iosr-JDMS   Volume-16 ~ Issue-8 ~ August-2017

Abstract: Dermatological manifestations are very common in HIV-related opportunistic events and are usually initial markers of immunodeficiency. Objective: To study the various dermatological manifestations in children with HIV in our institute and to correlate with clinical staging (WHO) and CD4 T-cell count. Material & Methods: This was a hospital based study where all HIV paediatric age group were studied for dermatological manifestations over a period of 1 year. Clinical profile and CD4 counts with other lab investigations were performed to derive any correlation. Statistical analysis was done with SPSS software where p value <0.05 was considered significant.............

Keywords : dermatological manifestations, paediatric patients, CD4 count

[1]. Antiretroviral drugs for treating pregnant women and preventing HIV infection in infants: Recommendations for a public health approach. 2010 version. World Health Organization. Available from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241599818_eng.pdf. [Accessed July 7, 2011]
[2]. Simoes EA, Babu P G, John T J. et al Evidence for HTLV III infection in prostitutes in Tamil Nadu (India). Indian J Med Res 198785335-338. [PubMed]
[3]. Shubber Z, Mishra S, Vesga JF, Boily MC. The HIV Modes of Transmission model: a systematic review of its findings and adherence to guidelines. J Int AIDS Soc. 2014 Jun 23;17:18928. doi: 10.7448/IAS.17.1.18928. eCollection 2014.

[4]. Antiretroviral therapy oh HIV infection in infants and children in resource-limited settings, towards universal access: Recommendations for a public health approach (2006 revision) WHO 2006 ART of HIV infection in infants and children in RL settings. [5]. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. 19994 Revised classification system for human immunodeficiency virus infection in children less than 13 years of age. MMWR 1994, 43(RR- 12): 1-7.

Abstract: Introduction: Several endrocrinopathies have been reported to be associated with HIV infection when the CD4 count is low. Abnormal thyroid function test results are seen among Human immunodefinciency virus (HIV) infected patients and is caused by various mechanisms such as infiltration of the gland by opportunistic infections or a Systemic manifestation of the infection itself. Materials And Methods: Study was conducted among 50 patients with SeropositiveHIV, attending the Department of Medicine & ART Centre in GovtRajaji Hospital, Madurai. Detailed history and Clinical examination done.CD4 Count and T3, T4, TSH were estimated..............

[1]. Sellmeyer D, Grunfeld C. Endocrine and metabolic disturbances inhuman immunodeficiency virus infection and the acquired immunedeficiency syndrome. Endocr Rev. 1996; 17:518-32.
[2]. Jain RG. Furfine ES, Pedneault L, White AJ, Lenhard JM.Metabolic complications associated with antirectroviral therapy.Antiviral Res. 2001; 51:51-177.
[3]. Jubalt V, Penfornis A, Schillo F, et al. Sequential occurrence ofthyroid autoantibodies and Grave's disease after immunerestoration in severely immune compromised humanimmunodeficiency virus – 1 – infected patients. J ClinEndocrinolMetab.2000; 85:4254-7.
[4]. Grappin M, Piroth L, Verge's B, et al. Increased prevalence ofsubclinical hypothyroidism in HIV patients treated with highlyactive antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2000; 14: 1070-2.
[5]. Beltran S, Lescure F-X, Desailloud R, et al. Increased prevalenceof hypothyroidism among human immunodeficiency virus –infected patients: a need for screening. Clin infect Dis. 2003;37:579-83.

Abstract: Background: TURP remain the gold standard for surgical management of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Although, relatively newer techniques with fewer complication rates and better outcomes like holmium laser enucleation of prostate (HoLEP) is increasingly been adopted as a better alternative, TURP is still the gold standard.Poor funding, lack of equipment, inadequate trained personnel has made practice of TURP in developing country challenging Objective: to present our preliminary experience with Monopolar TURP and review the outcome of treatment in resource poor setting like ours.............

[1]. Alhasan SU, Aji SA, Mohammed AZ, Malami S. Transurethral resection of the prostate in Northern Nigeria, problems and prospects. BMC urology. 2008;8:18.
[2]. Oelke M, Bachmann A, Descazeaud A, Emberton M, Gravas S, Michel M, et al. Guidelines on male lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), including benign prostatic obstruction (BPO).

