iosr-JDMS   Volume-15 ~ Issue-4 ~ April-2016

Abstract: An analytical study was carried out to evaluate "Does DMARDs prevent cartilage degeneration in Rheumatoid Arthritis?". The study is a critical analysis of review of literature. The review was divided into three main parts viz. etio-pathogenesis of RA, drug profile of DMARDs, experimental and clinical studies which evaluate the effect of DMARDs on articular cartilage. It was found that exact etiology of the disease is not known and three probable causes are genetic, auto-immune disorders and infection...........

Keywords: DMARDS, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Cartilage degeneration

[1]. Paula S Filipe, Alves D Jose. Non-tumor necrosis factor-based biologic therapies for rheumatoid arthritis: Present, future and
insights into pathogenesis. Biologics: Target and Therapy 8:1-12, 2014.
[2]. Nagashima M, Yoshino S, Aono H, Takai M and Sasano M. Inhibitory effects of anti-rheumatic drugs on vascular endothelial
growth factor in cultured rheumatoid synovial cells. Clin Exp Immunol 116:360-365, 1999.
[3]. Andreas K, Haupl T, Lubke C, Ringe J, Morawietz L, Wachtel A, Sittinger M and Kaps C. Antirheumatic drug response signatures
in human chondrocytes: potential molecular targets to stimulate cartilage regeneration. Arthritis research and therapy 11: R15, 2009.
[4]. Niki Y, Takeuchi T, Nakayama M, Nagasawa H, Kurasawa T, Yamada H, Toyama Y and Miyamoto T. Clinical significance of
cartilage biomarkers for monitoring structural joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis treated with Anti-TNF therapy.
www.plosone.org 2012.

Abstract: Intraarticular administration of tranexamic acid (TEA) reduces blood loss in post total knee arthroplasty (TKA).We carried out a case control study evaluating the effect of intraarticular tranexamic acid on postoperative hemoglobin, blood units transfused, total drain output on day1, day2 in 50 patients (25 study group and 25 control group) undergoing unilateral/bilateral TKA. Significant reduction in total drain output was found in study group as compared to the control group. Postoperative hemoglobin was found to be low in control group.So the intraarticular use of tranexamic acid reduces postoperative blood loss and the need for blood transfusion is minimized............

Keywords: Intraarticular,Tranexamic acid, Knee replacement,Blood loss

[1]. Urban MK. Anesthesia Para la cirugia ortopedica.In:Miller RD,editor,Millers anesthesia,Elsevier 2010
[2]. Saleh KJ,Santos ER, Ghomrawi HM, Parvizi J,Mulhall KJ,Socieoeconomic issues and demographics in total knee arthroplasty revision .Clin Orhop Relat Res.2006:446:15-21
[3]. Sehat KR,Evans RL, Newman JH,.Hidden blood loss following hip and knee arthroplasty. Correct management of blood loss should take hidden loss into account . J Bone Joint Surg Br 2004;86:561-5
[4]. Risberg B. The response of fibrinolytic system in trauma. Acta Chir Scand Suppl 1985;522:245-71
[5]. Janssens M, Joris J, David JL,Lemaire R, Lamy M .High dose aprotinin reduces blood loss in patient undergoing total hip replacement surgery . Anaesthesiology 1994;80:23-9

Abstract: Background:Mechanical Ventilation (MV) has become frequently used life-supportive management
inPediatricIntensive Care Units (PICU).But very little data is available from developing countries regarding the
outcome analysis coupled with demographic status and clinical details which is a challenge for the modern day
intensivists............

Keywords: Indications, Mechanical Ventilation, Outcome, PICU, Ventilator stay.

[1]. Fiser DH, Tilford JM, Roberson PK. Difference inPediatric ICU mortality risk over time. Crit Care Med 1998;26:1737-43.
[2]. Earle M. Outcomes of Pediatric Intensive Care at Six Centers in Mexico and Ecuador. CritCare Med 1997;25: 1462-7.
[3]. Cullen DJ, Sweitzer BJ, Bates DW, Burdick E, Edmondson A, Leape LL. Preventable adverse drug events in hospitalized
[4]. patients: a comparativestudy of intensive care and general care units. Crit Care Med 1997; 25(8): 1289-97.
[5]. Andrews LB, Stocking C, Krizek T, et al. An alternative strategy for studying adverse events in medical care. Lancet 1997;
349(9048): 309-13.

