iosr-JDMS   Volume-15 ~ Issue-6 ~ June-2016

Abstract: The diagnosis of acute appendicitis has always been clinical but associated with a high negative appendectomy rate (NAR). Clinical scoring systems such as RIPASA score and ALVARADO score, USG, CT scan and diagnostic laparoscopy have been used in the past as modalities for diagnosis. They have been used as separate modalities but never in adjunct to each other. So these modalities were used in an algorithm together to decrease the NAR without increasing the rate of complications................

Keywords: acute appendicitis, NAR, RIPASA

[1]. Beasly SW. Can we improve diagnosis of acute appendicitis? BMJ 2000;321:907-10.
[2]. Flum DR, McClure TD, Morris A, Koepsell T. Misdiagnosis of appendicitis and the use of diagnostic imaging. J AmCollSurg 2005; 201: 933–939.
[3]. Wani MM, Yousaf MN, Khan MA, et al. Usefulness of the Alvarado scoring system with respect to age, sex and time of presentation, with regression analysis of individual parameters. Internet J Surg 2007: 11(2).
[4]. Temple CL, Huchcroft SA, Temple WJ. The natural history of appendicitis in adults: a prospective study. Ann Surg. 1995;221:278–81.
[5]. Bundy DG, Byerley JS, Liles EA, Perrin EM, Katznelson J, Rice HE. Does this child have appendicitis? JAMA. 2007;298(4):438–451.

Abstract: Deeply seated obturator nerve does not get easily blocked by conventional technique. The lumbosacral triangle on the lateral sides of 5th lumbar vertebra is crossed by obturator nerve, lumbosacral trunk (L4, 5) and sympathetic trunk. The femoral nerve is separated from this triangle by psoas major muscle. Deposition of local anaesthetic in this triangle may spread downward over ventral roots of sacral plexus and laterally to femoral nerve. Assuming such hypothesis, 30 participants were administered lumbosacral triangle block with 30 ml of local anaesthetic on the lateral side of the body of 5th lumbar vertebra with help of nerve stimulator needle..........

Keywords: lumbosacral, peripheral nerve block, paravertebral space, obturator nerve

[1]. Awad IT, Duggan EM Posterior lumbar plexus block: anatomy, approaches and techniques. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2005; 30: 143-9.
[2]. Capdevila X, Macaire P, Dadure C, Choquet O, Biboulet P, Ryckwaert Y, d'Athis F . Continuous psoas compartment block for postoperative analgesia after total hip arthroplasty: new landmarks, technical guidelines, and clinical evaluation.Anesth Analg 2002;94:1606-13.
[3]. Sim IW, Webb Anatomy and anaesthesia of the lumbar somatic plexus.Anaesth Intensive Care 2004;32:178-87.
[4]. Mannion S. Epidural spread depends on the approach used for posterior lumbar plexus block. Can J Anesth 2004; 51: 516-7.
[5]. Auroy Y, Benhamou D, Bargues L, Ecoffey C, Bruno Falissard B, Mercier F, Bouaziz H , Samii K.Major Complications of Regional Anesthesia in France. Anesthesiology 2002; 97:1274–80

Abstract: Objectives: Accuracy of intraoperative frozen section in comparison with histopathology in diagnosis of ovarian neoplasm to decide the extent of surgery. Materials and methods: Hospital based prospective study done on 30 patients admitted to department of Gynecology and Obstetrics , Gandhi Hospital, Secunderabad who are clinically and sonologically diagnosed to have ovarian neoplasms during the period of December 2009 to October 2011. Results: Intraoperative frozen section diagnosis of all 30 ovarian specimens revealed 70% benign tumors, 13% borderline tumors, 16% malignant tumors. The final paraffin section diagnosis revealed 66.6% benign tumors, 10% borderline tumors, 23.3% malignant tumors.........

