents, trauma, vital organs.

[1]. King, Y., David, T., Onoja, F. and Inunduh, P. (2005) Blunt Injuries to the Abdomen in Makurdi, Benue State: Nigeria. Nigerian
Journal of Surgical Research, 7, 173-175.
[2]. Pfeifer R., Tarkin, I.S., Rocos, B. and Pape, H.C. (2009) Patterns of Mortality and Causes of Death in Polytrauma Patients—Has
Anything Changed? International journal of the care of the injured Injury, 40, ( 9) 907-911.
[3]. Trunkey, D.D. (1983) Trauma. Accidental and Intentional Injuries Account for More Years of Life Lost in the U.S. than Cancer and
Heart Disease. Among the Prescribed Remedies Are Improved Preventive Efforts, Speedier Surgery and Further Research.
Scientific American, 249(2), 28-35.
[4]. Meislin, H., Criss, E., Judkins, D., Berger, R., Conroy, C., et al. (1997) Fatal Trauma: The Model Distribution of Time to Death Is a Function of Patients' Demographics and Regional Resources. Journal of Trauma-Injury Infection & Critical Care, 43, 433-440.
[5]. Sauaia, A., Moor, F.A., Moore, E.E., Moser, K.S., Brennan, R., et al. (1995) Epidemiology of Trauma Deaths: A Reassessment.
Journal of Trauma-Injury Infection & Critical Care, 38, 185-193.

Abstract: Background: In dentistry, radiographs are very helpful in detecting oral diseases, cavities, bone related problems, treatment planning as well as follow-up treatments. However, it should be clinically justified to obtain maximum benefit and reduce further effects. This study was conducted to assess the knowledge, awareness and practice of general dental practitioners towards oral radiology and protective guidelines. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross – sectional study carried out among 198 general dental practitioners working within Khartoum locality during period from January 2016 – April 2016..........

Keywords: Dental radiography, hazard of oral X-ray, Sudanese dentist, x-ray exposure

[1]. Praveen B, Shubhasini A, Bhanushree R, Sumsum P, Sushma C. Radiation in dental practice: awareness, protection and recommendations. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2013;14:143-8
[2]. Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation: United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. UNSCEAR 2000 Report to the General Assembly, with Scientific Annexes. volume 1: Sources. ISBN 92-1-142238-8.
[3]. Binnal A, Rajesh G, Denny C, Ahmed J, Nayak V. Insights into the state of radiation protection among a subpopulation of Indian dental practitioners. Imaging Sci Dent 2013;43:253-9.
[4]. Shah N, Bansal N, Logani A. Recent advances in imaging technologies in dentistry. World J Radiol 2014; 6: 794-807

Abstract: Road Traffic Accidents (RTAs) are one the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the world. Accident in general is a sudden, unplanned, unfortunate mishap or unexpected, unintentional event resulting from carelessness, unawareness, ignorance or a combination of factors and causing injury or loss, a decrease in value of the resources, or an increase in disabilities. It is estimated that 10 millions motor vehicle crashes occur annually in the world. 16 persons die every hour from RTAs in our country. In India, road accidents have been proved to be 1892 times more dangerous than the terrorism...........

Keywords: Morbidity, mortality, road traffic accident.

[1]. Park‟s Textbook of Preventive & Social Medicine. 23rd edition 2015:p405.
[2]. Hogarth, J. Glossary of Health Care Terminology, WHO, Copenhagen (1978).
[3]. Akarro RJ. People‟s Opinions on the Causes of Road Accidents in Selected Places of Tanzania. European Journal of Social Sciences. 2009: 9(4); 615-626.
[4]. Global status report on road safety 2015.WHO 2015.
[5]. Kaul A, Sinha US, Kapoor AK, Pathak YK, Sharma S, Singh A et al. An epidemiological study of Fatal Road Traffic Accidents in Allahabad Region; IIJFMT3 (1).2005.