Abstract: Background and objectives: Fracture of distal third of femur is encountered because these fractures most often result from high velocity injuries as femur is the largest bone of the body. It is one of the principal load bearing bones in the lower extremity.[1] One must have a high index of suspicion for complications or other injuries as it can cause prolonged morbidity and extensive disability like joint stiffness due to post traumatic arthritis unless treatment is appropriate............

Keywords: Distal third femur fracture; retrograde supracondylar nail; closed reduction.

[1]. Whittle AP. Fractures and dislocations. In: Canale ST, Beaty JH, editors. Campbell's operative orthopedics. 11th ed. Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier, 2008; 3170-3187.
[2]. O'Brien PJ, Meek RN, Blachut PA, Broekhuyse HM. Fractures distal femur: Rockwood and Greens fractures in adults vol 2,7th ed, Lippincott Williams and wilkins, 2007.
[3]. Khare A, Mehra M. Retrograde femoral interlocking nail in complex fractures. J OrthopSurg, 2002; 10(1): 17-21.
[4]. Saw A, Lau CP. Supracondylar nailing for difficult distal femur fractures. J OrthopSurg, 2003; 11(20): 141-147.
[5]. Cass J, Sems A. Operative versus non operative management of distal femur fracture in myelopathic non ambulatory patients. Orthopaedics, Nov 2008; 31(11):1-4.

Abstract: Hernia Surgery is one of the most common surgical procedures done day to day practice.Even though some procedures are Gold standardized world wide, but still majority of high volume centres there is lack of standardization. Inguinal hernia is a common problem, Any method which reduces the recurrence rate as well as lowers the morbidity and post-operative complication rate,...........

Keywords: Inguinal hernia,Modified bassini's, Lichestein's, Recurrence

[1]. Ira M Rutkow. A selective history of groin hernia surgery in the early 19th century. The anatomic atlases of Astley Cooper, Franz
Hesselbach, Antonio Scarpa and Jules Germain Cloquet Surgical Clinics of North America 1998; 78(6):921-940.
[2]. Mokete M and Earnshaw J.J. Evolution of Inguinal hernia surgery practices. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 2001; 77:189-190.
[3]. De MD. Hernias in history. Arch Chir Neerl 1978; 30(3):129-140
[4]. Irving L Lichtenstein. Hernia repair without disability: A surgical atlas illustrating the anatomy, technique and physiologic rationale
of the One Day Hernia. Saint Louis: The C.V. Mosby Company, 1970; 1274-1279
[5]. Nyhus Lloyd M, Robert E Condon (ed). Hernia. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company; 1995; 580-584

Abstract: It has been a common practice to use various antiseptics, disinfectants and sterilizing agents in clinical and household practices. Antiseptic draping and dressings are prerequisites before every surgical procedure barring a very selected few. However the important question is what is the sensitivity of one of the most common pathogen staphylococcus aureus to the commonly used antiseptics. Fact observed is that most bacteria and specially MRSA and MSSA are commonly insensitive to usual concentrations of household and clinical antiseptics. Improved hand hygiene practices and use of antiseptics in adequate concentration will help in further arrest of staphylococcus infections............

Keywords: Antiseptics, Disinfectants, MRSA, MSSA, Sensitivity

[1]. Colle J.G,Fraser.A.G, Marmion B.P& Simmons A . In: Sterilization and disinfection in the laboratory. Mackie & McCartney Practical Medical Microbiology.14th ed. Elsevier,a division of Reed Elsevier India Pvt. Ltd. 2006:68;826-832 [Mackie 826-832]
[2]. Goldenheim D. In vitro efficacy of povidone-iodine solution and cream against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Postgrad Med J, 1993, 69 (suppl.3):S62-S65 [J11,28.]

[3]. Mclure A. R. In-vitro evaluation of povidone-iodine and chlorexidine against methicilin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J of Hospital Infection, 1992, 21 : 291-299. [J11, 29.]
[4]. Charles E.Haley,Margaret Marling-Cason,James W.Smith,James P.Luby and Philip A.Mackowiak:Bactericidal Activity of Antiseptics Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus : JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY: June 1985:P 991-992 [J2]
[5]. Sasatsu M, K Shimizu, N Noguchi, M Kono: Evaluation of antiseptics by the modified phenol coefficient method: sensitivity of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus:Biol Pharm Bull 17:1994:136-8 [J25]

Abstract: The disturbances of orofacial functions lead to abnormal growth & development of the oro-facial complex. The objective of the study was to compare the tongue position in different antero-posterior skeletal pattern i.e. Class II & Class III. Using four parameter, tongue length, tongue height, relation of palatal plane to tongue and pharyngeal wall to tongue............