Abstract: Background:Urethral reconstruction is one of the oldest problems in reconstructive surgery and represents a significant part of urologists' workload. There are many potential complications of urethroplasty which are directly related to the surgical technique, expertise of the surgeon and other factors. We present our experience in 50 urethroplasties which were reviewed retrospectively to determine all forms of possible complications. Materials and methods:A retrospective study of all patients who had various forms of urethroplasty between December 2005 and December 2011 was done. Details of their presentation, management, outcome and complications were reviewed...............

[1]. Hossam S, Al-Qudah, Osama Al-omar, Richard A. Complication of urethroplasty: current clinical Urology.
[2]. Eltahavy EA, Schlossberg SM, McCammon KM, Jordan GH. Long term follow up for excision and primary anastomosis in anterior urethral stricture. J Urol. 2005; 173(Suppl): 315.
[3]. Ibrahim AG, Ali N, Aliyu SS et al. (2012) One stage urethroplasty for stricture in Maiduguri, North Eastern Nigeria. ISRN Urol. 2012; 847870. Doi;10.5402/2012/847870.
[4]. Kizer WS, Morey AF: proximal bulbar urethroplasty via extended anastomotic approach:what are the limits ? Journal of Urology 2005; 173( Suppl):a 316.
[5]. Secres CI, Jordan GH, Winslow BH. Repair of the complications of hypospadias surgery. Journal of Urology 1993; 150:1415-1418

Abstract: Carcinoma gallbladder ranks sixth among all gastrointestinal malignancies. It might be diagnosed incidentally after laparoscopic cholecystectomy for benign diseases, but incidence is rare and few of such patients are at increased risk of developing port site recurrence. Isolated bone metastasis is also rare in carcinoma gallbladder and only few cases are reported in literature. Here we report a unique case of carcinoma gallbladder with port site recurrence and isolated sternal metastasis.

Keywords : Gallbladder, Recurrence, Metastasis

[1]. Hundal R, Shaffer EA. Gallbladder cancer: epidemiology and outcome. Clin Epidemiol 2014;6:99-109.
[2]. Wagholikar G, Behari A, Krishnani N, et al. Early gallbladder cancer.J Am Coll Surg 2002; 194: 137.
[3]. Nakayama F: Recent progress in the diagnosis and treatment of carcinoma of the gallbladder—introduction.World J Surg 1991;15:313-314.
[4]. Espey DK, Wu XC, Swan J, et al: Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975-2004, featuring cancer in American Indians and Alaska Natives. Cancer 2007; 110:2119-2152.
[5]. Hamila F, Letaief R, Khnissi M, et al. Port site recurrence after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Tunis Med 2006; 84: 697-700.

Abstract: Objective: To assess the awareness about malaria and its prevention in and around a tertiary care hospital in western Uttar Pradesh, India. Methods: This was a cross- sectional study. The subject age>18 years were interviewed for the awareness about malaria and its prevention. A set of questions were framed in the form of questionnaire. A face to face interview was conducted who came to the OPD of RHTC. All subjects residing for a period of minimum 6 months in field practice area. Subjects not residing for a period of minimum 6 months in field practice area were excluded from the study..............

Keywords : Malaria, Awareness, Prevention

[1]. WHO: World Malaria Report 2015. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2015
[2]. WHO: World Malaria Report 2011. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2011.
[3]. Yin et al.: Students' awareness of malaria at the beginning of national malaria elimination programme in China. Malaria Journal 2013; 12:237.

Abstract: Objective: To study the reproductive health practices of women of a rural population in UP. Methods: This was a cross-sectional community based descriptive study. The study was conducted among married/widow women in reproductive age group of 15-45 years. The data pertaining to practices were collected in semi-structured & pretested proforma. The multi-stage sampling methodology was adopted for the selection of study subjects. Results: The age of first sexual contact was 15-18 years among 57.1% of the women. However, age of first sexual contact was 18-21 years among 30.7%. The age at first pregnancy was 20-21 years among 40% of the women. The antenatal check-up was 3 among 23.1% of women and 42.7% did not had any ANC. Conclusion: Practices of reproductive health among this group was observed to be at reasonable percentages. However, greater public sensitization and health education are advocated.