Abstract: Avascular Necrosis (AVN) of the bone, aseptic necrosis and ischemic bone necrosis, is a relatively common disease characterized by death of the cellular elements of bone and marrow due to the interruption of the blood supply. Patients tend to suffer from post surgical pain, limitataion of motion with stupping gait along with aggravating of pain, numbness & spasm in gluteal region. This condition has a number of charactertics clinical and radiographic signs that differentiate it from other osteonecrotic conditions. 'Mitchell's GRADE A' with marrow edema in head & neck regions of femur being the first charactertics of diagnostic feature. This is a case report of single post surgical issues with history of severe pain and difficulty in walking.

[1]. Tofferi JK, Gilliland W. Avascular Necrosis. Medscape 012.http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/333364- overview [Accessed on
Sep 23, 2013].
[2]. Mont MA, Hungerford DS. Non-traumatic avascular necrosis of the femoral head. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1995, 77(3):459-474.
[3]. Mont MA, Jones LC, Hungerford DS. Non-traumatic osteonecrosis of head: ten years later. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2006; 88(5):1117-32.
[4]. Meyers MH. Osteonecrosis of the femoral head: pathogenesis and long term results of treatment.Clin Orthop 1988; 231:57-61.
[5]. Stulberg MN, Davis AW, Bauer TW, Levine M, Easley K. Osteonecrosis of the femoral head: a prospective randomized treatment
Protocol. Clin Orthop 1991; 268:140-151.

Abstract: Enchondromas are rarely occurring tumours in the pelvis. They have predilection for the phalanges and their occurrence in male and female are equal. We present a case of a 32 year old nulliparous who had history of painless pelvic mass and deep dyspareunia that precluded her from having satisfying coitus hence avoidance of her husband and subsequent infertility. The tumour was resected via Maylard abdominal incision and access was gained into retro-pubic space of Retzius avoiding the bladder and its neck structures. Haemostasis was secured and reconstruction plate and screws were used in stabilising the superior pubic ramus. She recuperated well and currently on follow up in Orthopaedic out-patient department.

Keywords: Pelvic Enchondroma, Dyspareunia, Infertility.

[1]. Flemming DJ, Murphey MD. Enchondroma and Chondrosarcoma. Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology. 2000;4(1):0059-72.
[2]. Milgram, .W J. The origins of Osteochondromas and Enchondromas. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related research. 1983.
[3]. Gaulke R. The distribution of solitary enchondromata of the hand. Journal of hand surgery. 2002;27(5):444-5.
[4]. Wulle C. Treatment of endochondromas of the hand. Journal of hand surgery. 1990;15:320-30.
[5]. al JBe. Enchondromas of the hand: treatment with curretage and cemented internal fixation. Journal of hand surgery. 2002;27(5):870-5.

Abstract: Lung cancer or lung tumor the most common cause of cancer death in men and second most common in women after breast cancer. Highest rates in North America, Europe, and East Asia, with one third of new cases in China, lower rates in Africa and South Asia. Worldwide in 2012 lung cancer resulted in 1.6 million deaths. Risk factors include smoking, exposure to radon gas, asbestos, second-hand smoke, air pollution, and geneticfactors. Pathogenesis is similar to other cancers, by activation of oncogenes or inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. Two main types of lung cancer are small-cell lung carcinoma(SCLC),and non-small-cell lung..........

Keywords: Lungcancer,Riskfactors,Smoking,Airpollution,Chemotherapy.

[1]. Lung Carcinoma:Tumors of the Lungs.Merck Manual Professional Edition.online edition. Retrieved 15th August 2007.
[2]. Non-small cell lung cancer Treatment-Patient Version(PDQ®).NCL.May 12,2015.retrieved 5 March 2016.
[3]. Stewart,edited by BemardW,Wild,ChristopherP.World cancer report2014. Lyon:IARC Press pp.350-352.ISBN 9789283204299.
[4]. World Cancer Report 2014.World Health Organization.2024.pp.Chapter 5.1.ISBN 9284304298.
[5]. World Cancer Report 2014.World Health Organization.2014.pp.Chapter 1.1.ISBN 9283204298.

