iosr-JDMS   Volume-16 ~ Issue-5 ~ May-2017

Abstract: Introduction : Central corneal thickness plays an important role in understanding the risk of glaucoma. Corneal thickness of less than 555μm provides false results of low intra ocular pressure, whereas, corneal thickness of more than 555μm provides a false result of raised intra ocular pressure when measured with tonometry. Intraocular pressure (IOP) is an important clinical outcome in glaucoma diagnosis. Material and methods: Observational cross sectional study was conducted in between April 2016- April 2017. In this study 600 subjects were taken without any ocular pathological conditions aged 18 to 40 years were examined at a dedicated facility in the hospital. All subjects underwent a complete ophthalmic examination that included CCT measurements with an Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography(SD-OCT) and intra ocular pressure (IOP) measurements with Schiotz tonometry..............

Keywords: central corneal thickness, glaucoma, Intraocular pressure, optical coherence tomography

[1]. M. M. Whitacre, R. A. Stein, and K. Hassanein, "The effect of corneal thickness on applanation tonometry," American Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 115, no. 5, pp. 592–596, 1993.

[2]. E. M. Hoffmann, J. Lamparter, A. Mirshahi et al., "Distribution of central corneal thickness and its association with ocular parameters in a large central european cohort: the gutenberg health study," PLoS ONE, vol. 8, no. 8, Article ID e66158, 2013.

[3]. M. Kohlhaas, A. G. Boehm, E. Spoerl, A. Pürsten, H. J. Grein, and L. E. Pillunat, "Effect of central corneal thickness, corneal curvature, and axial length on applanation tonometry," Archives of Ophthalmology, vol. 124, no. 4, pp. 471–476, 2006.

[4]. B. A. Francis, A. Hsieh, M.-Y. Lai et al., "Effects of corneal thickness, corneal curvature, and intraocular pressure level on goldmann applanation tonometry and dynamic contour tonometry," Ophthalmology, vol. 114, no. 1, pp. 20–26, 2007.

[5]. P.-A. Tonnu, T. Ho, T. Newson et al., "The influence of central corneal thickness and age on intraocular pressure measured by pneumotonometry, non-contact tonometry, the Tono-Pen XL, and Goldmann applanation tonometry," British Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 89, no. 7, pp. 851–854, 2005..

Abstract: Background: Salivary gland tumors are rare neoplasms that generate interest due to their histopathological diversity. Several studies have reported a significant difference in the global distribution of salivary gland tumors, but no formal study has been carried out in this part of the globe. Aim: To study the histopathological spectrum of salivary gland lesions and to know the pattern of distribution in Tripura, a state in North Eastern India. Materials and Methods: This is a 7 years (2010-2016) retrospective study of all salivary gland tumor specimens received at our referral teaching hospital in Tripura, India. All the slides were reviewed by the authors. Clinical details were obtained from the archives. Data thus collected were analyzed..........

Keywords:Salivary gland tumor, pleomorphic adenoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma

[1]. Ezeanolue BC. Salivary gland neoplasms: A descriptive analysis of the pattern seen in Enugu. West Afr J Med 1999; 18: 179-82.
[2]. Ellis GL, Auclair PL. Tumors of the salivary glands. 3rd edition. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology: Washington;1996.
[3]. Vuhahula EA. Salivary gland tumors in Uganda: Clinical pathological study. Afr Health Sci 2004; 4 : 15-23.
[4]. Laishram RS, Kumar KA, Pukhrambam GD, Laishram S, Debnath K. Pattern of salivary gland tumors in Manipur, India: A 10 year study. South Asian J Cancer 2013; 2: 250-3.
[5]. Vargas PA, Gerhard R, AraujoFilho VJ, de Castro IV. Salivary gland tumors in a Brazilian population: A retrospective study of 124 cases. Rev Hosp Clin Fac Med Sao Paulo 2002; 57: 271-6.

