iosr-JDMS   Volume-16 ~ Issue-8 ~ August-2017

Abstract: The usage of antibiotics is a very commonin practice. At the same time, misuse of antibiotics is also on the increase. This has been thought of by the great Alexander Fleming, Professor of bacteriology at St. Mary's Hospital in London, who discovered penicillin and he has mentioned in his lectures very earlier. The following points are even now important..............

.............

Abstract: This study was conducted to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis by sputum induction, in presumptive tuberculous pleural effusion. A total of 84 patients who satisfied the inclusion criteria were enrolled in this study from March 2010 to April 2011. Sputum induction by 3% normal saline was done in all patients. Induced sputum was examined for smear microscopy for acid fast bacilli (AFB) and BACTEC culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Sputum smear microscopy for AFB was negative in all the patients. Then induced sputum samples obtained from them were examined for smear microscopy for AFB and BACTEC culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis...............

Keywords-: AFB, BACTEC culture, Induced sputum, Smear microscopy, Tuberculous pleural effusion.

[1]. World Health Organization. Global Tuberculosis Report 2016. Geneva: WHO; 2016.
[2]. Udwadia ZF, Sen T. Pleural tuberculosis: an update. Current opinion in pulmonary medicine 2010;16:399-406.
[3]. Conde MB, Loivos AC, Rezende VM, Soares SL, Mello FC, Reingold AL, et al.Yield of Sputum Induction in the Diagnosis of Pleural Tuberculosis.Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003 ;167:723-5.
[4]. Dunlap NE et al. Diagnostic Standards and Classification of Tuberculosis in Adults and Children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med2000; 161: 1376-1395.
[5]. Chang KC, Leung CC, Yew WW, Tam CM. Supervised & induced sputum among patients with smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis. Eur Respir J 2008; 31: 1085–1090.

Abstract: Introduction: Open simple diaphyseal tibial fracturesare common cases in every hospital and a variety of implants have been used for managing it. We study the results of unreamed solid interlocking nail as a primary treatment in such fractures. Material And Methods: 40 cases of open simple diaphyseal tibial fractureswere followed up for 1 year. All of these cases were treated by undreamed solid interlocking nail at Patna Medical College& Hospital, Patna. All the patients were classified by Gustilo Anderson classification and the primary surgery done by the above method. Coverage was done by plastic team in all demanding cases. At final follow up, outcomes were assessed by ModifiedKetenjian's Criteria and rated as excellent, good, fairand poor based on pain, knee/ankle stiffness, swelling /deformity and gait of patient.............

[1]. Court Brown CM, McBirnie J., The epidemiology of tibial fractures. JBJS 1995; 77B:417‐421.
[2]. Vallier HA, Le TT, Bedi A. Radiographic and clinical comparisons of distal tibia shaft fractures (4 to 11 cm proximal to the plafond): plating versus intramedullary nailing. J Orthop Trauma 2008; 22: 307–311.
[3]. Vallier HA, Cureton BA, Patterson BM. Randomized, prospective comparison of plate versus intramedullary nail fixation for distal tibia shaft fractures. J Orthop Trauma 2011; 25:736–741.
[4]. Emami A, Mjoberg B, Karlstrom G, Larsson S. Treatment of closed tibial shaft fractures with unilateral external fixation. Injury 1995; 26:299–303.
[5]. Helland P, Boe A, Molster AO, Solheim E. Open tibial fractures treated with the Ex-fi-re external fixation system. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1996; 326:209–220.

Abstract: Background and objectives: Hoarseness is defined as roughness of voice resulting from variations of periodicity or intensity of consecutive sound waves. Hoarseness is a symptom not a disease. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the department of Otorhinolaryngology, IQ City Medical College and Narayana Multispeciality Hospital, Durgapur, India between August 2015 to February 2017. Results: Total 170 cases were studied. Average age group was found to be between 21 –50 years. The number of female patients were 105(61.76%) and male 65(38.24. %). The chronic non specific laryngitis were 60(35.29%), acute laryngitis 45(26.47%), vocal nodule 21(12.35%), vocal polyp...............