Keywords: Tongue position, Skeletal Class II, Skeletal Class III, Lateral Cepahlogram.

[1]. Moss ML. The functional matrix hypothesis revisited 1. Am J OrthodDentofacOrthop. 1997; 112:220-227.
[2]. Moss ML. The functional matrix hypothesis revisited 2. Am J OrthodDentofacOrthop. 1997; 112:228-236.
[3]. Moss ML. The functional matrix hypothesis revisited 3. Am J OrthodDentofacOrthop. 1997; 112:236-250.
[4]. Moss ML. The functional matrix hypothesis revisited 4. Am J OrthodDentofacOrthop. 1997; 112:251-264.
[5]. Peat JH. A cephalometric study of tongue position. Am J Orthod. 1968;54: 339–51.
[6]. Rakosi T. London: Wolf Medical Publication Limited; 1978. An atlas and manual of cephalometric radiography; pp. 96–8.

Abstract: Spleen is the largest organized lymphoid tissue in the human body. It is the primary haemopoeitic organ in mammalian evolution. Morphological variations of spleen are plenty which are well documented in literature. In the present study of 50 human cadaveric spleens we observed morphological variations and compared these with similar findings by other authors. We also observed an extremely rare variation of 'bilobed' spleen...........

Keywords: Bilobed spleen, evolution, variations.

[1]. Standring, S,Gray‟sanatomy, The anatomical basis of clinical practice (London UK , Elsevier Churchill Livingstone, 40th ed ,2005) 1191-1195.
[2]. Keith. L. Moore, T V N. Persaud, The developing human clinically oriented embryology (Elsevier, 8th ed), 223-224.
[3]. Sadler, T.W. Langman‟s Medical Embryology (Baltimore, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 9th ed 2000) 277.
[4]. Wilson, D.E., Reeder, D.M.,Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (Johns Hopkins University Press, 3rd Ed., 2005) 26.
[5]. Tanaka Y, Eishi Y, Morris B, Splenic hemopoiesis of the platypus (Ornithorhynchusanatinus): evidence of primary hemopoiesis in the spleen of a primitive mammal ,Am J Anat. Apr; 181(4), 1988, 401-405.
[6]. J. H. Connolly1, P. J. Canfield1, S. J. McClure and R. J. Whittington ,Histological and immunohistological investigation of lymphoid tissue in the platypus (Ornithorhynchusanatinus )J. Anat. 195(2),1999, 161-171.

Abstract: Abnormal Uterine Bleeding affectsabout 5 to 15% of women in reproductive age, in developing countries including India. [1] The investigation and treatment of patients with Abnormal Uterine Bleeding has been hampered by lack of proper investigatory protocol and targeting the appropriate mechanism. In the present study, identification of the role of bcl-2, an anti-apoptotic marker and Ki-67, a proliferative marker in endometrial biopsies is performed...........

Keywords: Endometrium, Bcl-2, Ki-67, endometrial hyperplasia

[1]. SiobanD.Harlow, OonaM.R.Campbell title find out, BJOG: an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jan 2004; Vol
111: pp. 6 – 16
[2]. Robert J.Kurman, Lora Hedrick Ellenson, Brigitte M.Ronnett: Blaustein's Pathology of the Female Genital Tract, Sixth Edition,
Springer Publication.
[3]. Kurman RJ, Norris HJ: Endometrium. In Henson DE, Albores – Saavedra J, Eds: The Pathology of incipient neoplastic.
Philadelphia, 1986, WB Saunders Co., pp.265 -277.
[4]. Konno R, Yamakawa H, Utsunomiya H et al. (2000) Expression of survivin and Bcl-2 in the normal human endometrium.
Molecular Human Reprod. 2000 Jun, 6, 529–34.
[5]. Lydia J. Taylor, Tracy L. Jackson et al. The differential expression of estrogen receptors, progesterone receptor, Bcl2 and Ki67 in
endometrium polyps, BJOG Sep 2003, vol. 110, 794-798.

Abstract: Introduction: Effective management of biomedical waste is not only responsibility of hospital but also an individual working in hospital. Hence, there is a need for awareness among the administrators, doctors, nurses and paramedical staffs. Methodology: The study was carried out in S.R.T.RG.M.C, Ambajogai. The population included fifty participants who were medical graduates working as an interns in the same hospital. They were subjected to a short training session regarding the Biomedical Waste management. The participants were also subjected to the questionnaire before and after the session............

