iosr-JDMS   Volume-18 ~ Issue-2 ~ February-2019

Abstract: It was a prospective comparative study conducted in gynecology OPD of Burdwan Medical College and Hospital on 100 women attending OPD with complains of white discharge, irregular menstruation, post coital bleeding or post-menopausal bleeding. Pap smear, colposcopy with application of 3% acetic acid and on spot cervical biopsy in indicated cases was done. 71% of women were in the age group 20-40 years. 54% had parity of 3 to 4. 69% of women presented with complain of white discharge. 88% had normal Pap smear, 1% had LSIL, 2% had HSIL and 4% had ASCUS on Pap smear. 40% of women had aceto- white reaction on colposcopy, 6% had low grade........

[1]. Shafi MI. Premalignant Malignant disease of the cervix. In: Edmond DK. Ed. Dewhurt's Text book obstetrics and gynecology for post graduates. 6thed. New York: Blackwell Science; 1999. P.572-81.
[2]. Ferlay J, Bray F and Pisani P. Globocon 2000: Cancer incidence, mortality & prevalence Worldwide. Version 1, IARC cancer Base No.5, IARC Press, Lyon 2001.
[3]. Suraiya UB. Cancer screening in gynecology. In: Ratnam SS, Rao KB, Arulkumar S. eds. Obstetrics and gynecology. New Delhi: Orient Longman; 1994. p.454-64.
[4]. Suraiya UB. Cancer screening in gynecology. In: Ratnam SS, Rao KB, Arulkumar S. eds. Obstetrics and gynecology. New Delhi: Orient Longman; 1994. p.454-64. [5]. Holowarty P, Miller AB, Rohan T. Natural History of dysplasia of uterine cervix JNCI 1999; 19:252-58..

Abstract: Finishing is perhaps one of the most deceiving and difficult phases of orthodontic treatment. The finishing procedures are considered, from the beginning stages of the treatment, as a part of total scheme of treatment. In recent times, great deal of emphasis is placed on achieving perfect finishing and detailing of the orthodontic treatment, so that the results are pleasing to the eye and are more stable and conducive to improved function and health.Thus, the aim of this article is to provide comprehensive knowledge about finishing and detailing in orthodontics.

Keywords : Finishing, Detailing, orthodontic treatment

[1]. Ravindra Nanda: Biomechanics and esthetic stratergies in clinical orthodontics, 1st Edn. St. Louis: Elsevier, 2005. [2]. John Daskalogiannakis: Glossary of orthodontic terms, 1st Edn. Quintessence publishing Co (IL), 2000.
[3]. Graber T.M. Development of a concept. in : Graber T.M, ed. Orthodontics principles and practice, 3rd Edn. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; 1992. Pg 1-27.
[4]. Asbell . A brief history of orthodontics. Am J Orthod dentofac Orthop 1990; 98: 206-213.
[5]. Begg P.R, Kesling P.C. Orthodontic appliances: Begg orthodontic theory and technique, 1st Edn , 1977. pg 87-142.

Abstract: Intramuscular haemangioma are rare benign congenital neoplasm of proliferative vascular in nature due to increased endothelial cell turnover. Less than 20% of these are found in head and neck region. The masseter muscle accounts for 5% of all intramuscular haemangioma of head and neck region. They are non metastasizing tumours which may suddenly start growing in later stages. Most of these lesions present with pain and discomfort and some patients may demonstrate progressive enlargement. Due to their infrequency, deep location, and unfamiliar presentation, these lesions are seldom correctly diagnosed clinically. Our report is a clinically misdiagnosed case of a painful soft tissue mass in the left side masseteric region of a 25 year-old female patient, confirmed as intramuscular hemangioma based on imaging studies and histopathologic examination, treated by surgical excision with minimal masseter muscle handling ............

[1]. Fletcher CD, Unni KK, Mertens F, editors. Pathology and genetics of tumors of soft tissue and bone.Lyon: IARC Press; 2002. World health organization: Classification of tumors.

[2]. Weiss SW, Goldblum JR. Benign tumors and tumor-like lesions of blood vessels. In: Weiss SW, Goldblum JR, editors. Enzinger and Weiss's soft tissue tumors. 4th ed. St. Louis: C.V. Mosby; 2001. pp. 837–90.