Keywords : Reproductive health, hygienic practices

[1]. International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD). Cairo; United Nations 1994.
[2]. Abrejo FG, Dr. Shaikh BT, Rizvi N. "And they kill me, only because I am a girl‟…a review of sex-selective abortions in South Asia. The European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care 2009; 14: 10-16.
[3]. World Health Organization. Trends of maternal mortality: 1990 to 2013. Estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, the World Bank and the United Nations Population Division. Geneva: WHO Press 2014.
[4]. World Health Organization. Strategic directions for improving Adolescent Health in South-East Asia Region. New Delhi: WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia 2011.
[5]. Williamson N. Motherhood in childhood - Facing the challenge of adolescent pregnancy. The state of the world population. New York: United Nations Population Fund 2013

Abstract: Context: to study pattern and distribution of injuries in road traffic incidents by Autopsy examination Material and methods: Prospective, cross sectional autopsy based study by sincere analysis of autopsy findings, inquest reports, hospital records Result: Of the total 3614 autopsy examinations during the study period, 588 deaths were related to road traffic incident of which 167 cases were studied depending upon inclusion and exclusion criteria. Out of 167 cases 124 cases where hospitalized of which 52 cases were hospitalized within 30 minutes of incidence. 65 cases died within 1 hour of admission whereas only 5 cases died after 7 days. 82.03% received scalp injury and skull fracture was present in 28.1% cases..............

Keywords : Road traffic incident, autopsy, skull fractures, subdural, abrasion, laceration.

[1]. Ahmadi Amoli H, Zafarghandi MR, Tavakoli H, Davoodi M, Khashayar P. Thoracic Trauma: Severity of Injury in 342 Patients. TUMJ. 2009;66(11):831–4.

[2]. Moti MR, Behnampour N, Alinezhad H. Epidemiology of Blunt Abdominal Trauma in Gorgan–Iran (2001-05); Short Communication. J Gorgan Uni Med Sci. 2009;10(4 (28)):55–9.

[3]. Mefire AC, Pagbe JJ, Fokou M, Nguimbous JF, Guifo ML, Bahebeck J. Analysis of epidemiology, lesions, treatment and outcome of 354 consecutive cases of blunt and penetrating trauma to the chest in an African setting. S Afr J Surg. 2010;48(3):90–3. [PubMed]

[4]. Huda F, Sah D, Singh K. Pattern of abdominal injuries in a tertiary care centre on N.H. 24 in western U.P. New Indian J Surg. 2011;2(1):7–14.
[5]. Aguwa C.N, Anosike E0, and Akubue P I, (1982) Road accidents in Nigeria: Level of alcohol in the blood of automobile drivers. Central African journal of Medicine.28: 171-174.

Abstract: Objectives: This study was conducted to study different risk factors responsible for PPH, To study current protocols in management of PPH, To evaluate the role of obstetrician in management of PPH. Methods: This study includes 726 patients who developed PPH from August 2014 to July 2016.Blood loss was assessed on the basis of measurement from linens mops and sponges. All necessary investigations were carried out. The data collected was analyzed and tabulations were prepared. Conclusion: Incidence of PPH is more in primipara. Incidence of PPH is more in vaginal delivery as compared to cesarean section. Most common cause of PPH is uterine atony. Conservative management is done in most of the cases of pph.

Keywords : Uterine Atony, post partum hemorrhage, Oxytocin, compression suture.

[1]. Ian Donald's practical obstetric problems A. C. Rawal, Management of Traumatic PPH, FOGSI Focus Jan. 2007
[2]. Bleeding in pregnancy by Hema Divakar, 2012

[3]. A textbook of obstetrics D. C. Dutta, sixth edition RCOG Green-top guideline. Management of postpartum hemorrhage. 2009.

[4]. O'Brien P., El-Refaey H.,Gordon A., Geary M.,Rodeck C.H.. Rectally administered misoprostol for the treatment of postpartum hemorrhage unresponsive to oxytocin and ergometrine: a descriptive study. Obstet Gynecol 1998; 92: 212–214.

[5]. Prevention and Management of Postpartum Hemorrhage - www.aafp.org › Journals › afp › Vol. 75/No. 6(March 15, 2007

Abstract: Aim: To assess the prevalence of depression and anxiety disorders among higher secondary school students using Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) and Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders (SCARED-C). Method: This was a school based descriptive study in which data was collected through self-administered questionnaire from adolescents studying class XI and XII. Tools used: Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) and Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders (SCARED-C). Material: 171 students studying Class XI and XII were participated with response rate of 78.85%. Males constituted 74.2% (n=95) and females 25.8% (n=33)..............