Abstract: Introduction: The right and left coronary arteries arise from the ascending aorta in its anterior and left posterior sinuses. The calibre of coronary arteries, both main stems and larger branches, based on measurements of arterial casts or angiograms, ranges between 1.5 and 5.5 mm for the coronary arteries at their origins. The left exceed the right in 60% of hearts, the right being larger in 17%, and both vessels being approximately equal in 23%. Material and Methods: 55 heart specimens were dissected and 82 cases of angiography were studied. The aorta was cut opened transversely, approximately 0.5 cm above the openings of RCA & LMCA. Numbers of ostial openings were counted and Location of respective ostia in the aortic sinus was noted.nce............

Keywords: Coronary Artery Ostia, Diameter, Left Coronary Artery, Right Coronary Artery.

[1]. Standring S. Gray's Anatomy. The anatomical basis of clinical practice. 40th ed. Spain: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier; 2008. p. 959-988.
[2]. Jeffery J. Pompa. Braunwald's Heart Diseases: A textbook of cardiovascular medicine. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; Vol 1. 2012. P. 406-40.
[3]. Blake HA, Manion WC, Mattingly TW, Baroldi G. Coronary artery anomalies. Circulation. 1964;30:927-940.
[4]. Gajbe U L, gosavi S , meshram S , gajbhiye V M. The anomalous origin of multiple coronary ostia and their clinical significance. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2010; 3:2129-2133.
[5]. Joshi SD, Joshi SS, Athavale SA. Origins of the coronary arteries and their significance. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2010;65(1):79-84.

Abstract: Securing of definite airway with limited resources is always a challenge. Patient with submucous fibrosis planned for cranioplasty and we don't have fiberoptic device that time. We planned for blind nasal intubation after inhalation induction and prevention of spontaneous respiration. During the procedure we failed to put tube in trachea, tried different measures as we all know but failed. We tried miller's straight blade to lower the tongue and maggilforcep to succed.Successful endotracheal intubation and prevention of invasive tracheostomy in this case.

Keywords: Submucous fibrosis, Blind Nasal Intubation, Miller Blade..

[1]. De Carli D, Correa NS, Silva TC, Maradei EM. Blind Nasal Intubation in Awaken Patient Scheduled for Hemimandibulectomy. Case Report. Rev Bras Anestesiol 2008 Jan-Feb;58(1):55-62.
[2]. Caplan RA, Benumof JL, Berry FA et al. Practice guidelines for management of the difficult airway. A report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Management of the Difficult Airway. Anesthesiology 1993;78:597-602.
[3]. Collins PD, Godkin RA. Awake Blind Nasal Intubation- A Dying Art? Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 1992;May:20(2):225-7.

[4]. J. Punj, R. Pandey V. Darlong .Oral submucous fibrosis and restricted mouth opening. Anaesthesia, 2008, 63, pages 1139–1153
[5]. IbinVarughese, Parekkara I Varughese1Thomas Soman1 and James Mathew. Fluroscopic assisted airway intubation in temporomandibular joint ankylosis: A novel technique. Saudi J Anaesth. 2011 Apr;5(2):226-8

Abstract: Most ovarian neoplasms are benign, epithelial types are commonest. There is no regular screening test for detecting malignant ovarian neoplasm, most patients remain asymptomatic until late stages. About 80% of malignant ovarian neoplasm present in stage 3 and 4 with 15% 5 year survival rate. To find out frequency of different types of ovarian neoplasm among women aged 15-60 years and correlates ovarian neoplasm among benign and malignant neoplasms and compare levels of tumour markers among subjects with benign and malignant neoplasms............