[3]. Avci G, Yim S, Misirliogolu A, et al. Intramasseteric hemangioma. Plast Reconst Surg. 2002;109:1748–49. [PubMed]

[4]. Demir Z, Oktem F, Celebioglu S. Rare case of intramasseteric cavernous hemangioma in a three-year-old boy: a diagnostic dilemma. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2004;113:455–58. [PubMed]

[5]. Barnes L. Tumors and tumor like lesions of the soft tissue. In: Barnes L, editor. Pathology of the head and neck. New York: Marcel Dekker; 2001. pp. 900–1.

Abstract: The development of post-operative infection depends on contamination of the operative site at the end of a surgical procedure which specifically relates to the pathogenicity and inoculum of microorganisms present, balanced against the host's immune response. This work is aimed at determining the risk factors and major pathogens involved in post-operative infection among orthopaedic patients with clean wounds managed at Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Samples were collected at pre incision (before skin preparation), incision and post incision (after the closure of the site) from Orthopaedic patients with clean wounds on admission for surgical operation at the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex, Ile – Ife. A well-structured questionnaire indicating patient demographics such as age, gender, diagnosis, duration of operation and other relevant.....

Keywords: Post-operative infections, risk factors, Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum, Corynebacterium jeikeium, Bacillus subtilis

[1]. Aishby, E., Haddad, F.S., Donnel, E.O and Wilson, P. (2010). How will Surgical Site Infection Be Measured to ensure High Quality Care from all Bone Joint. Surg Br.92:1294 -9.
[2]. Akinyoola, A.L,, Adegbehingbe, O.O and Ogundele, O.J. (2008). Factors influencing the outcome of elective paediatric orthopaedic operations in Ile Ife, Nigeria. Tanzania Journal of Health Research. 10; 2
[3]. Ako-Nai, A. K., Torimiro, S.E.A, Lamikanra, A. and Ogunniyi, A. D. (1991). A Survey of nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in the neonatal unit in Ile Ife, Nigeria. Annals of Paediatrics. 11: 39.
[4]. Ako-Nai, A. K., Adejuyigbe, O., Adewumi T.O and Lawal O.O. (1992). Sources of intra – operative bacterial colonization of clean surgical of clean surgical wounds and subsequent post-operative wound infection in a Nigerian hospital. East African Medical Journal.69: 500-507.
[5]. Allegranzi, B., Bagheri, N.S., Combescure, C., Graafmans, W., Attar, H., Donaldson, L and Pittet, D. (2011). Burden of endemic health-care-associated infection in developing countries: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 377:228-41..

Abstract: Objectives: To study the growth parameters & clinical & demographic profile in pediatric patients living with thalassemia major. Methods: This cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study was carried out on 30 thalassemic patients who received blood transfusion therapy at Kharagpur SD Hospital with respect to growth parameters such as Height/Length, Weight, Head Circumference; demographic profile such as age, gender & clinical profile such as presenting complaint & blood groups were studied. Collected data was compared to existing standardized IAP & WHO growth chart. Results: Age distribution........

Keywords: Thalassemia major, growth failure, Hemoglobin.

[1]. Naveen Thacker, Prevention of Thalassemia in India, Indian Pediatrics 2007; 44: 647-648 .
[2]. N. Madan, S. Sharma, S.K. Sood, R. Colah, H.M. Bhatia Frequency of ß thalassemia trait and other hemoglobinopathies in northern and western India; Indian J Hum Genet, 16 (2010), pp. 16-25 .
[3]. Skordis N, Kyriakou A, The multifactorial origin of growth failure in thalassaemia, PediatrEndocrinol Rev. 2011; Suppl 2:271-7 .
[4]. Tienboon P, Sanguansermsri T, Fuchs GJ; Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1996;27:356-61.
[5]. Mona M Hamdy, Lamis A Ragab, Iman A Shaheen, Rania N Yassin; Blood transfusion among thalassemia patients: A single Egyptian center experience; Asian Journal of Transfusion Science, Vol. 7, No. 1, 2013, pp. 33-36

Abstract: Diabetic retinopathy refers to retinal changes seen in patients with diabetes mellitus.Degree of cortisol secretion is related to the presence and number of diabetic complications(Diabetes care 30:83-88,2007).The hormone prolactin is proteolytically processed to vasoinhibins ,a family of peptides that inhibit the excessive retinal vasopermeability related to diabetic retinopathy after its intraocular conversion to vasoinhibins(Diabetes 59:3192-3197,2010).The Research aims to find out the effect of serum cortisol and prolactin levels in patients of diabetic retinopathy..