Keywords: Frozen section, Ovarian tumor, Accuracy

[1]. Wakahara F, Kikkawa F, Nawa A, Tamakoshi K, Ino K, Maeda O, et al. Diagnostic efficacy of tumor markers, sonography, and intraoperative frozen section for ovarian tumors. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2001; 52: 147-52.
[2]. Geomini P, Bremer G, Kruitwagen R, Mol BW. Diagnostic accuracy of frozen section diagnosis of the adnexal mass: a metaanalysis.Gynecol Oncol 2005; 96: 1-9
[3]. Baker P, Oliva E. A Practical approach to intraoperative consultation in gynecological pathology. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2008; 27:353-65.
[4]. Acs G. Intraoperative consultation in gynecologic pathology. Semin Diagn Pathol 2002; 19:237-54.
[5]. Mederios LR, Rosa DD, Edelweiss MI, Stein AT, Bozetti MC,Zelmanowicz A, et al. Accuracy of frozen section analysis in the diagnosis of ovarian tumors: a systematic quantitative review. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2005 ; 15: 192-202

Abstract: Background: Perinatal asphyxia is a common neonatal problem and contributes significantly to neonatal morbidity and mortality. Only a third of deliveries in India are institutional. In the absence of perinatal records it is difficult to diagnose perinatal asphyxia retrospectively. There is a need to identify neonates with asphyxia who will be risk for hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy and multi-organ dysfunction. Objective: To evaluate prospectively the value of urinary uric acid to creatinine (UA/UCR) ratio in early spot urine sample in diagnosing perinatal asphyxia..........

Keywords: Perinatal asphyxia,urinary uric acid to creatinine ratio

[1]. S Lawn JE, Cousens S, Zupan J. Lancet Neonatal Survival Steering Team. 4 million neonatal deaths: When? Where? Why?Lancet 2005; 365 (9462):891-900.
[2]. NNPD network. National Neonatal Perinatal Database–report for the year 2002-2003. NNF NNPD network. New Delhi: 2005.
[3]. Perlman JM, Tack ED, Martin T, et al. Acute systemic organ injury in term infants after asphyxia. Am J Dis Child 1989;143:617-620.
[4]. Perlman J.Markers of asphyxiaand neonatal brain injury. N Engl J Med 1999;341:363-5
[5]. Volpe JJ. Neurology Of newborn .3rd ed.(W B Saunders company,1995);211-360

Abstract: Background: Vitamin D deficiency is an important health problem in pregnant women and their infants. The present study evaluated serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] concentrations in healthy term newborns and their mothers. Objective: To measure serum levels of 25(OH)D3, Parathormone, Inorganic Phosphate, Calcium, Albumin, and Alkaline Phosphatase in healthy term newborns and their mothers and to establish correlation between mother's and their newborn's vitamin D status.........

Keywords: cord blood, hypovitaminosis D, maternal serum, prevalence.

[1]. Holick, M. F., N. C. Binkley, et al. (2011). "Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 96(7): 1911-1930.
[2]. Goswami R, Kochupillai N, Nandita Gupta, Deepti Goswami, Namrata Singh, Anuradha Dudha. Presence of 25 (OH) D deficiencies in a rural North Indian village despite abundant sunshine. JAPI 2008; 56:755-57.
[3]. Puri S, Marwah RK, Agrawal N, Tandon N, Agrawal R, Grewal K et al. Vitamin D status of apparently healthy school girls from two different socioeconomic strata in Delhi: relation to nutrition and lifestyle. Br. J Nutr.2008;99:876-82.
[4]. El-Hajj Fuleihan G, Deeb M. Hypovitaminosis D in a sunny country. N Engl J Med.1999; 340:1840-1
[5]. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among pregnant women and their newborns in northern India1,2 Alok Sachan, Renu Gupta, Vinita Das, Anjoo Agarwal, Pradeep K Awasthi, and Vijayalakshmi Bhatia Am J Clin Nutr 2005;81:1060–4.

Abstract: Background: Dengue is a major health problem in many parts of India and Bikaner is one of the endemic areas for dengue. In 2013 an outbreak of dengue fever epidemic in Bikaner was repealed. Several factors have been attributed to increased morbidity and mortality in dengue with altered hematological and coagulation parameters playing an important role. Infection with dengue virus can cause a spectrum of three clinical syndromes classic dengue fever (DF), dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS).Background: Dengue is a major health problem in many parts of India and Bikaner is one of the endemic areas for dengue. In 2013 an outbreak of dengue fever epidemic in Bikaner was repealed. Several factors have been attributed to increased morbidity and mortality in dengue with altered hematological and coagulation parameters playing an important role. Infection with dengue virus can cause a spectrum of three clinical syndromes classic dengue fever (DF), dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS)........

Keywords: Dengue fever, Dengue hemorrhagic fever; Dengue shock syndrome; Thrombocytopenia; IgM Dengue.

