iosr-JDMS   Volume-15 ~ Issue-4 ~ April-2016

Abstract: Introduction: When detected early, breast cancer is curable and normal life expectancy is expected. Routine detection of SLNB by adding radio colloid to the dye and detecting with gamma camera can be replaced by injection of methyleneblue dye near the lesion and identifying sentinel lymph node that is stained with Methyleneblue with naked eye which is more feasible, economical and practical in a developing country............

Keywords: Early breast cancer, Methyleneblue, Sentinel lymph node biopsy

[1]. Jeffrey ME, Valentine CSP, Kanchev EO, Blake G. Sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast cancer using methyleneblue dye manifests a short learning curve among experienced surgeons: a prospective tabular cumulative sum (CUSUM) analysis.BMC Surgery 2009; 9(2).doi:10.1186/1471-2482-9-2. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2482/9/2.

[2]. Jeffrey M. East; Christopher S.P. Valentine; Emil Kanchev; Garf ield O. Blake. Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy for Breast Cancer Using MethyleneBlue Dye Manifests A Short Learning Curve Among Experienced Surgeons. (Med Scape Monday, March 21, 2016)BMC Surgery.

[3]. Simmons RM: Review of sentinel lymph node credentialing: how many cases are enough? J Am Coll Surg 2001, 193:206-209.

[4]. Consensus Statement on Guidelines for Performing Sentinel Lymph Node Dissection in Breast Cancer [Approved December 8, 2005 Board of Directors The American Society of Breast Surgeons

Abstract: Background: To study the left ventricular(LV) function in Type 2 Diabetes mellitus patients having no other known risk factors of myocardial dysfunction and to find out its correlation with severity of microalbuminuria. Methods: In this prospective observational study Type 2 DM patients fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria were subjected to Micral test . Those patients who were positive for microalbuminuria (n=62) underwent Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular systolic and diastolic function .The severity of left ventricular dysfunction was statistically correlated with the severity of microalbumiuria .....

Keywords: Cardiomyopathy, Diastolic dysfunction, Systolic dysfunction, Microanlbuminuria, Nephropathy

[1]. International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas, 6th edn.Brussels,Belgium:International Diabetes Federation,2013.
[2]. Laakso.M & Kuusisto.Insulin resistance and hyperglycemia in cardiovascular disease development. J. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol.10, 293-302
[3]. Haffner SM, Lehto S, Ronnemaa T, Pyorala K and Laakso M. Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with Type 2 diabetes and nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med. 1998,339:229-234
[4]. . Ahmed SS, Jaiferi GA, Narang RM : Pre-clinical abnormalities of left ventricular function in diabetes mellitus. Am Heart J, 1975; 89 : 153-158.
[5]. Nelson RG, Petitt DJ, Carraner MJ, Baird HR, Knowler WC : Effect of proteinuria in mortality in NIDDM. Daibetes 1988; 37 : 1499-1504.

Abstract: Objective: To assess response of the tumour mass to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced breast cancer by dynamic contrast enhanced MR mammogram using longest tumor diameter and volume as parameters. Materials and methods: Twenty patients with locally advanced breast cancer were subjected to dynamic contrast enhanced MR mammogram before and after 3 cycles of chemotherapy. Longest tumor diameter and volume in MR mammogram was the criteria used to assess response to NAC. These results were correlated with pathological response in post mastectomy specimen............

Keywords: Locally advanced breast cancer, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and dynamic contrast enhanced MR mammogram.

[1]. Cancer statistics, 2004. CA Cancer J Clin 2004;54:8.
[2]. The Madras Metropolitan Tumour Registry, Cancer Registry, Adyar cancer center, Chennai. 2004 statistics.
[3]. X. Kong, M. S. Moran, N. Zhang, B. Haffty and Q. Yang: Meta-analysis confirms achieving pathological complete response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy predicts favourable prognosis for breast cancer patients. Eur J Canc 2011, 47:2084-90. | Article | PubMed
[4]. Feldman LD, Hortobagyi GN, Buzdar AU, Ames FC, Blumenschein GR. Pathological assessment of response to induction chemotherapy in breast cancer. Cancer Res 1986;46:2578-81. [PUBMED]
[5]. Hortobagyi GN, Ames FC, Buzdar AU, Kau SW, McNeese MD, Paulus D, et al. Management of stage III primary breast cancer with primary chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation therapy. Cancer 1988;62:2507-16.