Keyword: Diabetic Retinopathy,Cortisol, Prolactin,Microvascular complications

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[3]. Source=Adopted from Harisson's book of internal medicine,19th edition.
[4]. BhatiaRP,Adarsh Singh RH:Cortisol in diabetic retinopathy.AnnOphthalmol 15:128-130,1983
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Abstract: Introduction. Co-existent hemolysis in patients with vitamin B12 deficiency is a well-recognized phenomenon. Hemolysis in megaloblastic anemia was traditionally thought to be due to intramedullary destruction of RBCs (ineffective erythropoiesis). However, the degree of hemolysis was higher in megaloblastic anemia and significantly correlated with hyperhomocysteinemia. In vitro study revealed that Homocysteine increased the risk of hemolysis in Vitamin B12 deficiency patients while its mechanisms are still not entirely understood and has not been demonstrated in clinical setting. Material and methods:30 patients of Megaloblastic anemia with hemolysis were taken as cases and and 30 cases of megaloblastic anemia without hemolysis were taken as control. Complete hemogram, schistocyte count (expressed in percentage) along with biochemical investigations (vitamin B12, folic acid, serum LDH, bilirubin, Homocysteine) were..........

Keywords: Megaloblastic Anemia,hemolysis, Hyperhomocystinemia

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Abstract: Background: The knee joint is a common site of injury due to trauma, repetitive activities, and sports activities.Clinical diagnosis, encompassing an accurate history, thorough examination and interpretation of investigations, is an art all doctors are expected to master during their career. A number of previous studies have examined the accuracy of clinical diagnosis in traumatic meniscal or ligamentous injuries of the knee. Multiple imaging modalities are currently used to evaluate pathologic conditions of the knee. Magnetic resonance imaging has a better soft tissue contrast and multi planar slice capability which has revolutionized and has become the ideal modality for imaging complex anatomy of the knee joint.Arthroscopy considered to be the 'gold standard' investigative method. Which can be used in its dual mode, either as diagnostic and/or as therapeutic tool.Aim of the study was to correlate..........

[1]. Maquet PGJ. Biomechanics of the knee, mechanism of injury and diagnosis. New York, Springer, 1976.
[2]. Walker PE, rkiuan M. The Role of the Menisci in Force Transmission across the Knee. Clinical Orthopedics and Related Research. 1975; 109:184-192.
[3]. Apley AG. The diagnosis of meniscus injury, some new clinical methods. J bone Joint Surg. 1947; 29:78.
[4]. Chang C, Hondar Wu H, Huang T, Ma H, Hung S. Imaging evaluation of meniscal injury of the knee joint. Clinical Imaging. 2004; 28(5):372-376.
[5]. Kennedy JC, Hawkins RJ, Wilson AS. The anatomy and function of anterior cruciate ligament as determined by clinical and morphological studies. J Bone Joint Surg. 1974; 56A:223..

Abstract: Primary ovarian pregnancy is a rare entity, Ovarian ectopic pregnancy incidence after natural conception ranges from 1 in 2000 to 1 in 60,000 deliveriesandconstituting about 3% of all ectopic pregnancy.A 23yr old patient presented with severe hypogastric abdominal pain and vomiting to causality, MIMS, VZM, Andhra Pradesh. The laparotomy suspicion of right ovarian ectopic pregnancy was finally confirmed by histopathologic evidence of the presence of degenerated chorionic villi in a background of ovarian tissue.

Keywords: Ovarian ectopic pregnancy, Ruptured, Chorionic villi

[1]. Gerin-Lajoie L. Ovarian pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1951;62:920–9. [PubMed]

[2]. Kavina S, Munshi, Rajal V. Thaker, Jagruti M. Shah, Bhavna N. Mewada Self-medication of abortion pills and its complications: an observational study International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and GynecologyMunshi KS et al. Int J ReprodContraceptObstetGynecol 2018;7:205-209.

[3]. Spigelberg O. Casusistik der ovarialschwangerschaft. Arch Gynecol. 1878; 13: 73.
[4]. Florin-Andrei Taran, Karl-Oliver Kagan, Markus Hübner, Markus HoopmannDiethelmWallwiener, Sara BruckerThe Diagnosis and Treatment of Ectopic Pregnancy DtschArztebl Int. 2015;112:693–704.
[5]. NicoleRiddle, Jamie Shutter, Fallopian tubes Benign or nonneoplastic conditions, Ectopic / tubal pregnancy 4 August 2017, last major update April 2013.