Keywords-: Hoarseness, laryngitis, vocal nodule, vocal polyp, micro laryngeal surgery.

[1]. Donna S. Lundy, Roy R. Casiano. Diagnosis and Management of Hoarseness, Hospital Physician October 1999; 59-69.
[2]. Hixon T: Respiratory function in speech. In Normal Aspects of Speech, Hearing, and Language. Minifie FD,
[3]. Hixon TJ, Williams F, eds. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1973:77–135.
[4]. Leanderson R, Sunberg J, von Euller: Effects of diaphragm activity in phonation. Transcripts of the 13th
[5]. Symposium on Care of the Professional Voice. New York: Voice Foundation, 1984.

Abstract: A 34-year-old obese female referred to radiology department with a history of urinary incontinencefor the past5 years. No history of pain. Previously the patient had normal bladder continence. No other related significant medical history was present.

......................

Abstract: Aim: To correlate bronchial cytology specimens with endobronchial biopsies along with immunohistochemistry , taking the latter as confirmatory method. Materials and Methods: The study was done at Institute of Pathology , Madras Medical College for a period of two years from June2014 to May2016. A total of 172 cases with lung mass were taken up for the study. Bronchial washings,bronchial brushings and biopsies were obtained by fibreoptic bronchoscope from all the cases. Results:Out of 172 cases of suspected lung mass, 139 cases were positive for malignancy by cytology and was confirmed for 142 cases by biopsy. The total number of false positives was 9 and false negative cases were 13. Sensitivity of bronchial cytology was found to be 90.9% and specificity 68.97%. Immunohistochemistry has helped to subtype nonsmall cell carcinomas in 12 cases.................

Keywords-: Bronchial biopsy, bronchial washings, bronchial brushings, fibreoptic bronchoscope, lung cancer

[1]. Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani. Global cancer statistics 2002.CACancer J Clin2005;55:74-108
[2]. Shaham D, Guralnik L. The solitary pulmonary nodule: radiologic considerations. InSeminars in UltrasoundCT and MRI 2000Apr 30 (Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 97-115). WB Saunders
[3]. Lester J. Guidelines of the PapanicolaouSociety of Cytopathology for the examinationof cytologic specimens obtained from the respiratory tract. Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology Task Force on Standards of Practice. Diagn cytopathol 1999; 21: 61-9.
[4]. Melamed MR. Tumours of the lung. Conventional cytology and aspiration biopsy.In: Koss LG, Melamed MR editors. Koss‟sDiagnostic Cytology and its Histopathologic Basis 5th ed. Lippincott: Williams&Wilkins,2006: 643-712.
[5]. Rennard SI. Bronchoalveolar lavage in the assessment of primary and metastatic lung cancer. Respiration . 1992;59(1):41 -3

Abstract: Aim And Objective: This study was designed to investigate the effect of laparoscopic surgeries on liver function tests and the possible mechanisms behind such effect, in our Hospital by statistical analysis. Material And Methods: A prospective study was conducted in 60 patients who were undergoing various types of laparoscopic procedure in our Hospital. Blood sampling were collected both preoperatively and post operatively on day 1 and day 7 for liver function tests by comparing the level of serum bilirubin, serum alanine amino transferase (ALT), serum aspartate amino transferase (AST) and serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The time duration of C02 insufflation was also measured................

Keywords-: Laparoscopic surgery, Laparoscopy, Liver enzyme, Pneumoperitoneum.