Keywords: CA-125, menopause, ovarian neoplasm, tumour markers

[1]. Robert CY, Gynaecologic Malignancies, in Dan L, Longo, Dennis L. Kasper, J. Larry Jameson, Anthony S. Fauci, Stephen L. Hauser, Joseph Loscalzo, Harrison's principles of internal medicine, 17 (New York: Mc Graw Hill, 2012) 810-812.
[2]. Padubidri V G, Daftary SN, Howkins and Bourne, Shaw`s text book of gynaecology ( New Delhi: Elsevier, 2004) 354-372.
[3]. Keith D, Edmonds, Mohaghan, J M, Dewhurst`s Text book of obstetrics & gynaecology (London: Blackwell, 1999) 590-593.
[4]. Fields MM, Chevlen E, Ovarian cancer screening: a look at the evidence, Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing. 10(1), 2006, 77-81.
[5]. Van Nagell JR Jr, DePriest PD, Ueland FR, DeSimone CP, Cooper AL, McDonald JM, Ovarian cancer screening with annual transvaginal sonography: findings of 25,000 women screened. Cancer, 109(9), 2007, 1887-1895.

Abstract: Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the colonoscopy findings in Patients with Cirrhosis Portal Hypertension and Histopathologic correlation of those colonoscopy lesions. The prevalence of portal hypertensive colopathy was evaluated, the lesions were biopsied and specimen sent for Histopathologicexamination. The prevalence of Portal Hypertensive colopathy were correlated with severity of Liver Disease. Methodology: Cases of Cirrhosis with Portal Hypertension presenting to the Medical Gastroenterology Department, were included in the study. Symptomatic Patients were subjected to White Light Colonoscopy. Lesions characteristic of Portal Hypertensive Colopathy were studied. Those lesions were biopsied and specimenwere subjected to Histopathological Examination...........

Keywords: Cirrhosis,Portal hypertensive Colopathy

[1]. Schuppan D, Afdhal NH. Liver cirrhosis. Lancet. 2008;371:838–851.
[2]. Viggiano TR, Gostout CJ. Portal hypertensive intestinalvasculopathy: a review of the clinical, endoscopic, and histopathologic features. Am J Gastroenterol 1992; 87: 944-954
[3]. Arendt T, Barten M, Lakner V, Arendt R. Diffuse gastric antral vascular ectasia: cause of chronic gastrointestinal blood loss. Endoscopy 1987; 19: 218-220
[4]. Gostout CJ, Viggiano TR, Balm RK. Acute gastrointestinal bleeding from portal hypertensive gastropathy: prevalence and clinical features. Am J Gastroenterol 1993; 88: 2030-2033
[5]. Kozarek RA, Botoman VA, Bredfeldt JE, Roach JM, Patterson DJ, Balwarnalatha G, Reddy JS. Direct fluorescence on Tzanck smears: A rapid test to confirm Pemphigus. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2001;67:218

Abstract: Context: Recently Candidiasis has become one of the major nosocomial infections among hospitalized neonates. Several Candida species can give rise to same clinical presentation but their antifungal susceptibility patterns may vary. Aim and Objectives: The aim of the present study is to assess the risk factors contributing to neonatal oral candidiasis, identification of its causative species and determination of antifungal susceptibility patterns. Settings and Design: This case control study was performed to determine the causative species and risk factors of neonatal candidiasis among the neonates admitted to neonatal care unit...........

Keywords: Candida, neonate, oral thrush, risk factors

[1]. Pittet D, Monod M, Suter PM, Frenk E, Auckenthaler R. Candida colonization and subsequent infection in critically ill surgical patients. Ann Surg 1994; 220:751-8.
[2]. Singh K, Chakrabarti A, Narang A, Gopalan S. Yeast colonization and fungemia in preterm neonate in tertiary care centre. Indian J Med Res 1999; 110:169-73.
[3]. Sandra S. Richter, Rudolph P. Galask, Shawn A. Messer, Richard J. Hollis, Daniel J. Diekema , Michael A. Pfaller. Antifungal susceptibilities of Candida and epidemiology of recurrent cases. J. clin. microbiol 2005; 43:2155-61
[4]. Reef S.E, B.A. Lasker, D.S.Butcher, M.M. McNeil, H.Keyserling,and W.R.Jarvis. Nonperinatal nosocomial transmission of Candida albicans in a neonatal intensive care unit: prospective stuby. J.Clin Microbiol 1998; 36:1255-59
[5]. Waggnoner-Fountain L.A., Walker M.W., Hollis R.J., Pfaller M.A., Ferguson JE( 2), Wenzel R.P., Donowitz L.G. et al. Vertical and horizontal transmission of unique Candida species to premature newborn. Clin.Infect.Dis1996;22: 803-8..