Keywords: Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, Biomedical waste management

[1]. Biomedical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1998, 2000, Ministry of Environment and Forests Notification, New Delhi.
[2]. Patil AD, Shekdar AV. Health-care waste management in India. J Env Manag 2001;63(2):211–20.
[3]. Safe management of waste from health care activities. Geneva: 1999.
[4]. Central pollution control board. Environmental standard and guidelines for management of hospital waste. New Delhi:
[5]. Govt. of India. Biomedical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1998, Extraordinary, Part II, Section 3, Subsection (ii), The
Gazette of India, No 460.

Abstract: In Pakistan health care waste management workers (HWMW) are directly exposed to contaminated hospital waste materials. Most of them are unaware of personal safety measures and depth of danger they are dealing with. Previously conducted studies show that HWMW acquire more infections compared with other groups. In present study we used enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay,...........

[1]. Altaf Bosan, Irtaza Ahmad, Rehan Hafiz , Huma Qureshi , Khalif Mohamud Bile JPMA, A review of Hepatitis viral infections in Pakistan 2010
[2]. Alter MJ. Epidemiology of Hepatitis C virus infection. World J Gastroenterol. 2007; 13:2436-2441.
[3]. Lavanchy D. Hepatitis B virus epidemiology, disease burden, treatment, and current and emerging prevention and control measures. J Viral Hepat 2004; 11: 97-107.
[4]. Gupta S, Gupta R, Joshi YK, Singh S. Role of horizontal transmission in hepatitis B virus spread among household contacts in north India. Intervirology 2008; 51:7-13. WHO. Hepatitis B: WHO / CDS / CSR / LYO / 2002.2: Hepatitis B. 2009.
[5]. Toumy Guettouche and H James Hnatyszyn; Chronic hepatitis B and viral genotype: the clinical significance of determining HBV genotypes; Antiviral Therapy ; 2005; 10:593–604

Abstract: Dry Socket (DS) is a common complication following mandibular third molar (M3) surgery. There are various risk factors predisposing the patient to develop DS after surgery. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of taking oral contraceptive (OC) drugs on the incidence of DS following impacted M3 extraction............

Keywords: Dry Socket, Oral Contraceptives, Mandibular Third Molar.

[1] A.J. MacGregor, Aetiology of dry socket: a clinical investigation, Br J Oral Surg, 6, 1968, 49-58.
[2] T.P. Osborn, G. Frederickson, I.A. Small, T.S. Torgerson, A prospective study of complications related to mandibular third molar surgery, J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 43, 1985, 767-72.
[3] A.R. Noroozi, R.F. Philbert, Modern concepts in understanding and management of the ''dry socket'' syndrome: Comprehensive review of the literature, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 107, 2009, 30-6.
[4] M. Eshghpour, N.M. Rezaei, A. Nejat, Effect of menstrual cycle on frequency of alveolar osteitis in women undergoing surgical removal of mandibular third molar: a single blind randomized clinical trial, J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 71, 2013, 1484–9.
[5] H. Birn, Etiology and pathogenesis of fibrinolytic alveolitis (dry socket), Int J Oral Surg, 2, 1973, 215-63.

Abstract: Background and Aims: Awareness during regional anesthesia (RA) and monitored anesthesia care (MAC) is a cause of concern and may occur due to unknown or unmet expectations. We aimed to study the preoperative expected level of consciousness and anxiety and their actual experiences intraoperatively in patients undergoing surgery under RA or MAC in a subset of female patients in Indian population. Material and Methods: It was a prospective observational study, done in a tertiary care teaching public hospital over a period of 6 months and included 80 patients undergoing gynecological and ear, nose, throat surgeries under RA or MAC. A structured valid interview was administered to them. Data was analyzed using SPSS v.15............