[1]. Tan M, Xu FF et. al. "Changes in the level of serum liver enzymes after laparoscopic surgery." World J Gastroenterol 2003 Feb 15; 9(1;2):364-367
[2]. George sakorafas, Vania statyla, "Evaluation of serum liver enzymes after laparoscopic cholecystectomy" NZ Med J 118(1210): 1317
[3]. Guven HE, "Liver enzymes alterations after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. J Gastro intestine liver Dis.2007;16(4):391-4.
[4]. Tauro LF, Sheethal CM, Aithala PSM, Shetty SR, D'souza CS, Rao BSS, et al. Evaluation of Effects of Laparoscopic Surgery on Hepatic Function. Joumal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research [ serial online] 2008 December [cited: 2013 Aug 26]; 2:1155-1162.
[5]. Halvey A, Negri M et.al. Are elevated liver enzymes and bilirubin levels significant after laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the absence of bile duct injury? Ann Surg.1994:219(4):362-364.

Abstract: A 50-year-old female patient presented with complaints of fits for 1 week, 2 to 3 episodes per day lasting for 10 to 30 minutes. She is a known case of intractable seizures for past 14 years under irregular medication. Her computerized tomography(CT) brain and electroencephalography(EEG) were normal and complete neurological examination revealed, No Focal Neurological Deficit (NFND). She has a history suggestive of emotional disturbance. The characteristics of the seizures mimicked myoclonic jerks/ Generalized Tonic Clonic Seizures(GTCS) During the seizure episode she had clenching of teeth but no tongue biting was obvious.

[1]. Bowman ES, Markland ON's psychodynamics and psychiatric diagnosis of pseudo-seizure subjects. AM J psychiatry 1996; 153:59.
[2]. Gates JR. Epidemiology and classification of non-epileptic events. In: Gates JR, Rowan AJ, eds. Non-epileptic seizures. 2d ed. Boston: Butterworth Heinemann, 2000:3-14.
[3]. Taoufik M. Alsaadi, M.D., And Anna Vinter Marquez, M.D, psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Am Fam Physician 2005; 72:849-56.
[4]. Barry JJ, Sanborn K. Etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of non epileptic seizures. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2001; 1:381-9.

Abstract: Background: Treatment in psychiatry is almost always individualized to cater to the needs of the patient. Improvement of quality of life of the patient is the ultimate goal of any psychiatrist. Satisfaction with life is a direct reflection of the quality of care. Thus, assessment of the patient's expectations and their experiences is essential in order to provide complete care to the patient. Aims and Objectives: This study aims to measure experiences and expectations of patients using mental health services. This study also aims to measure the relationship of these expectations with socio-demographic data, psychiatric diagnosis, and duration of the illness................

Keywords-: Expectations, experiences, carers and users, quality of life

[1]. Rea CA, Rea DM. Managing performance and performance management: information strategy and service user involvement. Journalof Management in Medicine 2002;16:78–93.

[2]. Powell RA, Single HM, Lloyd KR. Focus groups in mental health research: enhancing the validity of user and provider questionnaires. Int J Soc Psychiatry 1996;42:193–206.
[3]. Christopher KA. Determinants of psychological well-being in Irish immigrants. West J Nurs Res 2000;22:123–40.
[4]. Holley H. Quality of life measurement in mental health. Introduction and overview of workshop findings. Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health 1998;3(suppl):9–21.
[5]. Holley H. Quality of life measurement in mental health. Introduction and overview of workshop findings. Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health 1998;3(suppl):9–21.

Abstract: Objective:  To evaluate the merits and demerits of abdominal, vaginal and laparoscopic assisted vaginal hysterectomy and assess the outcome.  To study the best possible route of approach for hysterectomy with minimal complications for gynaecological conditions without uterine descent. Material And Methods Study design:- An Observational and Prospective study was conducted at Gandhi Hospital Secunderabad, Telangana for two years from August 2014 to July 2016.Total 150 Patients who met inclusion criteria and surgically fit were selected from women admitted for hysterectomy for benign gynaecological condition. They were randomized into one of surgical procedure................