Abstract: Introduction: Intertrochanteric Femur fractures comprise approximately half of all hip fracture caused by low energy mechanism .These hip fractures occur in characteristic population with risk factors including increasing age ,female gender,osteoporosis,a history of fall and gait abnormality .In spite of great advances made in the field of trauma in last 50 years management of this fracture has always remained subject of debate............

Keywords: Intertrochanteric femur fracture, proximal femoral nailing, PFN, IT fracture, unstable IT fracture

[1]. Murray, R.C. (1949)- Trochanteric fractures of femur, JBJS, 31-B, 204.
[2]. Boyd, H.B., and Griffin, L.L.: Classification and Treatment of Trochanteric Fractures. Arch. Surg., 58:853–866, 1949.
[3]. Evans, E.M.: Trochanteric Fractures. J. Bone Joint Surg., 33B:192–204, 1951.
[4]. Dimon, J.H., and Hughston, J.C.: Unstable Intertrochanteric Fractures of the Hip. J. Bone Joint Surg., 49A:440–450, 1967.
[5]. Ender (1976): Treatment of the intertrochanteric fractures of the hip, JBJS, 58-A, 15.

Abstract: Introduction: Pyelonephritis is a common urinary tract infection. It can be acute or chronic. Most cases of acute pyelonephritis are usually unilateral but can be bilateral in certain conditions that pose as a significant risk factors like immunosuppressive states and renal calculi. If not well taken care of it can progress to chronic pyelonephritis (leading to chronic kidney disease) or urosepsis......

Keywords: Pyelonephritis, diabetes, urinalysis

[1]. Ramakrishnan K, Scheid DC (2005). "Diagnosis and management of acute pyelonephritis in adults". Am Fam Physician 71 (5): 933–42.
[2]. Stamm WE, Hooton TM. Management of urinary tract infections in adults. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:1328–34.
[3]. Gilstrap LC 3d, Ramin SM. Urinary tract infections during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2001;28:581–91
[4]. Stamm WE. Urinary tract infections and pyelonephritis. In: Harrison TR, Braunwald E, eds. Harrison's Principles of internal medicine. 15th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001:1620–6.
[5]. Roberts JA. Management of pyelonephritis and upper urinary tract infections. Urol Clin North Am. 1999;26:753–63.

Abstract: Background: Cosmetic surgery practice is still relatively new in Nigeria although the ready availability of information online has helped in increasing the awareness globally. Recent studies suggest an upsurge in the number of requests in Nigerian hospitals for cosmetic surgeries. This survey sets out to document the knowledge, attitude and practice of cosmetic surgery in a Nigerian University.............

Keywords: Knowledge, attitude, practice, cosmetic surgery.

[1]. Chukwuanukwu TOG. Plastic surgery in Nigeria - Scope and challenges. Nigerian Journal of Surgery. 2011; 17(2): 68 – 72.
[2]. Otene C. I. Burns and plastic surgery practice in a resource-poor environment: challenges of setting up an efficient unit. Nigerian Research Journal of Clinical Sciences. 2012; 2(1): 76 – 82.
[3]. Swami V, Chamorro-Premuzic T, Bridges S, Furnham A. Acceptance of cosmetic surgery: Personality and individual difference predictors. Body Image. 2009;6:7–13. [PubMed]
[4]. Furnham A, Levitas J. Factors that motivate people to undergo cosmetic surgery. Can J Plast Surg. 2012 Winter; 20(4): 47–50.
[5]. Swami V. The influence of body weight and shape in determining female and male physical attractiveness.

Abstract: To assess the effectiveness of Triple test (TT) in evaluation of breast diseases. To compare TT (as a combined diagnostic modality) to each of its components.To Find Whether Addition Of Ultrasound To Tt Provide Any Benefit To Diagnosis..............

Keywords: .........