Abstract: Aims and objective: Elongated styloid process is a diagnosis that should be considered in the evaluation of recurrent neck, throat or facial pain and dysphagia with or without radiation of pain to the ipsilateral ear. Here we study the occurrence of stylalgia in patients presenting with pain in the head and neck region and conservative management options. Materials and Methods: Our study consisted of 50 patients presenting with symptoms of throat pain on swallowing, foreign body sensation in the throat, and ear pain. Diagnosis was made by symptoms and clinical examination which was further confirmed by x-ray OPG view for styloid process........

[1]. Krespi YP, Shuqar JM, Som PM. Stylohyoid syndromes : An uncommon cause of pharyngeal and neck pain. Am J Otolaryngol. 1981; 2:358-360.
[2]. G. Fini, G. Gasparini, F. Filippini, R. Becelli, and D. Marcotullio, "The long styloid process syndrome or Eagle's syndrome," Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 123–127, 2000
[3]. Eagle W. Elongated styloid process. Report of two cases. Arch Otolaryngol. 1937;25:584-587.
[4]. K. C. Prasad, M. P. Kamath, K. J. M. Reddy, K. Raju, and S. Agarwal, "Elongated styloid process (Eagle's syndrome): A clinical study," Journal of Oral and Ma-xillofacial Surgery, vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 171–175, 2002
[5]. Woolery WA. The diagnostic challenge of styloid elongation (Eagle's Syndrome). J Am Osteopath Assoc 1990;90:88-9.Nose &Throat Monthly, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 94–95, 1976..

Abstract: Background: 3% to 5% of all fractures are mid humeral shaft fracture and 2% to 10% are open fractures. The options available for mid shaft fractures are open reduction and internal fixation with plate , and closed reduction and fixation with interlocking nail and conservative. The treatment outcomes have been studied . Objective: In this study we compared the outcome of fracture fixation with dynamic compression plating and interlocking nailing. Materials and methods: Fourty adult patients with fracture shaft humerus attending to Jubilee Mission Medical College Hospital, Thrissur between January 2014 and January 2015 was evaluated pre-operatively and the functional results were assessed post-operatively.The patients were evaluated as per the history, mode of injury. Necessary radiological investigations and hematology profile was done on admission.Type of surgery and details was noted. The immediate post-operative x-ray was evaluated.........

[1]. Singisetti K, Ambedkar M. Nailing versus plating in humerus shaft fractures: A prospective comparative study. Int Orthop 2010;34:571-6.
[2]. Livani B, Belangero W, Medina G, Pimenta C, Zogaib R, Mongon M. Anterior plating as a surgical alternative in the treatment of humeral shaft non-union. Int Orthop 2010;34:1025-31.
[3]. Denies E, Nijs S, Sermon A, Broos P. Operative treatment of humeral shaft fractures. Comparison of plating and intramedullary nailing. Acta Orthop Belg 2010;76:735-42.
[4]. Concha JM, Sandoval A, Streubel PN. Minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis for humeral shaft fractures: Are results reproducible? Int Orthop 2010;34:1297-305.
[5]. Hwang YS, Kim KY, Kim HC, Ahn SH, Lee DE. Polarus intramedullary nail for proximal humeral and humeral shaft fractures in elderly patients with osteoporosis. J Korean Fract Soc 2013;26:14-20...

Abstract: Background And Objective: Proximal humerus fractures accounts for about 4 to 5% of all fractures. They are the third most common fractures in elderly population after hip and distal radius fractures. Regarding treatment of proximal humerus fractures, controversies still exists whether to do conservative or operative management. Various operative procedures are carried out, recent trend in internal fixation has moved on to locking plates which gives angular stability. The present study is undertaken to evaluate the functional outcome and complications of proximal humerus fractures treated by PHILOS locking plate........