[1]. Surgical approach to hysterectomy for benign gynaecological disease (Review) Nieboer TE, Johnson N, Lethaby A, Tavender E, Curr E, Garry R, van Voorst S, Mol BWJ,Kluivers KB. The Cochrane Library 2010, Issue 12.
[2]. Ten years of progress—improved hysterectomy outcomes in Finland 1996–2006: a longitudinal observation study.Juha Mäkinen, Tea Brummer, [...], and Jari Sjoberg.
[3]. Schindlbeck C, Klauser K, Dian D, Janni W, Friese K. Comparison of total laparoscopic, vaginal and abdominal hysterectomy. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2008;277:331–337.
[4]. Johnson N, Barlow D, Lethaby A, et al. Methods of hysterectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2005;330:1478–86.
[5]. EVALUATE hysterectomy trial: a multicentre randomised trial comparing abdominal, vaginal and laparoscopic methods of hysterectomy. Garry R1, Fountain J, Brown J, Manca A, Mason S, Sculpher M, Napp V, Bridgman S, Gray J, Lilford R. Health Technol Assess. 2004 Jun;8(26):1-154.

Abstract: Head injury continues to be a nightmare not only for public but also for the neurosurgeon, because of high morbidity and mortality. Outcome prediction has always been an area of significant interest since it helps in determining prognosis, modulating treatment and asserting triage. Along with diagnosis and treatment, clinicians have to bear the responsibility of determining prognosis in the management of head injury patients. This is especially true after a traumatic brain injury, when uncertainty about the future compounds the suffering already being experienced by the families1,2,3,4.

[1]. Mahapatra AK: A textbook of head injury. Modern Publishers, 3rd Edition, 2005, pg. 1.
[2]. Holland D, Shigaki CL. Educating families and caretakers of traumatically brain injured patients in the new health care environment: a three phase model and bibliography. Brain Injury 12(12): 993-1009, 1998.
[3]. Junque C, Bruna O, Mataro M. Information needs of the traumatic brain injury patient's family members regarding the consequences of the injury and the associated perception of physical, cognitive, emotional and quality of life changes. Brain Injury 11(4): 251-258, 1997.
[4]. NIH Consensus development panel on rehabilitation of persons with traumatic brain injury. Rehabilitation of persons with traumatic brain injury. 282: 974-983, 1999.
[5]. Friedman GF, Suzbon L et al. Apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 genotype predict poor outcome in survivors and traumatic brain injury. Neurology 15: 244-248, 1999.

Abstract: Background: Intradural extramedullary tumors of the spine are common in middle age group and most of them are benign in nature, most of them being nerve sheath tumors and meningiomas. Objective: The aim of this study is to analyze the clinical presentation, imageology, resectability, to know the incidence of different types of tumors in intradural extramedually compartment and to study the surgical outcome. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective study of 30 cases of intradural extramedullary tumors were treated in the department of Neurosurgery period from October 2014 to December 2016. The clinical presentation, imageology, resectability, histopathology, surgical outcome were studied. All cases were treated surgically, outcome and complications were evaluated. Outcome was evaluated by by using Nurick-grading scheme.

Keywords-: Meningiomas, Magnetic resonance imaging, Nerve sheath tumor Outcome.

[1]. Nittner K. Spinal meningiomas, neurinomas, and neurofibroma-hourglass tumors. In: Vinken PJ, Bruyn GW, editors. Handbook of clinical neurology. Vol. 20. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co; 1976. pp. 177–322.
[2]. Levy WJ, Latchaw J, Hahn JF, et al. Spinal neurofibromas: a report of 66 cases and a comparison with meningiomas. Neurosurgery 1986; 18:331.
[3]. McCormick PC. Surgical management of dumbbell and paraspinal tumors of the thoracic and lumbar spine. Neurosurgery 1996; 38:67. [4]. Albanese, V; Platania, N. Spinal intradural extramedullary tumors: Personal experience. Journal of Neurosurgical Sciences; Torino46.1 (Mar 2002): 18-24.
[5]. Lot G, George B. Cervical neuromas with extradural components: surgical management in a series of 57 patients. Neurosurgery 1997; 41:813.