[1]. Ibrar Ahmed, Rashed Nazir, M.Y.Chaudry, Saddia Kundi. Triple assessment of Breast lump. JCPSP 2007, vol.17(9):535-8
[2]. Baum M. Carcinoma of the Breast.In-Recent advances in surgery, London. Churchill Livingston, 1984;241:58
[3]. Kirby I.Bland, Samuel W .Beenken, Edward M.Copeland III.The Breast.In-Schwartz's Principles of Surgery, Charles F.Brunicardi,McGraw Hill 2005, P.470,475-77
[4]. Donegan WL. Evaluation of a palpable breast mass. N Engl J Med 1992;327:937-42
[5]. Michell MJ. The Breast.In-David S. Text Book of Radiology and Imaging, 6th Ed London:Churchill Livingstone; 1998.P.1429-60

Abstract: Odontogenic carcinomas of the maxilla are classified as ameloblastic carcinoma, malignant ameloblastoma and primary intraosseous carcinoma. The maxilla is an unusual site for ameloblastic carcinoma. This report is of a patient with a locally advanced ameloblastic carcinoma of the left maxilla. Treatment consisted of left maxillectomy and free-flap reconstruction, followed by postoperative adjuvant external beam radiation. A literature review describing clinical and histological presentation of this rare tumour is presented.

Keywords: Ameloblastoma, ameloblasticcarcinoma, maxilla, odontogenic carcinoma, radiotherapy

[1]. Bames L, Evenson J, Reichart P, Sidansky D. WHO classification of tumors. Pathology and genetics of head and neck tumors. 9th ed. Lyon: IARC Press; 2005. p 162-6.
[2]. Reichart. P.A, Philipsen .H.P- Odontogenic Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Tumours and Allied Lesions, 2004 Quintessence Radiology and Endodontology 2006; 101: 5 :638- Publishing Co Ltd ,London, ISBN 1-85097-059-9
[3]. Slootweg P J, Muller H et al Malignant ameloblastoma or ameloblastoma. Oral surg oral med pathology 1984; 57:168- 71.
[4]. Astrid LD Kruse, Roger A Zwahlen and Klaus W Gratz New classification of maxillary ameloblastic carcinoma based on anevidence-based literature review over the last 60 years. Head & Neck Oncology 2009, 1:31 doi:10.1186/1758-3284-1-31
[5]. Shafer WG, Hine MK, Levy BM, editors. A textbook of oral pathology. 4th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co; 1983. p 280-1.

Abstract: Background: Sepsis is the commonest diagnosis of most neonatal units and is responsible for increasing morbidity, mortality and cost of treatment. A triad of high index of clinical suspicion, early lab diagnosis, with judicious use of antibiotics will lead to favorable outcome. Aims and objectives of the study: To study the clinical presentation, investigative profile and outcome of neonates admitted with sepsis........

Keywords: Blood culture, early onset sepsis (EOS), late onset sepsis (LOS), neonatal sepsis, septic screen.

[1]. Bang AT, Bang RA, Bactule SB, Reddy HM, Deshmukh MD. Effect of home-based neonatal care and management of sepsis on
neonatal mortality: field trial in rural India. Lancet 1999;354:1955-61
[2]. Stoll BJ. The global impact of neonatal infection. Clin Perinatol 1997;24:1-21
[3]. Report of the National Neonatal Perinatal Database (National Neonatology Forum) 2002-03.
[4]. Singh M, Narang A, Bhakoo ON. Predictive perinatal score in the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. J Trop Pediatr. 1994 Dec;40(6):365-8
[5]. Takkar VP, Bhakoo ON, Narang A. Scoring system for the prediction of early neonatal infections. Indian Pediatr. 1974;11:597- 600

Abstract: Background: Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death in India, its contribution to mortality is rising. Conventional risk factors do not entirely account for the severity and prevalence of this disease thus, necessitating the need to search for newer risk factors. Aims: To find out the relevance of Lp(a), Ratio Lp(a)/HDL-C & Ratio Lp(a)/apoA-1 as a predictor of CAD in the north Indian population........