Keywords: Proximal humerus fractures, PHILOS plating, complications, prospective study

[1]. Gerald R. Williams and Kirk L. Wong, 2000: "Two-part and three part fractures- Management of proximal and distal humerus fracture". Orthop Clin North Am, January 31 (1) : 1-21.
[2]. Lind T, Kronerk, Jensen J. : The epidemiology of fractures of proximal humerus. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg, 1989; 108: 285.
[3]. Lous U., Bigiliani, Chapter 9 The shoulder, Vol-1 ed. Charles Rockwood, Frederick A. Fractures of proximal humerus. In Rockwood CA, Matsen. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1990: p278-334.
[4]. Scott E. Powell, Robert W. Chandler. Fractures of the proximal humerus. Chapter- 11, In: Text book of Operative techniques in upper extremity sports injuries. Ed.Frank W. Jobe, Mosby, 1995: p.313-340.
[5]. Zyto K. Non-operative treatment of comminuted fracture of proximal humerus in elderly patients. Injury, 1998; 29: 349-52...

Abstract: Perforative peritonitis is the most common surgical emergency in India. The aim of the study was to highlight the presentation of perforative peritonitis as encountered by us at bankura sammilani medical college and hospital. In this study, a total of 174 cases of perforative peritonitis were included. Duodenal perforation (63.8%) was the most common cause of perforative peritonitis. Appendicular perforation was the second most common condition. Morbidity and mortality was related to time interval between occurrence and surgical intervention and amount of peritoneal contamination. Other predictors were co-morbid conditions, site of perforation, post operative complications and increasing age of the patient........

Keywords: Perforative peritonitis, Duodenal perforation , Surgical management

[1]. Norman S Williams, Christopher J K Bulstrode, P Ronan O' Conell- Bailey and Love's Short Practice of Surgery, 26th edition, London, CRC Press, 1932
[2]. Brian W Ellis, Simon Paterson- Brown ; Hamilton Bailey,s Emergency Surgery; Thirteenth edition; Hodder Arnold (JAYPEE)2006(1ST Indian Edition) ,316 99
[3]. Agarwal Nitin, Saha Sudipta, Srivastava Anurag, Chumber Sunil, Dhar Anita, Garg Sanke; Peritonitis: 10 years experience in a single surgical unit; Tropical Gastro enterology;2007;28:117-120
[4]. Jhobta Rajender Singh, Attri Ashok Kumar, Kaushik Rabin,Sharma Rajiv, Jhobta Anupam; spectrum of perforation peritonitis in indiareview of 504 consecutive cases; WJES;2006Sep;1:26, doi:10.1186/1749- 7922-1-2610 8
[5]. Patil Prajakat V, Kamat Manmohan M,Hindalekar Milan M- Spectrum of perforative peritonitis – a prospective study on 150 patients; Bombay Hospital Journal; 2012, vol. 54; no. 1.

Abstract: Learning involves three steps: remembering information, thinking, which is the rearrangement of information, and learning a process to use the information in a thought process until the person becomes fluent. Therefore a true teacher works with individuals and helps them in their efforts to learn how to learn. Good teachers try to do two things: present concepts with interesting examples and metaphors rather than spewing out hundreds of factors and reveal to the listeners their intense interest in the subject. If the teacher is not excited about the subject he is going to teach then the audience will also be uninterested. The need to get very high scores in the examination and master the questions to answer directly or indirectly made students to master the ability to recollect facts ( Knowledge)........

[1]. Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff -Do lectures truly kindle learningprocess? Libyan Journal of Medicine 2010; 5: 10.3402/ljm.v5i0.4878. Published online 2010 Feb 8. doi: 10.3402/ljm.v5i0.4878
[2]. Medical Council of India, Tamilnadu Dr.MGR Medical University, 2017
[3]. Who Guidelines forQuality Assurance- Quality AssuranceOfTraditional Medicine -Traditional MedicineEducation- EducationIn The Western Pacific Region.World Health Organization 2005
[4]. Nancy E Adams Bloom's taxonomy of cognitive learning objectives.J Med Libr Assoc. 2015 Jul; 103(3): 152–153.doi: 10.3163/1536-5050.103.3.010 PMCID: PMC4511057..