Abstract: Arboviruses such as Dengue virus represent a serious public health concern in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The epidemics inendemic countries are occurring more frequently with increasing magnitude.Cardiac involvement is a known but infrequent feature of dengue. Medical literature has reports of isolated cases of atrioventricular conduction disorders (junctional rhythm and atrioventricular block), supraventricular arrhythmias, and myocarditis. This present study analyses myocardialinvolvement in clinically and serologically confirmed cases of dengue infection...............

[1]. Rice CM. Flaviviridae: The viruses and theirreplication. In: Virology Fields BN, KniperdDM, Howley PM eds. 3 ed., Philadelphia:Lippincott-Raven Publishers, 1996. p. 931-59.
[2]. Guzman MG, Halstead SB, Artsob H, Buchy P, Farrar J, Gubler DJ, et al. Dengue: a continuing global threat. Nat Rev Microbiol 2010; 8(12 Suppl):S7-16.
[3]. Pesaro AE, D'Amico E, Aranha LF. Dengue: cardiac manifestations and implications in antithrombotic treatment. Arq Bras Cardiol 2007; 89:e12-5.
[4]. Salgado DM, Eltit JM, Mansfield K, Panqueba C, Castro D, Vega MR, et al. Heart and skeletal muscle are targets of dengue virus infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2010;29(3):238–42. [5]. Miranda CH, Borges Mde C, Matsuno AK, Vilar FC, Gali LG, Volpe GJ, et al. Evaluation of cardiac involvement during dengue viral infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57(6):812–9.

Abstract: A case of infestation with Armillifer armillatus found incidentally in a 52 year old man with characteristic radiological appearances described with particular reference to peritoneal and liver involvement. The case emphasizes the indispensable role of imaging in diagnosing the disease entity.

[1]. Latif B, Omar E, Heo CC, Othman N, Tappe D. Human pentastomiasis caused by Armillifermoniliformis in Malaysian Borneo. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011;85:878–881.
[2]. Lavarde V, Fornes P. Lethal infection due to Armillifer armillatus (Porocephalida): a snake-related parasitic disease. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;29:1346–1347.
[3]. Tappe D , Meyer M , Oesterlein A , Jaye A , Frosch M, Schoen C, Pantchev N. Transmission of Armillifer armillatus ova at snake farm, The Gambia, West Africa . Emerg Infect Dis.
[4]. 2011; 17:251 – 254.
[5]. Vicci du P, Andrew JB, Ivor E, Helmuth R, Savvas A. Pentasomiasis. SAMJ.2007; 97:928-930.

Abstract: Objectives: To determine variations of mandibular ridge resorption with period of edentulousness, age, gender and to evaluate the relative impact of these factors on the amount of resorption. Methods:60 completely edentulous subjects with age between 50 – 85 years, completely edentulous for more than 6 months were selected for the study. A standardized panoramic radiograph was made for all patients. Measurements were made digitally using RadiAnt Dicom viewer software and the amount of resorption was calculated using the Wical and Swoope method. Statistical analysis was done using t tests, ANOVA tests and regression analysis. Level of significance was set at 0.05............

Keywords-: Complete denture, mandible, mental foramen, panoramic radiography, residual ridge resorption.

[1] Ural C, Bereket C, Şener I, Aktan A.M, Akpinar Y.Z. Bone height measurement of maxillary and mandibular bone in panoramic radiographs of edentulous patients. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry. 2011; 3:5-9.
[2] Kheur M, Matani J.D, Latifi M. Prediction of further residual ridge resorption by a simple biochemical and radiographic evaluation: A pilot study. Journal of Orofacial Sciences. 2012; 4:32-36.
[3] Al-Jabrah O, Al-Shumalian Y. Association of complete denture wearing with the rate of reduction of mandibular residual ridge using digital panoramic radiography. International Journal of Dental Research. 2014; 2:20-25.
[4] Kovacic I, Zlataric D.K, Celebic A. Residual ridge atrophy in complete denture wearers and relationship with densitometric values of a cervical spine: a hierarchical regression analysis. Gerodontology. 2012; 29:935–947.