Keywords: Coronary Artery Disease, Lp(a), North Indian Population, Ratio Lp(a)/apo A-1, Ratio Lp(a)/HDLC,

[1]. Reddy KS. Cardiovascular disease in India. Wld. Hlth. Stat. Q. 1993; 46:101-107.
[2]. Misra A, Nigam P, Hills AP et al. Consensus physical activity guidelines for Asian Indians. Diabetes Technol Ther 2012;
14:83-98.
[3]. Sekhri T, Kanwar RS, Wilfred R, et al. Prevalence of risk factors for coronary artery disease in an urban Indian population. BMJ
Open 2014; 4:e005346.
[4]. Gambhir JK, Harsimrut K, Gambhir DS and Prabhu KM. Lipoprotein (a) as an independent risk factor for Coronary artery disease
in patients below 40 years of age. Ind. Heart. J 2000; 52: 411-415.
[5]. Gupta R, Vasisht S, Bahl VK, and Wasir HS. Correlation of lipoprotein[a] to angiographically defined coronary artery disease in
Indians. Int. J. Cardiol.1996; 57: 265-270.

Abstract: Aim: The aim of the study is to know the incidence of CNS diseases in pregnancy and puerperium and to assess the role of computerised tomography (CT) and Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in determining the treatment modalities..............

Keywords: CT and MR imaging, neurological disease,pregnancy and puerperium

[1]. Comeglio P, Fedi S, Liotta AA, et al. Blood clotting activation during normal pregnancy. ThrombRes 1996; 199-202.
[2]. James A, Bushnell CD, Jamison MG, Myers ER. Incidence and risk factors for stroke in pregnancy and the puerperium. Obstetgynaecol 2005;106:509 – 516.
[3]. Jaigobin C, Silver FL. Stroke and pregnancy. Stroke 2000;31(12): 2948-2951.
[4]. Angelov A. Intracranial venous thrombosis in relation to pregnancy and delivery. Pathol Res Pract 1989; 185(6):843-847.
[5]. Srinivasan K. Cerebral venous and arterial thrombosis in pregnancy and puerperium: a study of 135 patients. Angiology 1983;34:731-746.

Abstract: Ovarian reserve is the total number of primordial follicles in the ovary. This study aims to quantify and compare the sonographic ovarian reserve markers in the users and non-users of oral contraceptives.500 women aged 18 – 45 years were studied for a period of 12 months, of which 260 were non-users and 240 were users (of which 30% were former pill users).............

Keywords: Antral follicular count, comparative study, oral contraceptive pills (OCP), sonographic ovarian reserve, transvaginal ultrasound.

[1]. DePriest, PD, Gallion, HH, Pavlik, EJ, Kryscio, RK, van Nagell, JR. Transvaginal sonography as a screening method for the detection of early ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 1997;65:408–414.

[2]. Chizen, D. R. and R. A. Pierson (2004). Transvaginal Ultrasonography at First Consultation Assists Management of Infertility. International Federation of Fertility Societies18th World Congress on Fertility and Sterility, Montreal, Quebec, IFFS 2004.

[3]. Bentzen JG, Forman JL, Pinborg A, Lidegaard O, Larsen EC, Friis-Hansen L, Johannsen TH, Nyboe Andersen A. Ovarian reserve parameters: a comparison between users and non-users of hormonal contraception. Reprod Biomed Online2012;25:612-619.

[4]. Broekmans, F.J., Kwee, J., Hendriks, D.J., Mol, B.W., Lambalk, C.B., 2006. A systematic review of tests predicting ovarian reserve and IVF outcome. Hum. Reprod. Update 12, 685–718

[5]. Chow, G. E., A. R. Criniti, et al. (2004). "Antral follicle count and serum follicle stimulating hormone levels to assess functional ovarian age." Obstet Gynecol 104(4): 801-4.

Abstract: Urinary tract infections is among the most frequently reported infections accounting for patient morbidity. Diagnostic imaging plays an important role in the evaluation of patients with urinary tract infections to guide appropriate medical or surgical therapy. Various imaging modalities useful in the diagnosis and characterisation of urinary tract infections include conventional abdominal radiography, ultrasonography, intravenous urography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging..............