Keywords: Intraoperative awareness, Regional anesthesia, MAC

[1]. Mashour GA, Wang L, Turner CR, Vandervest JC, Shanks A, Tremper KK. A retrospective study of intraoperative awareness with methodological implications. AnesthAnalg 2009;108:521–6
[2]. Esaki RK, Mashour GA. Levels of Consciousness During Regional Anesthesia
[3]. and Monitored Anesthesia Care: Patient Expectations and Experiences International. Anesth Analg 2009;108:1560 –3
[4]. Kent CD, Mashour GA, Metzger NA, Posner KL, Domino KB. Psychological impact of unexpected explicit recall of events occurring during surgery performed under sedation, regional anesthesia, and general anesthesia: data from the Anesthesia Awareness Registry. Br J Anaesth 2013; 110: 381–7.
[5]. Domino KB, Posner KL, Caplan RA, Cheney FW. Awareness during anesthesia: a closed claims analysis. Anesthesiology 1999; 90: 1053–61.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of intravenous iron sucrose and oral iron administration for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy. Hundred women with established iron deficiency anemia with Haemoglobin less than 10 gm/dL (moderate to severe anemia) were randomised to receive either oral ferrous sulphate tablet 335 mg twice daily (100 mg elemental iron per tablet) or calculated dose of intravenous iron sucrose. Haemoglobin, haematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, reticulocyte count were measured at recruitment and on 4th week............

Keywords: Iron Deficiency Anemia, Pregnancy, Intravenous Iron Sucrose, Oral Iron.

[1]. De Maeyer E, Adiels Tegman M. The prevalence of anemia in the world. World health stats. 1985; 38: 302-16.
[2]. ACC/SCN second report on the world nutrition situation. Global and regional results. Geneva. 1992; Vol1:95-99.
[3]. Roodenberg AJ. Iron supplementation during pregnancy. Eur J Obs Gynae Rep Bio. 1995; 61:65-71.
[4]. WHO. Reduction of maternal mortality. A joint WHO/UNICEF/UNFPA/World Bank statement. Geneva. 1999; Vol 3:57-68.
[5]. CDC criteria for anemia in children and childbearing age women, www.cdc.gov. 1989, updated 1998; 38(22):400-404.
[6]. WHO. The prevalence of anemia in women. A tabulation of available information. Geneva. 1992; Vol 2:1-15.
[7]. NFHS-3. Summary of findings. www.rchiips.org. National report. 2006; Vol 1:98-102.

Abstract: A cross sectional study of 200 women of reproductive age group in Thiruvallur district revealed 45.5% prevalence of symptoms of Reproductive tract infection (RTI).The commonest symptoms reported were lower abdominal pain (27.5%) and excessive vaginal discharge(17.5%), The overall prevalence of treatment-seeking behaviour was 46.2% with a 95% CI of 39.29-53.11............

Keywords: RTI, prevalence, awareness, treatment preference

[1]. Sangeetha S Balamuruganand ND Bendigeri Community-Based Study of Reproductive Tract Infections Among Women of the
Reproductive Age Group in the Urban Health Training Centre Area in Hubli, Karnataka. Indian J Community Med. 2012 Jan-
Mar; 37(1): 34–38.doi: 10.4103/0970-0218.94020PMCID: PMC3326805
[2]. Mayaud P and Mabey D (2004): Approaches to the Control of Sexually transmitted infections in developing countries: old
problems and modern challenges, sex transm infections 80; 174-182
[3]. Rita Caroline Isaac (2000): An Intervention Programme for RTIs among Women in a Selected Area in Rural Tamil Nadu, India;
South East Asian Studies Manual; 112-120.
[4]. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOHFW), National Population Policy 2000, New Delhi: Government of India, 2000
[5]. MOHFW, National Health Policy, New Delhi: Government of India, 2002.

Abstract: Bisphosphonates related osteonecrosis of Jaw (BROJ) is one of the serious complication caused by consumption of bisphosphonates mainly by intravenous routes which has been taken during the treatment of metastatic diseases. Bisphosphonates are non-metabolized analogues of pyrophosphate that avidly attach to bone mineral more or less resorbing osteoclasts and inhibit their function.............

Keywords: Bisphosphonates, Osteonecrosis of Jaw, Bisphosphonates related osteonecrosis of Jaw, Risk Factors, Prevention.

[1]. Marx RE. Pamidronate (Aredia) and zoledronate (Zometa) induced avascular necrosis of the jaws: a growing epidemic. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2003;61:1115–7.
[2]. Lenz JH, Steiner-Krammer B, Schmidt W, Fietkau R, Mueller PC, Gundlach KKH. Does avascular necrosis of the jaws in cancer patients only occur following treatment with bisphosphonates? J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2005; 33:395–403.
[3]. Farrugia MC, Summerlin DJ, Krowiak E, Huntley T, Freeman S, Borrowdale R, et al. Osteonecrosis of the mandible or maxilla associated with the use of new generation bisphosphonates. Laryngoscope 2006;116: 115–20.
[4]. Black DM, Thompson DE, Bauer DC, Ensrud K, Musliner T, Hochberg MC, et al: Fracture risk reduction with alendronate in women with osteoporosis: the fracture intervention trial. J Clin Endocrinal Metab. 64:30-31 2000.
[5]. Helsloot RS, Van den Berg T, Frank MH, Everts V. Bisphosphonate related osteonecrosis of the jaw; a literature review and a new hypothesis. Intern Oral Res 2011;2:e3.