[1]. Khan .E, Hasan .R, Mehraj .J and Mahmood .S. Genetic Diversity of Dengue Virus and Associated Clinical Severity During Periodic Epidemics in South East Asia. Karachi, Pakiatan. Current Topics in Tropical Medicine 2006.91-105.
[2]. DENGUE .Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control, 2nd Edition, World Health Organization, Geneva 2009; 1-144.
[3]. Park K. Epidemiology of Communicable Diseases:Dengue syndrome. In: Park's textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine. 20th ed. Jabalpur, India: M/s Bhanarsidas Bhanot 2009: 218-22.
[4]. Rao MCVR. Dengue fever in India (Annotational). Indian J Pediatr, 1987;54;1:11-4.
[5]. Khurana SK, Thergaonkor A, Talib VH. Dengue DHF: Indian scenario. In:Talib VH, editor. Dengue hemorrhagic fever (symposium). Pune: 1997:23-8.

Abstract: Anaemia is a global health problem .Despite numerous health initiatives for its control, anaemia is still a severe health problem in India. In order to target anaemia control measures effectively in any part of this country, it is important to know the distribution and types of anaemia prevalent in that particular region. This is the backdrop of the present study undertaken in Dibrugarh district of Upper Assam. Objective: To study the etiology and severity of anaemia in 1month to 12 year old children.........

Keywords: Anaemia,Etiology,Severity,UpperAssam,

[1]. Bruno de Benoist, Eric McLean, Ines Egli and Mary Cogswell, Worldwide prevalence of anaemia 1993-2005 (WHO Global Database on Anaemia),2008; page 1-12
[2]. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), 2005-06,India: Key Findings, IIPS and Macro International, 2007;pg 14-16. [3]. Sally grantham mc gregor and Cornelius ani,A Review of Studies on the Effect of Iron Deficiency on Cognitive Development in Children, J. Nutr. February 1, 2001 vol. 131 no. 649S-668S.
[4]. Tomas Walter, Effect of iron-deficiency anemia on cognitive skills and neuromaturation in infancy and childhood, Food and Nutrition Bulletin2003, vol. 24, no. 4 ,S104-S110.
[5]. Jyoti Batra and Archana Sood Iron deficiency anaemia: Effect on congnitive development in children: A review, Indian J Clin Biochem. 2005 Jul; 20(2): 119–125.

Abstract: Carcinoma of the stomach is a second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. The incidence of gastric cancer varies in different parts of the world and among various ethnic groups. This study was a retrospective study of gastric cancers at Kakatiya Medical College, Rangampet, Warangal from 2012 to 2015 were selected . A 81 cases of gastric cancers were selected which accounted for 18% of gastrointestinal cancers......

Keywords:Adenocarcinoma, Gastrointestinal cancers, Histopathology.

[1]. Pisani P, Parkin DM, Ferlay J. Estimates of the worldwide mortality from twenty-five major cancers in 1990. Int J Cancer 1999; 83: 18-29.
[2]. Tominaga S, Kurioski T, Aoki K. Cancer mortality statistics in 33 countries 1953-1992. UICC, Nagoya: RoppoShuppaco Ltd., 1998.
[3]. Si-Chun M, Harvey G. Gastric polyps. A histogenetic classification and its relation to carcinoma. Cancer 1965;18(6): 721-26.
[4]. Kumar, Cotran and Robbins. Pathological Basis of Disease. Published by Prism Books Pvt. Ltd., 1994, 5th edition, pp. 779.

[5]. The EUROGAST study group. An international association between Helicobacter pyloric infection and gastric cancer. Lancet 1993; 341: 1359-62.

Abstract: Introduction : Ovarian cancer is major cause of mortality in women . Now a days so many biomarkers like P53,EGFR, Ki67,CK are used for early detection to predict the prognosis and planning for better treatment. Aims Of Study : To know the role of HER-2/neu expression in surface epithelial tumors of ovary in assessing the prognosis and to know its relation with age of patient, tumor size and grade of tumor. Materials & Methods : Present study conducted for a period of 2 yrs (July 2012 to June 2014) in Government General Hospital, Rangaraya Medical College,Kakinada. During this period we selected total 50 cases of surface epithelial tumors in that we did immunohistochemistry (IHC) with HER 2 neu marker for 32 cases............