Keywords: Emphysematous pyelonephritis, Pyelonephritis, Renal abscess, Renal tuberculosis, Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis

[1]. Robbins and Cotrans Pathologic Basis of Disease ; Seventh Edition Chapter 20 The Kidney Page 997-1002
[2]. Pyelonephritis: Radiologic-Pathologic Review William D. Craig, CDR, MC, USN, Brent J. Wagner, MD, and Mark D.
Travis, LCDR, MC, USN Radiographics Jan-Feb 2008 : Volume 28, Issue 1
[3]. Diagnostic Ultrasound Carol M.Rumack, Stephanie R. Wilson, J. William Charboneau, Deborah Levine Fourth Edition Chapter 9
The Kidney and Urinary tract ; Genitourinary infections pages 329-38
[4]. Grainger and Allison's Diagnostic Radiology Sixth Edition Volume 1 Section C Abdominal Imaging Chapter 34 Common
Uroradiological Referrals:Haematuria, Loin Pain, Renal failure and Infection ; pages 841-52 ; 885
[5]. CT and MRI of the Whole Body Fifth Edition John R.Haaga Volume Two VI Genitourinary Imaging 41 Pathologic Conditions
Renal infections page 1919-25

Abstract: Background: Asthma is a prevalent disease in Sub-Himalayan region of North Bengal and there are frequent exacerbation of asthma symptoms. There are many acknowledged triggers of asthma in the world. They include viral infections, exercise, weather conditions, dust, pets, sinusitis, pollen, gastroesophageal reflux disease, smoke, emotional stress and many more. So we have done a prospective study for one year on 94 children aged 3-12 years, who presented with asthma..............

Keywords: Asthma, Childhood asthma, Triggers, Exacerbation

[1]. Kuo A, Craig TJ. A retrospective study of risk factors for repeated admissions for asthma in a rural / suburban university hospital.
JAOA • Vol 101 • No 5 • Supplement to May 2001.
[2]. Elias JA, Lee CG, Zheng T,Ma B,Homer RJ, Zhu Z.New insights into the pathogenesis of asthma. J Clin Invest 2003;111:291-297.
[3]. Yazdanbakhsh M, Kremsner PG, Van Ree R. Allergy, parasites, and the hygiene hypothesis. Science 2002; 296:490-494.
[4]. Paramesh H. Epidemiology of asthma in India. Indian J Pediatr 2002; 69:309-312.
[5]. Johnston SL, Pattemore PK, Sanderson G, Smith S, Lampe F, Josephs L, et al. Community study of role of viral infections in
exacerbations of asthma in 9-11 year old children. BMJ. 1995 May 13;310(6989):1225-9.

Abstract: Mullerian agenesis is most common cause of primary amenorrhea.Prevalence is 1 in 4000-10,000 females.Regardless of treatment option selected , patients should be thoroughly counseled and prepared psychologically before initiating treatment. A 25 year old married girl reported to OPD with history of primary amenorrhea and cyclical pain in lower abdomen every month since 3 years.She had history of vaginoplasty 2 years back.............

Keywords: Amenorrhea , Mullerian agenesis.

[1]. Londra L, Chuong FS, Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome: a review , Int J Womens Health , 2015 Nov 2;7:865-70.
[2]. Akhter N1, Begum BN, Newaz M ,The MURCS Association: Mullerian Duct Aplasia, Renal Hypoplasia and Cervicothoracic
Somite Dysplasia , Mymensingh Med J ,2015 Jul;24(3):600-5.
[3]. Callens N, De Cuypere G, De Sutter P, An update on surgical and non-surgical treatments for vaginal hypoplasia , Hum Reprod
Update , 20(5): 2014 Sep-Oct; 775-801.
[4]. Kamada Y , Sakamoto A , Tabuchi K , Matsuda M , Opening the Anterior Vaginal Vault: A Novel Approach to Vaginoplasty with a
Modified McIndoe Procedure Using an Artificial Dermis, J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol,28(5), Oct 2015:e119-22.5.
[5]. Bombard DS, Mousa SA, Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome: complications, diagnosis and possible treatment options: a
review.Gynecol Endocrinol, 30(9): 2014 Sep; 618-23.

Abstract: Background: Acute bronchiolitis is a common lower respiratory tract infection in infants which results from inflammatory obstruction of the small airways, Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) being the main etiological agent..............

Keywords: Bronchiolitis, 3% hypertonic saline (HTS), 0.9% Normal saline (NS), Clinical Severity Score (CSS), Nebulization.