Abstract: Context: Periodontitis and Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) together form the most challenging health issues in both the developing and developed countries. Non-surgical periodontal therapy seems to have many systemic benefits. Not many Indian studies have looked at the effect of NSPT on subjects with CKD. Aims: To see if i) there is higher prevalence of periodontitis in patients with CKD and ii) NSPT decreases inflammatory burden and improves kidney functions in these patients.............

Keywords: Periodontitis, Chronic Kidney Disease, Non surgical periodontal therapy, eGFR, C-Reactive Protein

[1]. Novak JM. Classification of Diseases and Conditions Affecting the Periodontium. In: Newman, Takei, Klokkevold, Carranza,
editors. Carranza's Clinical Periodontology, Tenth Edition. New Delhi: Saunders Elsevier; 2006.p 103-104.
[2]. https://www.kidney.org/kidney disease/ global-facts-about-kidney-disease
[3]. Akinlolu Ojo, Addressing the Global Burden of Chronic Kidney Disease Through Clinical and Translational Research Trans Am
Clin Climatol Assoc. 2014; 125: 229–246.
[4]. National Chronic Kidney Disease Fact Sheet 2010. Available at www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/factsheets/kidney.htm Accessed on 28
Jul 2013

Abstract: In 1908 Buerger described the clinical aspects of thromboangitis obliterans primarily affecting small to medium size arteries and veins and surrounding neural elements, particularly of lower extrimities but rarely affect brain [9], heart [10] and abdominal viscera. He mentioned obliterating vasculopathy could involve visceral arteries. [13] Very few cases of involvement of peripheral vessels along with acute intestinal manifestations needing small bowel resection is reported till date............

Keywords: Ischemic small bowel, Thromboangitis obliterans

[1]. Acosta S (2014) Surgical management of peritonitis secondary to acute superior messentric artery occlusion 20(29), 9936-9941
[2]. Darshan J, Shaw E, Green B, Gallagher PJ, Gadola SD et al (2013) Intestinal ischaemia and mesenteric necrosis in a heavy smoker,
Quarterly journal of medicine 106(2):183-6
[3]. Romano N, Prosperi V, Basili G, Lorenzetti L, Gentile V, Luceretti R et al (2011) Journal of medical case reports 5(17)
[4]. Herrington JL, Grossman LA ( 1968) Surgical lesions of the small and large intestine Resulting from Buerger's disease 1079-1087
[5]. Rob C (1966) Surgical diseases of the celiac and mesenteric arteries. Arch Surg 93(1):21–32.

Abstract: Aim: The aim of the present study is to assess the effect of Triblus terrestris in ethylene glycol induced crystalluric rats. Materials and methods: Thirty two wistar male rats aged 16-20 weeks weighing 160-200 gm were randomly divided into four groups. Group I- Controls, Group II – Methanolic extract of Triblus terrestris, Group III- Ethylene glycol -10% aqueous solution, Group IV- Ethylene glycol + Methanolic extract of Triblus terrestris with standard chow diet and water ad libitum.............

Keywords: Triblus terrestris, Ethylene glycol, crystalluria, Hyperoxaluria

[1]. Stamatelou KK, Francis ME, Jones CA, Nyberg LM, Curhan GC.: Time trends in reported prevalence of kidney stones in the United States: 1976-1994. Kidney Int 63: 1817–1823, 2003.
[2]. Worcester EM, Coe FL.: Clinical practice. Calcium kidney stones. N Engl J Med.2010; 363: 954–963.
[3]. Ravindra VK, Navneet BG, Alagawadi KR, Rudraprabhu VS. Effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. root - wood on ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2006;105:306-314.

[4]. Vyas BA, Vyas RB, Joshi SV, Santani DD. Antiurolithiatic activity of whole-plant hydroalcoholic extract of Pergularia daemia in rats. J Young Pharm 2011;3:36-40.

[5]. Tania AV, Cristina DD, Ana PS, Maria TR, Antonio JL, Caden S. Evaluation of the antiurolithiatic activity of the extract of Costus spiralis Roscoe in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 1999;66:193-8.