Keywords : Adolescents, Anxiety, Depression, Prevalence.

[1]. pre-university college students in an urban area of south India. International Journal of Current Research 2011; 3 (11): 439.
[2]. Walsh K, Deb S. Anxiety among high school students in India. Australian Journal of Educational & Developmental The teen Brain. National Institute of Mental health.

[3]. Census of India2011
[4]. www.who.in/maternal/_child_adolescent/epidemiology/adolescence/en/# , 04-12-2014, WHO/ Adolescent health epidemiology
[5]. Indian Adolescent Mental Health January 1990.
[6]. National institute of mental Health. Depression in children and adolescents.Fact sheet.

Abstract: The authors describe a case of a large hepatocellular adenoma diagnosed in a 22 year old female who came to us complaining of acute pain in upper abdominal quadrants. The patient had been taking oral contraceptive pills for the last 5 years. We present the clinical presentation and the diagnostic work up of the patient.

Keywords : Large hepatocellular adenoma,Oral contraceptive pills.

[1]. Rooks TB, Ory HW, Ishak KG et al : Epidemiology of hepatocellular adenoma- the role of oral contraceptive use, JAMA 242:644,1979
[2]. DokmakS,et al: A single center surgical experience of 122 patients with single and multiple hepatocellular adenomas, gastroenterology ( 137/5): 1698-1705,2009
[3]. Bioulac sage P, et al: hepatocellular adenoma subtype classification using molecular markers and immunohistochemistry, Hepatology 46 (3):740-748,2007
[4]. Paradisv,et al: Hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with metabolic syndrome often develop without significant liver fibrosis: a pathological analysis, Heopatology 49(3): 851-859,2009
[5]. FargesO,et al: Changing trends in malignant transformation of hepatocellular adenoma, Gut 60(1):85-89,2011

Abstract: Herbal medicine has emerged as a popular alternative medicine throughout the world due to the unfavorable report on the side effect of a commercial drug. Alternative treatments from nature product have been brought into investigation due to comprehensive traditional uses, low cost and no harmful effects. Piper sarmentosum Roxb. or kaduk (Piperaceae family) is frequently used in local medicine to treat various diseases and ailments. Traditionally, different parts of P. sarmentosum are widely used as a treatment for fever, coughs, diabetes and joint aches. Different types of phytochemical constituents such tannin, phenolics, sarmentine and sarmentosine have been successfully isolated from parts of P. sarmentosum..............

Keywords : Piper Sarmentosum, Chemical Composition, Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antivirus

[1]. Zainal Ariffin SH, Wan Omar WHH, Zainal Ariffin Z, Safian MF, Senafi S, Megat Abdul Wahab R. Intrinsic anticarcinogenic effects of Piper sarmentosum ethanolic extract on a human hepatoma cell line. Cancer Cell International. 2009; 9:6.
[2]. Chaveerach A, Mokkamul P. Ethnobotany of the genus Piper (Piperaceae) in Thailand. Ethnobotany Research and Applications. 2006; 4:223–231.
[3]. Atiax E, Ahmad F, Sirat HM, Arbain D. Antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity screening of Sumatran Kaduk (Piper sarmentosum Roxb.). Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2011; 10(1):1–5.
[4]. Chiang Chan E, Wong S. Phytochemistry and pharmacology of three piper species: an update. International Journal of Pharmacognosy. 2014; 1(9):534–544.
[5]. Raman V, Galal AM, Khan IA. An investigation of the vegetative anatomy of Piper sarmentosum, and a comparison with the anatomy of Piper betle (Piperaceae). Am J Plant Sci. 2012; 3(8):1135–1144.

Abstract: Background: Compared to sputum smear microscopy, which has limited utility among People Living with HIV(PLHIV) CBNAAT is able to detect more TB cases regardless of HIV status. Limited studies exist to study this in rural population. Methods: The study objective was to assess the proportion of CBNAAT being positive for mycobacterium tuberculosis and there in rifamycin sensitivity among the HIV infected patients attending Tuberculosis clinic at a tertiary care hospital (receiving huge rural population), at Madurai, Tamilnadu. The Demographic, and CBNAAT results data of all HIV infected patients attending Pulmonology Out patient clinic at Government Rajaji Hospital, Madurai during the period between..............