Abstract: Lower Respiratory Tract Infection (LRTI) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality globally. Present study was undertaken to isolate etiological agents and study their antibiotic sensitivity pattern. The study was carried out to isolate and identify the common bacteria causing lower respiratory tract infections among patients attending to S.V.R.G.G. Hospital, Tirupati from January to December, 2014. Specimens coming to the laboratory were processed by standard laboratory procedures. From a total number of 548 sputum samples processed, culture negative for pathogenic organisms 170 in number, no bacterial growth seen in 22 and Candida species isolated from 50 samples were excluded from our study. Out of total 548 samples, the pathogens identified were 306 (55.8%). Males were found to be more in number, 176 (57.5%) than females, 130 (42.5%). Pathogenic organisms isolated were Streptococcus pneumoniae 124 (40.5%), Klebsiella pnuemoniae.

Keywords: Antibiogram, Bacterial isolates, Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs).

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[5]. William R. Jarvis. Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia. In: Bennett and Bachman's Hospital Infections 5th Ed. 2007. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Chapter 31, page 517..

Abstract: Deep neck space infection refers to an infection in the potential spaces and fascial planes of the neck, either with abscess formation or cellulitis. This is a prospective study of 40 patients diagnosed and undergoing treatment for deep neck space infections in the Department of ENT, Gauhati Medical College and Hospital for a period of 6 months from 1st May 2018 to 31st Oct 2018.The aim was to study the prevalence, clinical features and associated risk factors of the deep neck space infections and the management and outcome on the basis of microbiology and culture sensitivity reports. In this study, the most frequent etiologies were bacterial tonsillitis (31.68%) and odontogenic infections (23.7%). The most common cervical areas affected were the peritonsillar (26.7%), submandibular (22.7%) and parapharyngeal spaces (18.8%). The main organism isolated was Staphylococcus spp.(20%) and no.........

Keywords: Megaloblastic Anemia,hemolysis, Hyperhomocystinemia

[1]. Wang L-F, Kuo W-R, Tsai S-M, Huang K-J. Characterizations of life-threatening deep cervical space infections: A review of one hundred ninety-six cases. American Journal of Otolaryngology. 2003;24(2):111-7.
[2]. Das R, Nath G, Mishra A. Clinico-Pathological Profile of Deep Neck Space Infection: A Prospective Study. Indian journal of otolaryngology and head and neck surgery : official publication of the Association of Otolaryngologists of India. 2017;69(3):282-90.
[3]. Vieira F, Allen SM, Stocks RMS, Thompson JW. Deep Neck Infection. Otolaryngologic clinics of North America. 2008;41(3):459-83.
[4]. Parhiscar A, Har-El G. Deep Neck Abscess: A Retrospective Review of 210 Cases. 2001;110(11):1051-4.
[5]. Jacoby GA, Han P. Detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. Journal of clinical microbiology. 1996;34(4):908-11..

Abstract: Introduction: Parents, who are primary caregivers in most cases, play a vital role in the treatment of type 1 diabetic adolescents. They have to participate in the aspects of management like blood glucose monitoring and insulin administration on a daily basis. Parents of adolescents with type 1 diabetes worry more about health of their children compared to parents of healthy adolescents. Greater child related distress is described in parents of type 1 diabetes influencing parent child relation. Clearly Parenting distress is a risk factor when it comes to child's diabetes outcome as supportive parenting and positive communication empower children in their diabetes self care. Aim: To find the association between glycemic control among type 1 diabetic adolescents and Diabetes related distress among their parents..........

Keywords: Diabetes related distress, glycemic control, type 1 diabetes, Adolescents

[1]. Delamater AM. Psychological care of children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatric Diabetes. 2009 Sep;10:175-84.
[2]. Mellin AE, Neumark-Sztainer D, Patterson JM. Parenting adolescent girls with type 1 diabetes: parents' perspectives. Journal of Pediatric Psychology. 2004 Apr 1;29(3):221-30.
[3]. Miller-Johnson S, Emery RE, Marvin RS, Clarke W, Lovinger R, Martin M. Parent-chld relationships and the management of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology. 1994 Jun;62(3):603.
[4]. Hessler D, Fisher L, Polonsky W, Johnson N. Understanding the areas and correlates of diabetes-related distress in parents of teens with type 1 diabetes. Journal of pediatric psychology. 2016 Feb 10;41(7):750-8.
[5]. Nathan DM, Turgeon H, Regan S. Relationship between glycated haemoglobin levels and mean glucose levels over time. Diabetologia. 2007 Nov 1;50(11):2239-44.