[1]. Tavassoli FA, Devilee P. Pathology and genetics of tumors of breast and female genital organs. World Health Organisation classification of tumors .IARC Press, Lyon , 2003; 123-24.
[2]. Hanna L, Adams M. Prevention of ovarian cancer. Best Practical Residents Clinical Obstetrics Gynaecology 2006; 20: 339-62.
[3]. Holschneider CH, Berek JS. Ovarian cancer:Epidemiology, biology, andprognostic factors. Semin Surg Oncol 2000; 19:3-10.
[4]. Warner BW, Kuhn JC, Barr LL.Conservative management of large ovarian cystsin children: the value of serial pelvic ultrasonography.
[5]. Surgery 1992;1(12):749-55. Farley J, Ozbun L L, Birrer M J,Genomic analysis of epithelial ovarian cancer.Cell research 2008; 18: 538-548.

Abstract: Material Andmethods: A prospective study of randomly selected 250 patients with a suspicion of glaucoma were taken up for the study. Their demographic data and clinical findings were tabulated and analyzed. Obser-vations: Out of 250 patients, 128 (51.2%) were males and 122 (48.8%) females. PACG (34.80%) was the most common followed by Glaucoma Suspects (24 %), POAG (22 %) secondary glaucoma(15.60%), CG/DG (2%), JOAG(1.2%) and NTG(0.4%) In the POAG group, M:F was 1.39:1 whereas in PACG it was 0.93:1. POAG suspects ,Congenital glaucoma, JOAG and secondary glaucoma had male predominance but latent ACG had female dominance..........

Keywords: Glaucoma, subtypes, narrow angle glaucoma, open angle glaucoma,

[1]. Quigley HA, Broman AT(2006) The number of people with glaucoma worldwide in 2010 and 2020. Br J Ophthalmo 90: 262-267.doi: 10.1136/bjo.2005.081224
[2]. Dandona L, Dandona R, Mandal P, et al. Angle closure glaucoma in an urban population in southern India. The Andhra Pradesh Eye Disease Study. Ophthalmology. 2000;107:1710–1716.
[3]. Sommer A,Tielsch JM, Katz J,et al. Racial differences in the cause -specific prevalence of blindness in east baltimore . N Engl J Med . 1991;125:1442-47 .
[4]. Tielsch JM, Sommer A, Katz J, et al. Racial variations in the prevalence of primary open-angle glaucoma. The Baltimore Eye Survey. JAMA.1991:266:369-374
[5]. Leske MC, Connell AM, Schachat AP, et al. The Barbados Eye Study. Prevalence of open angle glaucoma. Arch Ophthal-mol.1994; 112:821-8292.

Abstract: Objectives: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved tadalafil in 2011 to treat the signs and symptoms of Lower Urinary Tract symptoms (LUTS) due to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Tadalafil is a phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibitor improves erectile function by increasing the amount of cyclic guanosine monophosphate in the smooth muscle of the corpus cavernosa. This study aims for the comparison of tadalfil with other established drug tamsulosin in south asian population.........

[1] Chapple C. Medical treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia. BMJ 1992; 304: 1198-9.
[2] Clifford GM, Farmer RDT. Medical therapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia: a review of the literature. Eur Urol 200 AUA Practice Guidelines Committee.
[3] AUA guideline on management of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Chapter 1: Diagnosis and treatment recommendation. J Urol 2003; 170: 530-47.0; 38:2-19.
[4] Andersson KE, Lepor H, Wyllie MG. Prostatic alpha 1-adrenoceptors and uroselectivity. Prostate 1997; 30: 202–15.
[5] Kinsey AC, Pomeroy WB, Martin CE. Sexual behavior in the human male. WB Sanders, Philadelphia, 1948.

Abstract: Scleromyxedema is a chronic, progressive condition characterised by dermal fibrosis and mucinosis. The clinical variants consist of generalised confluent lichenoid eruptions (scleromyxedema) with systemic manifestations and a localised variant with discrete papular eruptions. The cases which do not fit into either of the category are termed as atypical or intermediate form. We report such a case of a 50 years old male patient with numerous asymptomatic erythematous papules mainly over his face and diffuse hyperpigmentation with thickening of skin of his body with no systemic complaints. All of his investigations were within normal limits and histopathology showed large amount of mucin deposit in reticular dermis with increased fibrocytes and increased spaces between collagen fibres.........

Keywords: scleromyxedema, lichenoid, papular, mucin.