Abstract: Equipment procurement is a necessity of any multi/super speciality hospital. It is often associated with tedious and laborious procedures the following of which is mandatory in any purchase. This is especially important in a public sector institute where every purchase is scrutinized. These procedures often lead to delayed procurement which ultimately compromises the care provided to the patients. This study lists the various steps that need to be followed in procurement of equipment taking the example of MRI machine procurement at a tertiary care teaching hospital. It lists the delays that were encountered in the procurement of the MRI machine and also the ways in which these delays could be overcome by application of PERT in the procurement process.

Keywords: Hospital equipment, tendering process, procurement delays, PERT.

............................

Abstract: Cigarettes kill an estimated 5 million people annually worldwide.The world health organization reported that tobacco smoking killed 100 million people worldwide in the 20th century. Tobacco smoke contains 4000 chemicals out of which 60 are known carcinogens which can lead to lung cancer.Smoking is the most important risk factor for increased lung function decline in adults and the rate of decline is proportionate to amount of cigarette smoked.40 healthy adult males aged between 20-50 years smoker for more than one year at Pimpri –Chinchwad area in Pune were selected..........

Keywords: Smokers, Non-smokers, MVV, RMS Helios spirometer

[1]. Bulletin of the WHO. International journal of public health.2006;84(6):495.
[2]. WHO report: Tobacco could kill one billion by 2100,Science Daily.2008;24:71.
[3]. Yach D. Partnering for better lung health: Improving Tobacco and Tuberculosis control. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis.2000;4:693-7.
[4]. Yu J J ,Shopland D R. Cigarette smoking behaviour and consumption characteristic for the Asia-Pacific region. World smoking health.1989;14:7-9.

Abstract: To investigate the morphological structure and variation of thyroid gland in fetuses. Formalin fixed 40 aborted fetuses from 16weeks -36 weeks of gestational age were dissected to study the morphology of fetal thyroid glands. Crown -Rump length, and weight of the fetus along with fetal thyroid morphological and morphometric parameters were recorded. We observed the broader right lobes, broader left lobes of the thyroid glands, pyramidal lobe, levator glandulae thyroidae and isthmus agenesis..........

Keywords: Agenesis of isthmus, pyramidal lobe, variation lobes.

[1]. Hall, john (2011). Guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology (12th ed.).philadelphia, pa.:saunderselsevier.p 907.
[2]. Boron WF; Boulapep, EL.(2012).medical physiology (2nd ed.). philadelphia:saunders.p.1052.
[3]. Longo, D; Fauci, A; Kasper, D; Hauser, S; jameson J; Loscalzo, J (2012). Harrison‟s principle of internal medicine (18th ed.).new York:Mc Graw-hill.pp.2913, 2918.
[4]. EDITOR-IN-CHIEF, Susan standring ; section editors, Meil R Borley; et al. Grays anatomy:theanatomical basis of clinical practice (40th ed.). London:Churchill Livingstone. Pp. 462-464.
[5]. "Thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, endocrine surgery, anatomy of the Thyroid Gland". www.endocrinesurgeon.co.uk.

Abstract: Objective: To study the clinical and etiological profile with the change in brain by neuroimaging (MRI brain) in children with microcephaly aged 1 month to 60 months. Materials and Methods: Study Design – Hospital based prospective study. Children attending Bal Chikitsalaya, Maharana Bhupal Goverment Hospital, RNT Medical College, Udaipur (Rajasthan) were evaluated as per protocol. Z scores of head circumference were calculated using WHO charts and clinical and etiological profile with the change in brain by neuroimaging (MRI brain) of those with microcephaly...........