[1]. WHO on HIV and TB. Accessed at http://www.who.int/hiv/topics/tb/en/ on7th August 2017
[2]. Guidelines on Prevention and Management of TB in PLHIV at ART Centres. Accessed at http://tbcindia.nic.in/showfile.php?lid=3253 on 7th August 2017
[3]. R.Dewan, S.Anuradha, A.Khanna et al. Role of cartridge-based nucleic acid amplification test (CBNAAT) for early diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV. JIACM 2015; 16(2): 114-7

[4]. Arora D, Jindal N, Bansal R, Arora S. Rapid Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Sputum Samples by Cepheid Xpert Assay: A Clinical Study.Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research : JCDR. 2015;9(5):DC03-DC05. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2015/11352.5935.

[5]. Guidelines for treatment of drug-susceptible tuberculosis and patient care (2017 update) accessed on 7th August 2017 at

Abstract: Background: Health care waste, due to its content of hazardous substances, poses serious threats to environmental health. The issue of biomedical waste comes from the recognition of the seriousness of the problem and the potential danger it posed to the community. In developing countries, medical waste has not received much attention and it is disposed of together with domestic waste. Since the implementation of the Biomedical Waste Management and Handling Rules (1998), every concerned health personnel is expected to have proper knowledge, practice, and capacity to guide others for waste collection and management,. With objective of level of Knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) about biomedical waste management among Dental and Medical interns are follow in their set up.............

Keywords : Bio-medical waste, Knowledge, Practices

[1]. P Sivadas. President's page, Journal of ISHWM, Vol 5 Issue 1 April 2006,1-3
[2]. Safe management of waste from health care activities. Geneva: WHO; 1999
[3]. Askarian M, Vakili M, Kabir G: Results of a hospital waste survey in private hospitals in Fars province, Iran. Waste management2004, 24:347-352.
[4]. Mato Rram, Kaseva ME: Critical review of industrial and medical waste practices in Dar es Salaam City. Resources, Conservation& Recycling 1999, 25:271-287.
[5]. Akgill M: An optimisation approach for locating a hazardous waste disposal facility in Istanbul province. Waste Management Research Journal 1994, 12(6):495-506.

Abstract: Context: Esophageal varices are porto-systemic collaterals and they form as a consequence of portal hypertension (a progressive complication of cirrhosis) preferentially in the sub mucosa of the lower esophagus. Due to thelimitations in using UGIE like cost, unpleasant feeling, want of good expertise, bleeding and infection, some noninvasive means have been proposed for prediction of esophageal varices in order to restrict UGIE to the population with high riskof variceal bleeding.The noninvasive predictive variables include platelet count, Child Pugh class , albumin level, albumin globulin ratio, AST/platelet ratio index[APRI], bilirubin level, serum transaminases, hemoglobin level, total counts, platelet count/spleen diameter ratio, prothrombintime,spleen size, portal vein diameter, splenic diameter, ascites..............

Keywords : Large esophagealvarices, cirrhosis, Child Pugh class B/C .

[1]. DeFranchis R. Evolving consensus in portal hypertension report of the Baveno IV consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosisand therapy in portal hypertension. J Hepatol 2005;43:167–176
[2]. Merli M, Nicolini G, Angeloni S, Rinaldi V, De Santis A, Merkel C, et al. Incidenceand natural history of small esophageal varices in cirrhotic patients. J Hepatol 2003;38:266-272.
[3]. Sarin, Negi. Management of gastric variceal hemorrhage. Indian journal ofgastroenterology 2006 Vol 25 (Supplement 1) November S25-28,
[4]. Spiegel BM, Esrailian E, Eisen G. The budget impact of endoscopic screening foresophagealvarices in cirrhosis. GastrointestEndosc. 2007 Oct;66(4):679-92.
[5]. Reiberger T, Ulbrich G, Ferlitsch A, Payer BA, Schwabl P, Pinter M, Heinisch BB,Trauner M, Kramer L, Peck-Radosavljevic M; Vienna Hepatic Hemodynamic Lab. Gut. 2013 Nov;62(11):1634-41. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-304038. Epub 2012 Dec 18.