Abstract: Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of tamsulosin in ureteric stone expulsion in children based on the proven efficacy of tamsulosin in medical expulsive therapy for adult distal ureteric calculi. Patients and methods: 67 children presenting with distal ureteric stone of size <1 cm on unenhanced computed tomography from August 2013 to July 2016 were included in the study. The patients were randomised into two groups,with group 1 (33 patients) receiving tamsulosin 0.4 mg and a NSAID analgesic, and group 2 (34) receiving NSAID only. They were followed up for 4 weeks.For patients with uncontrolled pain, recurrent urinary tract infection, hypersensitivity to tamsulosin and failure of stone passage after 4 weeks of conservative treatment endourological treatment was done................

[1]. Tan AH, Al-Omar M, Denstedt JD, Razvi H. Ureteroscopy for pediatric urolithiasis: an evolving first-line therapy. Urology 2005;65:153–6.
[2]. 2. Segura JW, Preminger GM, Assimos DG, Dretler SP, Kahn RI,Lingeman JE, et al. Ureteral stones. Clinical guidelines panel summary report on the management of ureteral calculi. J Urol 1997;158:1915–21.
[3]. Pietrow P, Pope 4th JC, Adams MC, Shyr Y, Brock 3rd JW. Clinical outcome of pediatric stone disease. J Urol 2002;167:670–3.
[4]. Malin Jr JM, Deane RF, Boyarsky S. Characterisation of adrenergic receptors in human ureter. Br J Urol 1970;42:171.
[5]. Donohoe JM, Combs AJ, Glassberg KI. Primary bladder neck dysfunction in children and adolescents II. Results of treatment with a-adrenergic antagonists. J Urol 2005;173:212–6.

Abstract: Periodontitis present as local destructive disease in periodontium and thus require a much specific treatment. The traditional scaling and root planing therapy alone is not sufficient for treatment of moderate to severe periodontal pocket because of its relative time consumption and inaccessibility in deep pocket. Thus systemic and local administration of drugs is recommended. Local Drug Delivery (LDD) provides specificity by acting on the site of infection. Local drug delivery systems have been used from late 1970's. They come in various forms like gel, films, fibers, nano-particles...............

Keywords-: Chronic Periodontitis, Herbal agent and Local Drug Delivery.

[1]. Haffajee AD, Socransky SS. Microbial etiological agents of destructive periodontal disease. Periodontol 2000 1994;5(1):78-11.
[2]. Garg S. Local Drug Delivery Systems as an Adjunct to Cure Periodontitis- The Novel Dental Applicant.PharmaChem J 2015;6:1-8.
[3]. Pragati S, Ashok S., KuldeepS. Recent advances in periodontal drug delivery systems. Int J Drug Deliv 2009;1:1-9.
[4]. Winkelhoff AJ, Rams TE, Slots J.Systemic antibiotic therapy in periodontics. Periodontol. 2000.1996, 10(1):47-78.
[5]. Drisko CH. Non-surgical therapy: Pharmaco-therapeutics. Ann Periodontol. 1996;1(1): 491-518.

Abstract: Background: The present study was undertaken in patients of carcinoma cervix to evaluate the Implication of chemo radiotherapy on status of oxidative stress biomarker such as protein carbonyl, lipid hydro peroxide and antioxidants defence mechanism of melatonin and total thiol levels. Methodology: Patients were delivered radiotherapy by external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) followed by brachytherapy. All patients were given chemotherapy in the form of injection cisplatin. Blood samples were collected from patients as well as control before treatment and within 24 hours and six weeks after chemo radiotherapy...............