[1]. Garenne M, Ronsmans C, Campbell H. The magnitude of mortality from acute respiratory infections in children under 5 years in
developing countries. World Health Stat Q. 1992; 45(2-3):180-91.
[2]. S. Chatterjee: A Study Of Epidemiological Factors Related To Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) In Under Five Children Attending
The Immunization Clinic Of Calcutta National Medical College And Hospital. The Internet Journal of Pulmonary Medicine. 2007
Volume 7 Number 2.
[3]. Simoeseif, Carbonell-Estrany x. Impact of severe disease caused by Respiratory Syncytial Virus in children living in developed
countries. Pediatric Inf Dis J.2003; 22(2) (suppl):s13-s20.
[4]. Panitch HB, Callahan CW, Schidlow DV.Bronchiolitis in children. Clinics in chest medicine 1993; 14(4); 715-31.
[5]. Zhang L, Mendoza-Sassi RA, Wainwright C, Klassen TP. Nebulized hypertonic saline solution for acute bronchiolitis in infants.
Cochrane Database of SystematicReviews2008,Issue 4.Art.No.:CD006458.DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD006458.

Abstract: Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). One gets TB by breathing in air droplets from a cough or sneeze of an infected person. To study the prevalence of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. A total of 241 clinical specimens sputum samples were collected from suspected pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Tertiary care Hospital and Research institute, Kanchipuram District.............

Keywords: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, absolute concentration method, first line anti-tb drugs, MDR Tb

[1]. Munn P, Felten M. Surveillance of resistance to anti tuberculosis drugs in developing countries, Tuberc Lung Dis 1994; 75: 163-
167.
[2]. World health organization global tuberculosis report 2013.
[3]. World Health Organization. Tuberculosis fact sheet. [Accessed 28 March 2008].Available
at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs104/en/index.html.
[4]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Notice to readers: revised definition of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. MMWR
Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. Vol. 55. 2006. p. 1176.
[5]. Kochi A, Vareldzis B, Styblo K. Multidrug resistant tuberculosis and its control, Rex Microbiol 1993, 144: 104.

Abstract: In relation to the rapid expansion of aged population in Malaysia, the number of cognitive disorder cases among elderly is expected to rise steeply. This will in turn become a major public health burden given its adverse psychosocial and economic consequencesfor the affected person as well as their families. However, data on the prevalence of cognitive impairment among Malaysian elderly is still lacking and lesser is known about the socio-demographic factors associated with cognitive disorder in late life.

Keywords: Bumiputera, Dementia, Brain cognitive reserve.

[1]. University of Malaya, 2012. Report of the International Conference on Population Ageing. In pp. 1–11.
[2]. Second, T.H.E., Of, M. & Committee, T.H.E., 2013. " ACTIVE AGEING IN MALAYSIA ." , pp.1–18.
[3]. Sciences, H., 2011. Prevalence of Cognitive Impairment Among the Members of the National Council of Senior Citizens ' Malaysia
in Day Care Centres Within the Klang Valley. Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 11(October 2008), pp.43–48.
[4]. Hamid, T.A. et al., 2010. Sociodemographic risk factors and correlates of dementia in older Malaysians. Dementia and geriatric
cognitive disorders, 30(6), pp.533–9. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21252548 [Accessed July 27, 2014].
[5]. Sherina Mohd Sidik, Lekhraj Rampal, M.A., 2004. Original Article; Physical and Mental Health Problems of the Elderly. Malaysia
Journal of Medical Sciences, 11(1).

Abstract: Dental disease being one of the most prevalent diseases in the community has been overlooked by the population for long. Dental treatment & profession has developed & modernized significantly in the last 2 to 3 decades. From being a family based business performed by unskilled and untrained professional it has evolved to highly specialized & skilled profession performed by skilled & specialized dental professionals............

Keywords: Dental Professionals, Dental Treatment, Quacks, Quackery.

[1]. Goldstein BH. Unconventional Dentistry: Part I. Introduction. J Can Dent Assoc, 2000; 66:323-6.
[2]. De Silva D, Gamage NT. Unqualified dental practitioners or quacks in Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka Dental Journal, 2011; 41(03):46-51.
[3]. Eskinazi DP. Factors that shape alternative medicine. JAMA 1998; 280:16:21-3.
[4]. Ahuja NK, Parmar R. Demographics and current scenario with respect to dentists, dental institutions and dental practices in India.
Ind J Den Sci. 2011; 3(2): 8-11.
[5]. Lal S, Paul D, Pankaj, Vikas, Vashisht BM. National Oral Health Care Programme (NOHCP) implementation strategies. Indian J
Community Med. 2004; 29:3–10.