Abstract: Diabetes mellitus(DM)induced dyslipidemia results in various micro and macro vascular complications. It has been observed by many workers that the erythrocyte membrane cholesterol is elevated in DM which may lead to alterations in erythrocyte membrane characteristics As there is no proper cholesterol synthetic mechanisms available in mature erythrocytes, the raised membrane cholesterol might have originated from plasma cholesterol, as erythrocytes are continuously bathing in plasma. Hence a study was undertaken to assess the impact of plasma cholesterol concentration on the erythrocyte membrane cholesterol content............

Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus(DM), Erythrocyte membrane cholesterol, plasma cholesterol.

[1]. Aiello L. M., Rand L. I., Sebastyen J. G., Weiss J.N., Bradbury M. J., Wafai M. Z., and Briones J.C.,(1985). The Eye and Diabetes, in Joslin's DiabetesMellitus. K. M.Verghese Company (India) 12th Edition, pp.600-634.
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[3]. Dang Aq, Fass FH, and Corter W. J. -lipids 1984: 19: 738- 748.
[4]. Locke, S. and Tarsy, D. (1985). The nervous system and diabetes in Joslin's diabetes mellitus. K.M.Varghese Company (India), 12th Edition, pp664-685.
[5]. Robbins & cotran.(2014). "Pathologic Basis of Disease", South Asia Edition, volume II, Elsevier Publishers, chapter 13, Page:1111.

Abstract: Introduction: Allergic rhinosinusitis (ARS) is a cause of significant morbidity and affects patient's daily quality of life making treatment imperative. Management of this disease includes variety of drugs from different pharmacological profile with all having varied clinical efficacy. Our study aims to evaluate role of nasal saline irrigation as an adjunct therapy in allergic chronic rhinosinusitis and its impact on symptamology and quality of life. Design: Qualitative study using questionnaire. Material and method: 60 patients were included in our study and were divided in two groups........

Keywords: Allergy, Rhinosinusitis, Management, Nasal saline, Irrigation

[1]. Ray NF, Baraniuk JN, Thamer M, et al. Healthcare expenditures for sinusitis in 1996: contributions of asthma, rhinitis and other airway disorders. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999; 103:408–414.
[2]. Mabr y R. Therapeutic agents in the medical management of sinusitis. Otolaryngol Clin North Am1993;26(4):561-70.
[3]. Rama S, Ballentine R, Hymes A. Science of Breath. A Practical Guide. Honesdale, Pa.: Himalayan Institute Press; 1998.
[4]. Wingrave W. A clinical lecture on the nature of discharges and douches. Lancet.1902; 159(4107): 1373-1375
[5]. Fagnan L. Acute sinusitis: a cost-effective approach to diagnosis and treatment. Am Fam Physician1998;58(8):1795-802..

Abstract: Background: Over the decades, Health Insurance Schemes have gained popularity as an acceptable solution to health care financing. The objective of this study was to assess the level of implementation and impact of the National Health Insurance Scheme on the health care system in Yobe State, North-Eastern Nigeria. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted from October 2008 to March 2009, in which stratified random sampling was used to select respondents among enrolees of NHIS, health care providers and health administrators (staff of NHIS, Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) and Yobe State Ministry of Health). Structured, specialized self-administered questionnaires were used to obtain information on level of funding, quality and adequacy of health manpower, facilities/equipment for health care delivery, level of supervision and monitoring, enrolees' acceptability of the scheme and how beneficial it has been to the people since its introduction. Data was analysed using SPSS version 22.........