Abstract: Introduction:Cesarean sections can cause significant complications. Due to increased complications associated with vaginal birth after cesarean section, prior-cesarean section forms a major indication for cesarean section. Objectives:To study the intraoperative complications and immediate fetal outcome in women with previous cesarean sections undergoing repeat cesarean section and to compare the complications in women with previous one with those in women with previous two or more cesarean sections. Methods: It was an observational study conducted over a period of one year on325 women with the history of previous caesarean section (one or more) and who underwent repeat caesarean section.The women were divided into two groups.............

Keywords : Intraoperative complications, repeat cesarean section, adhesions.

[1]. Hannah ME, Hannah WJ, Hewson SA, Hodnett ED, Saigal S, Willan AR. Planned caesarean section versus planned vaginal birth for breech presentation at term: a randomisedmulticentre trial. Term Breech Trial Collaborative Group. Lancet. 2000;356(9239):1375-83.
[2]. WHO Consensus Conference on Appropriate Technology for Birth.Lancet 1985;2:436-7.
[3]. Lumbiganon P, Laopaiboon M, Gulmezoglu AM, Souza JP, Taneepanichskul S, Ruyan P, et al. Method of delivery and pregnancy outcomes in Asia: the WHO global survey on maternal and perinatal health 2007- 08. Lancet. 2010;375:490-9.
[4]. Villar J, Carroli G, Zavaleta N, Donner A, Wojdyla D, Faundes A, et al. Maternal and neonatal individual risks and benefits associated with caesarean delivery: multicentre prospective study. BMJ. 2007;335(7628):1025.

Abstract: Haemolytic disease of foetus and newborn is most commonly the result of Rh incompatable pregnancies. This entity has been studied vastly and over decades and the prevention and treatment of Rh D alloimmunization is a true success story in obstetrics. Most of the prospective studies done on this subject is from developed countries and the problem still continues to burden the developing world.This study attempts to review and document feto-maternal haemorrhage during pregnancy and labour. The amount and timing of fetomatenalhaemorrhage is documented and whether ante-natal prophylaxis is justified is also tried to be determined............

Keywords : Anti-D immunoglobulin, Feto-maternal heamorrhage, Hemolytic disease of foetus and newborn,Kleihauser-Betke's test, Rh negative.

[1]. Greer JP, Foerster J, Lukens J, Rodgers G, Paraskevas F, Glader B: Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia. In Wintrobe‟s Clinical Hematology.11th edition. Edited by Neff A. USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publishers; 2003:2363–2372.
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[3]. Pourazar A, Homayouni A, Rezaei A, Andalib A, Oreizi F: The Assessment of Feto-Maternal Hemorrhage in an Artificial Model Using Anti-D and Anti-Fetal Hemoglobin Antibody by FCM, Iran. Biomed J 2008, 12(1):43–48.
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Abstract: Oral submucous fibrosis is a preventable, common disease process seen in the Indian Subcontinent. The treatment protocol at the Modern dental college and research centre Gandhinagarindore is presented along with a description and review of the disease process.

[1]. Cookbook: Pan Masala – Wikibooks. Retrieved Feb. 15, 2009

[2]. 2.Adarsh Chopra, PS Sethi, Jagroop Singh, Dimple: Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF). The Indian Journal of Dermatology Venereology and Leprology: Year : 2000, Volume : 66 , Issue : 5 , Page : 255-256

[3]. Auluck A, Rosin MP, Zhang L, Sumanth KN. Oral submucous fibrosis, a clinically benign but potentially malignant disease: report of 3 cases and review of the literature. : J Can Dent Assoc. 2008: Oct;74(8):735-40.

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Abstract: Diabetes mellitus is one of the metabolic disorder, which can affect the pregnant mother as well as the newborn because of its effect on the placenta, the incidence of which is keep on increasing. By studying the placentas of the diabetic mothers and comparing it with the placentas of normal mothers, we can understand the changes that occurs in placenta because of diabetes, like increased weight and thickness of the placenta, increase glycogen deposition or reduced VEGF expression which leads to various newborn abnormalities like increase birth weight (macrosomic babies), low APGAR score, neonatal diabetes etc..............

Keywords : Diabetes, Immunohistochemistry, Placenta,VEGF

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[5]. Jirkovská M, The Morphology of Villous Capillary Bed in Normal and Diabetic Placenta. In: Zheng J (editor), Recent Advances in Research on the Human Placenta [Internet].,Croatia (Europe); Intech open science (Cited March 7, 2012).