Abstract: A pressure ulcer is a localized injury to the skin or underlying tissue, usually over a bony prominences, due to unrelieved pressure. Pressure ulcers remain a major health problem affecting approximately three million adults. Prevalence differs based on settings but is 25% on the average. The cost of treatment of pressure ulcers is expensive. Cost of its treatment is two and a half times the cost of preventing them. Even though management of pressure ulcers involves multidisciplinary approach, its development is an index of poor hospital care. Literature was reviewed and relevant information on the current trend in the prevention and management of pressure.........

Keywords: Prevention, management, doctor, pressure ulcer

[1]. Wound, Ostomy, and Continence Nurses Society (WOCN). Guideline for prevention and management of pressure ulcers. WOCN clinical practice guideline 2010;6:96-8.
[2]. Department of Health and Human Services. Repositioning patients in bed. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) Manual System. 2011;3:100-7.
[3]. Woodbury MG, Houghton PE. Prevalence of pressure ulcers in Canadian healthcare settings. Ostomy Wound Manage 2004;50:22-4, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36-8.
[4]. Brown G. Long-term outcomes of full-thickness pressure ulcers: Healing and mortality. Ostomy Wound Manage 2003;49:42-50. [PUBMED]
[5]. Horn SD, Bender SA, Ferguson ML, Smout RJ, Bergstrom N, Taler G, et al. The national pressure ulcer long-term care study: Pressure ulcer development in long-term care residents. J Am Geriatr Soc 2004;52:359-67..

Abstract: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common preventable and treatable lifestyle-related disease with high global prevalence. COPD is associated with significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Comorbidities are important events in the natural history of the disease and have a negative effect on the morbidity and mortality of COPD patients. Cardiac diseases, lung cancer, osteoporosis, and depression are common comorbidities reported for COPD. Recently, anaemia has been recognized as a frequent comorbidity in COPD patients. The prevalence of anaemia in patients with COPD varies from 7.5% to 33%. Anaemia of chronic disease (ACD) is probably the most common type of anaemia associated with COPD. ACD is driven by COPD-mediated systemic inflammation. Anaemia in COPD is associated with greater healthcare resource utilization, impaired quality..........

[1]. Sarkar M, Rajta PN and Khatana J. Anaemia in Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Prevalence, pathogenesis, and potential impact. Lung India. 2015; 32(2): 142–151
[2]. Vestbo J, Hurd SS, Agusti AG, Jones PW, Vogelmeier C, Anzueto A, et al. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary. Am J RespirCrit Care Med. 2013;187:347–65.
[3]. Decramer M, Rennard S, Troosters T, Mapel DW, Giardino N, Mannino D, et al. COPD as a lung disease with systemic consequences – Clinical impact, mechanisms, and potential for early interventionn. COPD. 2008;5:235–56.
[4]. Portillo CK. Martinez-Rivera,J. Ruiz-Manzano. Anaemia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Does it really matter? 2013;67(6):558-65
[5]. Zieliñski J. Effects of long-term oxygen therapy in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. CurrOpinPulm Med. 1999;5:81–7..

Abstract: Introduction:To study the histopathological spectrum of thyroid gland lesion and to find the prevalence and frequency of different thyroid lesions. Material & Methods : This is a retrospective study which was conducted in gajra raja medical college Gwalior a tertiary care center from july 2013 to june 2018.All the thyroid tissue submitted for histopathological examination were taken into consideration.All thyroid lesions reported were analysed. Results :A total number of 80 cases were analysed ranging from 15 to 65 years. Out of 80 cases 12 (15%) were males and 68 (85%) were females.The age.........