Keywords: Cerebral atrophy, Cerebral palsy, Developmental delay, Microcephaly, Neuroimaging

[1]. Agarwal R, Sankhyan N, Jain V. Normal growth and its disorders, In: Paul V K, Bagga A, eds Ghai Essential Pediatrics, Eight
edition, New Delhi, CBS Publishers, 2013;7 – 41.
[2]. Aggarwal A, Mittal H, Patil R, Debnath S, Rai A. Clinical profile of children with developmental delay and microcephaly. J
Neurosci Rural Pract. 2013; 4:288-91.
[3]. Ashwal S, David M, Lauren P, William B. Evaluation of the child with microcephaly (an evidence-based review). Report of the
Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the Practice Committee of the Child Neurology
Society, Neurology. 2009; 73: 887-897.
[4]. Barkovich AJ, Ferriero DM, Barr RM. Microlissencephaly a heterogeneous malformation of cortical development. Neuropediatrics.
1999; 29:113–119.
[5]. Baxter PS, Rigby AS, Helene M. Acquired Microcephaly: Causes, Patterns, Motor, IQ Effects and Associated Growth Changes.
Pediatrics. 2009; 124:590-595.

Abstract: Introduction: Ante partum hemorrhage is defined as any vaginal bleeding from the 24th week of gestation till delivery. The number of cases of placenta previa and placenta accrete are increasing with the increasing caesarean section rate.Ante-partum hemorrhage is an important cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality, despite modern improvement in obstetric practice and transfusion service. Placenta previa has been well documented to be associated with adverse maternal outcomes as well as neonatal outcomes. The indication for emergency peripartum hysterectomy in recent years has been changed from traditional uterine atony to abnormal placental implantation..........

Keywords: Placenta previa pr.lscs, peri partum hysterectomy

[1]. Yang Q, Wen SW, Oppenheimer L, Chen XK, Black D, Gao J, Walker MC. Association of caesarean delivery for first birth with placenta praevia and placental abruption in second pregnancy. BJOG 2007 May; 114 (5):609-13.
[2]. Yang Q, Wen SW, Phillips K, Oppenheimer L, Black D, Walker MC. Comparison of maternal risk factors between placental abruption and placenta previa.Am J Perinatol. 2009 Apr; 26(4):279-86.
[3]. Salihu HM, Li Q, Rouse DJ, Alexander GR: Placenta previa: Neonatal deathafter live births in the United States. Am J ObstetGynecol2003 188(5):1305-1309.
[4]. Ananth CV, Smulian JC, Vintzileos AM: The effect of placenta previa on neonatal mortality: a population-based study in the United States, 1989 through 1997. Am J ObstetGynecol2003, 188(5):1299-1304.
[5]. Iyasu S, Saftlas AK, Rowley DL, Koonin LM, Lawson HW, Atrash HK: TheEpidemiology of Placenta-Previa in the United-States, 1979 Through1987. Am J ObstetGynecol1993, 168(5):1424-1429

Abstract: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a disease of autoimmune etiology affecting multiple systems involving most commonly females of the reproductive age group."It is also a major cause of mortality and morbidity in the young population." The prevalence of SLE varies throughout the world. In the western world, it is around 40 for every lakh persons. It is found to be more common in blacks and Hispanics as compared to others. More than 80 % of cases occur in women in their reproductive years. The overall outcome in the western countries showed dramatic improvement in the last couple of decades, from a survival rate at the end of 5years of 50% in 1950s to 90% 10 year survival in 1990s.

[1]. Smith CD, Cyr M. The history of lupus erythematosus from Hippocrates to Osler.Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1988; 14: 1-14.
[2]. Bateman T. A practical synopsis of cutaneous diseases. Philadelphia: Collins & Craft;1818: 305.
[3]. Kaposi M. Neue Beitrage Zur Kennitnis des Lupus Erythematosus. Arch Derm syph1872; 4: 36-78.
[4]. Libman E, Sacks B. A Hitherto underdescribed form of valvalar and mural endocarditis. Trans Assoc Am Physicians 1923; 38: 46-
61.
[5]. Moore JE. The natural history of systemic lupus erythematosus: an approach to its study through chronic biologic false positive
reactors. J Chron Dis 1955; 2: 297- 316