Keywords: Healthcare, Financing, Insurance, Scheme, Health system

[1]. The World Health Organisation: The world health report - Health systems financing: the path to universal coverage. 2010, Geneva: World Health Organisation
[2]. Ezeoke OP, Onwujekwe OE, Uzochukwu BS: Towards universal coverage: Examining costs of illness, payment, and coping strategies to different population groups in Southeast Nigeria. AmJTrop Med Hyg. 2012, 86: 52-57. 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0090.
[3]. McIntyre D, 2007. Learning from Experience: Health Care Financing in Low and Middle Income Countries. Geneva, Switzerland: Global Forum for Health Research.
[4]. Odeyemi I, Nixon J. Assessing equity in health care through the national health insurance schemes of Nigeria and Ghana: a review-based comparative analysis. International journal for equity in health. 2013 Jan 22;12(1):9.
[5]. Mohammed Dogo-Mohammad. Expanding Health Insurance Coverage in Nigeria. Accessed May 26. 2017 from http://www.gamji.com/article9000/news9562.htm..

Abstract: Porcelain laminate veneers are among the most esthetic means of creating a more pleasing and beautiful smile. Porcelain veneers within reason allow for the alteration of tooth position, shape, size and color. They require a minimal amount of tooth preparation, approximately 0.5 mm to 0.7mm of surface enamel reduction. This study describes the use of ceramic veneers without tooth wear, reinforcing the concept that minimally invasive porcelain laminate veneers could become versatile and conservative allies in the fi eld of esthetic dentistry.

Keywords: Ceramics, dentin-bonding agents, esthetics

[1]. Pincus C (1938) Building mouth personality. J Calif State Dent Assoc 14: 125–129.
[2]. Peumans M, Van Meerbeek B, Lambrechts P, Vanherle G (2000) Porcelain veneers: a review of the literature. J Dent 28(3): 163-177.
[3]. Gurel G, ed. The science and art of porcelain laminate veneers. Carol Stream, IL: Quintessence Publishing Co.;m 2003
[4]. Muhamad Abu-Hussein ,Nezar Watted ,Azzaldeen Abdulgani; PORCELAIN LAMINATES- CURRENT STATE OF THE ART: A CLINICAL REVIEW. Int J Dent Health Sci 2015; 2(2):788-795
[5]. Christensen GJ. Veneering of teeth. State of the art. Dent Clin North Am. 1985;29(2):373-91...

Abstract: Curve of Spee is a naturally occurring phenomenon in the human dentition. This normal occlusal curvature is required for an efficient masticatory system. Orthodontists eventually deal with the curve of Spee in virtually every patient they treat. The aim of this review was to increase our knowledge regarding the development and effects of carve of Spee on dentition and its treatment in exaggerated cases. It would be useful if we have a thorough knowledge of how and when this curve of Spee develops, so that it will help the orthodontists during treatment of their cases.

Keywords: carve of Spee, orthodontic treatment, mandibular teeth, leveling, occlusion

[1]. Ash MM and Ramfjord SP (1982). Occlusion, 3rd edn.Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co.
[2]. Tweed CH. Clinical orthodontics. In: StLouis: Mosby; 1966. p. 84-180.
[3]. Schudy FF. The control of vertical overbite in clinical orthodontics. Angle Orthod 1968; 38: 19-38.
[4]. Burstone CR. Deep overbite correction by intrusion. Am J Orthod 1977; 72:1-22.
[5]. Koyama TA. Comparative analysis of the curve of Spee (lateral aspect) before and after orthodontic treatment-with particular reference to overbite patients. J Nihon Univ Sch Dent 1979; 21: 25-34...

Abstract: Seat belt syndrome is a condition found amongst victims of motor vehicle injuries who were using seat belts at the time of the accident. It usually presents with bruises on the trunk, intestinal/ mesenteric tears, chest, pelvic and spine injuries. We present the case of a 25 year old female seat belted, front seat passenger of a vehicle which had a head on collision with an oncoming vehicle and sustained features of seat belt syndrome. She was resuscitated, and had serial surgeries. She recuperated and was discharged home 10 weeks after the accident.

Keywords: Seatbelt Syndrome, Motor vehicular Accidents, OAUTHC Ilesha.