[1]. Salami BA, Odusan O, Ebili HO, Akintola PA. Spectrum and prevalence of thyroid diseases seen at a tertiary health facility in Sagamu, South-West Nigeria. Niger Postgrad Med J 2016;23:137-40.
[2]. Hudise JY, Alshehri KA, Alqarni SN, Assiri Y, Asiri A, Aljobran B, et al. Prevalence and pattern of thyroid malignancy in thyroid nodule in Aseer Central Hospital in KSA. Int J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2017;3:908-12.
[3]. MARTIN.A NZEGWU, GABRIEL.E.NJEZE DANIEL.B.OLUSINA AND ANTHONY.I UGOCHUKWU A HISTOLOGICAL UPDATE OF THYROID LESIONS IN ENUGU, NIGERIA: A 5-YEAR RETROSPECTIVE STUDY. (2000-2004) ASIAN J. EXP. BIOL. SCI. VOl 1 (2) 2010: 01-05.
[4]. Nggada HA, Ojo OS, Adelusola KO (2008). A histological analysis of thyroid diseases in Ile-Ife, Nigeria.A review of 274 cases. Niger Postgrad Med J.15 (1):47-51.
[5]. Adeniji KA, Anjorin AS, Ogunsulire A. Histological pattern of thyroid diseases in a Nigerian population. Niger Q J Hosp Med 1998;8:241-244.

Abstract: Introduction An 'Ulcer' is defined as an open sore, an interruption of surface continuity of skin or mucous membrane withaccompanyinginflammation . It is more justifiable to classify the ulcers as non-malignant and malignant conditions. Oropharynx although refers to a rather small area of pharynx yet to find an ulcer in the area which contains a very important structure – 'the tonsils' is not uncommon. Purpose: The aims of my study are to observe & study different ulcers of oral cavity & oropharynx. Methords: The present study includes observation on 100 cases of ulcers in oral cavity & oropharynx, from point of view of knowing their types. All these cases were taken from the surgery out-patients department as well as from the E.N.T.out-patients department of the Darbhanga Medical College Hospital from Aug. 2011 to July 2013. A detailed history.......

Keywords: ......

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Abstract: Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is an autoimmune disease developed subsequently to Streptococcus infection. RHD is still causing acquired heart problems in children in many developing countries. TNFAIP3 encodes the ubiquitin-modifying enzyme (A20), an important negative regulator in different inflammatory pathways. Polymorphisms in TNFAIP3 have been reported to be associated with several inflammatory diseases. Tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (tSNP), rs2230926, on chromosome 6q23, have been associated with RHD in Chinese population. In our study we evaluated the association of TNFAIP3 tSNP rs2230926 with RHD in Saudi population. TNFAIP3 tSNP was studied in 124 RHD patients and 205 controls by TaqMan allelic discrimination assay. Carditis was..........

Keywords: RF; RHD; TNFAIP3 polymorphism; Saudi Arabia

[1]. Otto GP, Hurtado-Oliveros J, Chung H-Y, Knoll K, Neumann T, Müller HJ, et al. Plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin is primarily related to inflammation during sepsis: a translational approach. PLoS One 2015;10:e0124429.
[2]. Carapetis JR, Steer AC, Mulholland EK, Weber M. The global burden of group A streptococcal diseases. The Lancet infectious diseases 2005;5:685-694.
[3]. Sreih A, Ezzeddine R, Leng L, LaChance A, Yu G, Mizue Y, et al. Dual effect of the macrophage migration inhibitory factor gene on the development and severity of human systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis & Rheumatism 2011;63:3942-3951.
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Abstract: Background: The previously published Sunshine Appendicitis Grading System (SAGS) score was developed to standardize the intra-operative severity of acute appendicitis. The authors proposed a novel method of pre-operative assessment using the SAGS score. The primary objective of this prospective study was to evaluate the ability of clinicians to assess the severity of acute appendicitis with reference to a standardized grading system. Methods: One hundred and thirty-one patients who underwent laparoscopy for suspected acute appendicitis at Sunshine Hospital were assessed. Based on clinical findings, patients were scored for suspected appendicitis severity at the time of clinical assessment by clinicians of the surgical unit. They were scored again following laparoscopy based on the SAGS score. Log-linear modelling of ordinal agreement data was used to find the model of best-fit........

Keywords: appendicitis, laparoscopic appendectomy, Sunshine Appendicitis Grading System

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[2]. Shogilev DJ, Duus N, Odom SR, Shapiro NI, Diagnosing appendicitis: evidence-based review of the diagnostic approach in 2014. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine, 15, 2014, 859-871.
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[4]. Andersson M, Andersson RE, The appendicitis inflammatory response score: a tool for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis that outperforms the Alvarado score, World Journal of Surgery, 32, 2008, 1843-1849.

[5]. Mikaere H, Zeng I, Lauti M, Kularatna M, MacCormick AD, Derivation and validation of the APPEND score: an acute appendicitis clinical prediction rule, ANZ Journal of Surgery, 88, 2018, E303-E307..