Keywords-: Chemotherapy, oxidative stress, radiotherapy, cervical cancer

[1]. Brieger K,Schiavone S,Miller FJ Jr & Krause KH Reactive oxygen species:frm health to disease. Swis Med Wkl .2012; 142:13659.
[2]. Nathan C & Cunningham-Bussel A.Beyond oxidative stress: an immunologist's guide to reactive oxygen species. Nat Rev Immunol.2013; 13:359-361.
[3]. Hekimi S,Lapointe J&Wen Y Taking a "good " look at free radicals in the aging process. Trends cell Biol. 2011; 21:569-576
[4]. Fiaschi T&Chiarugi P Oxidative stress.tumor microenvironment and metabolic reprogramming: a diabolic liaison.Int J Cell Biol, 2012;762-825.
[5]. Holschneider CH,Berek JS ovarian cancer :epidemiology, biology and prognostic factors. Semin Surg Oncol. 2002;19:3-10.

Abstract: Consequences of prevalence of alcohol dependence are gaining attention of the public nowadays. An individual is found to reach to the stage from occasional intake in parties to getting dependent its consumption, in no time. It is also seen to be associated with several other psychological problems. The present study deals with assessing the level of anxiety and depression among the patients of moderate and severe alcohol dependence. A total sample of 200 patients from department of Psychiatry, PIMS Hospital, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India was taken. SADQ (Severity of Alcohol Dependence...............

Keywords-: Alcohol dependence, anxiety, depression

[1]. Black DW, Winokur G and Nasrallah A (1987). Treatment and outcome in secondary depression: A naturalistic study of 1087 patients. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 48, 438-441.

[2]. Grant BF and Harford TC (1995). Co morbidity between DSM-IV alcohol use disorders and major depression: results of a national survey. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 39(3):197–206.

[3]. Harrington R, Fudge H, Rutter M, Pickles A and Hill J. (1990). Adult outcomes of childhood and adolescent depression: I. Psychiatric status. Archives of General Psychiatry. 47(5):465–473.

[4]. Hasin DS and Grant BF (2002). Major depression in 6050 former drinkers: Association with past alcohol dependence. Archives of General Psychiatry. 59(9):794–800.

[5]. Herz LR, Volicer L, D'Angelo N et al. (1990) Additional psychiatric illness by diagnostic interview schedule in male alcoholics. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 30, 72-79.

Abstract: Background: Stroke is a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. Increased awareness of stroke helps to promote adoption of healthy lifestyles and other stroke prevention measures The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge of stroke among persons diagnosed with cardiovascular risk factors at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital; a tertiary in southern Nigeria. Methods: We conducted a survey among persons diagnosed with diabetes mellitus and systemic hypertension, who presented at the adult outpatient clinics of the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital in Calabar, Nigeria, over a three month period. In addition to data on demographics, we assessed the respondents` knowledge of stroke symptoms, risk factorsand preferred action following onset of stroke; using an interviewer administered questionnaire..............

Keywords-: Awareness,Knowledge, risk factors, stroke,symptoms

[1]. Mathers C, Fat DM, Boerma JT, World Health O. The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 Update. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization2008.
[2]. Grysiewicz RA, Thomas K, Pandey DK. Epidemiology of Ischemicand Hemorrhagic Stroke: Incidence, Prevalence, Mortality, and
Risk Factors. NeurolClin. 2008; 26: 871-95.
[3]. Strong K, Mathers CD, Bonita R. Preventing stroke: saving lives aroundthe world. Lancet Neurol2007; 6: 182–7.
[4]. World Health Organization (2004) Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2002estimates. World Health Report 2004. Geneva,
Switzerland: WHO.
[5]. Feigin VL, Forouzanfar MH, Krishnamurthi R,Mensah GA, Connor M, Bennett DA, Moran AE, Sacco RL, Anderson L, Truelsen
T, O'Donnell M, Venketasubramanian N, Barker-Collo S, Lawes CM, Wang W, Shinohara Y, Witt E, Ezzati M, Naghavi M, Murray C.Global and regional burden of stroke during 1990–2010: findings fromthe Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2014; 383: 245–55..