[1]. World Health Organisation. World report on road traffic injury prevention. Switzerland. 2004.
[2]. Augustus O. Atubi, Onokala P.C. Contemporary Analysis of variability in Road Traffic Accidents in Lagos state Nigeria. . African Geographical Review. 2009; 28(1):11-41.
[3]. Girelli G, Di Natale R, Mannochi M.C, Lutman M. Seat Belt Syndrome. Europe PMC. 1993; 86(4): 444-452.
[4]. Oluwasanmi A.J. Road accident trends in Nigeria. Science Direct. 1993; 25(4) : 485-487.
[5]. Adesola O. Sagowa et al. An observational study of seatbelt use among vehicle occupants in Nigeria. 2010; 16(2)..

Abstract: Introduction: Blood transfusion practices are changing with new fears of transmitting diseases. However blood ordering practices continue to follow the older policies with more blood being crossmatched than required. Maximum blood ordering schedule was a term coined for preparing a list of major surgeries and the number of units crossmatched for them. This study was undertaken to determine the blood ordering practice in the urological theatre in a tertiary hospital. Methods: Three hundred cases undergoing major urological procedures where blood was routinely crossmatched were studied with respect to the number of units crossmatched , number of units ordered and the number of units transfused . The procedures were divided into 10 groups. After this three ratios which included crossmatch to transfusion (C/T) ratio , transfusion index and probability of transfusion were calculated........

Keywords: Maximum blood ordering schedule (MBOS) , Urology , Audit

[1]. Napier JAF ,Boulton FE, Cann R, Finney RD , Fraser ID et al .Guidelines for implementation of a maximum surgical blood order schedule. Clin.lab.Haemat. 1990;12 :321-27.
[2]. Sheridan P. Revision and Implementation of a Maximum Surgical Blood Ordering Schedule in a Large Acute Hospital. [Masters dissertation]. Dublin: Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; 2014.
[3]. Olawumi Ho, Bolaji Bo. Blood Utilization in Elective Surgical Procedures In Ilorin: The Tropical Journal Of Health Sciences 2006; 13:15-17.

[4]. .VibhuteM, KamathSK, ShettyA. Blood utilisation in elective general surgery cases: requirements, ordering and transfusion practices. J Postgrad Med 2000;46:13.

[5]. Thabah R , Sailo L.T, Bardoloi J, Lanleila M, Lyngdoh N. M, Yunus M., Bhattacharyya, P. 'Maximum Surgical Blood Order Schedule' in a newly set-up tertiary care hospital. Anaesth, Pain & Intensive Care.2013;17: 28-32.

Abstract: Over time, progressively shorter implants have been placed such that short implants are now available that are less than 6 mm in length. The viability and high success rates seen with short implants can be explained by osseointegration, the macro geometric design of the implant, as well as physics and the distribution of forces. This paper was aimed to review the stability and survival rate of short implants under functional loads. Numerical and clinical studies were reviewed.

Keywords: Short dental implants, sinus augmentation, factors affecting bone regeneration in dental implantology.

[1]. Muhamad et al; Tooth extraction, immediate implant placement: a case report, Asian Pac. J. Health Sci., 2014; 1(4): 543-549
[2]. Abu-Hussein M,, Abdulghani A., Sarafianou A., Kontoes N.; Implants into fresh extraction site: A literature review,case immediate placement report, Journal of Dental Implants. 2013;3(2):160-164
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Abstract: Ludwig's Angina is a serious, potentially life-threatening infection of the floor of the mouth & the neck. It is notorious for its aggressiveness & rapid progression and occasionally serious complications.Though other complications have been regularly highlighted in the literature, necrotizing fascitis as a complication of Ludwig's Angina is reported infrequently. Three cases presenting with Necrotizing Fascitis as a complication of Ludwig's Angina are presented herewith. First Case is a 55 male patient who developed extensive necrotising fascitis and pharyngocutaneous fistula and needed skin grafting. Second case is a 1 year old male who developed sepsis like features and required debridement under general Anaesthesia. Third case is an Out Patient who refused treatment and left against medical advice.

Keywords: ludwigs angina; necrotising fascitis; pharyngocutaneous fistula; neck space infection; skin grafting

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