[1]. Rongioletti F. Lichen myxedematosus (papular mucinosis): new concepts and perspectives for an old disease. Semin Cutan Med Surg 2006;25:100-4. Cokonis Georgakis CD, Falasca G, Georgakis A, Heymann WR. Scleromyxedema. Clin Dermatol 2006;24:493-7.
[2]. Sperber BR, Allee J, Jamed WD. Self healing papular mucinosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004;50: 121-3
[3]. Rongioletti F, Rebora A. Updated classification of papular mucinosis, lichen myxedematosus, and scleromyxedema. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001 Feb;44(2):273-81. [4]. Salas-Alanis J C, Martinez-Jaramillo B, Gomez-Flores M, Ocampo-Candiani J. Scleromyxedema, a therapeutic dilemma Indian J Dermatol. 2015 Mar-Apr; 60(2):215. [5]. Weenig RH, Pittelkow MR. Scleredema and scleromyxedema. In: Wolff K, Goldsmith LA, Katz SI, Gύlchrest BA, Paller ES, Leffell DJ, editors. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in Medicine. 8th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2012. p. 1957-61

Abstract: This study on the marketing of African giant snail in Anambra State, Nigeria established socio-economic characteristics of the marketers, distribution channels, market structure, profitability, marketing efficiency levels, determinants of net marketing income; and constraints to snail marketing. Purposive and random sampling methods were used to select 180 respondents. Data were collected using pre-tested questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.........

Keywords: Marketing, Efficiency, Determinants, African giant snail, Nigeria.

[1]. Adakaren, B. & Chidebelu, S.A.N.D. (2012). The contribution of marketing in alleviating poverty of rural women: A case of palm oil marketing in Edo State, Nigeria. In Aniebo, A.O. and Ugwumba, C.O.A. (eds.), Environmental concerns and agricultural productivity: Addressing the challenges of food security. Proceedings of International Agricultural Conference, Anambra State University, Igbariam Campus, Anambra State, Nigeria. pp. 109-114.
[2]. Adeleye, A.D. (2008). COP 112: General Agriculture II. National Open University of Nigeria. Lagos, Nigeria: TL Peakline.
[3]. Adenegan, K.O. & Bolaji-Olatunji, K. A. (2012). Analysis of edible snail (Archachatina marginata) marketing in Ibadan Metropolis, Oyo State, Nigeria. Int. J. Appl. Res. and Tech. 1(2): 100-108.
[4]. Adinya, I.B. (2006). Snail production: Extension Bulletin Guide. 1(1): 1-3.
[5]. Akinrotimi, O.A., Abu, O.M.G., Ibemere, I.F. & Opara, C.A. (2009). Economic viability and marketing strategies of periwinkle Tympanotonus foscatus in Rivers State, Nigeria. Int. J. Trop. Agric. and Food. Sys. 3(3): 238 – 244.

Abstract: Till the middle of 18th century ankle injuries were described as either dislocation or subluxation. Only in mid-18th century, attempts were made to clarify malleolar fractures from dislocation. Experimental, surgical and clinical research were first carried out by English and French scientists.1Following the invention of X-Rays by Roentgen in 1895, the genesis, pathoanatomy, clinical diagnosis and classification have considerably changed.2Ankle fractures are one of the common the injuries treated by orthopedicians. The ankle joint is precisely aligned with little soft tissue coverage. Hence, severe injury combined with inadequate and inappropriate treatment can lead to severe complications and major disability............

[1]. Lauge N. Analytic Historic Survey as the Basis of New Experimental, Roentgenologic and Clinical Investigations. Arch Surg. 1948; 56(3):259-317.
[2]. Röntgen WC. (2010). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved September 17, 2010, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online:
[3]. Kelikian H., Kelikian AS.: Disorders of the Ankle. Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders, 1985.
[4]. Inman VT. The Joints of the Ankle. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1976.
[5]. Mann R.A.: Biomechanics of the foot and ankle. InMann R.A., ed. Surgery of the Foot and Ankle, 5th ed.. St. Louis: C.V. Mosby; 1986:3

Abstract: Objective: To assess the utilization of postnatal care services in tertiary care center of Delhi. Design: Retrospective hospital data based study. Sitting: Postnatal clinic in department of obstetrics and gynecology at UCMS & GTB Hospital,Delhi. Sample: Total attendance of postnatal women in postnatal clinic were analysed in department of obstetrics and gynecology at UCMS &GTB Hospital, Delhi, from April 2011 to June 2012 in duration of 15 months. Total 1484 women were received postnatal care services after discharge from same institute in this duration of 15 months.........

Keywords: Contraception, , Maternal mortality, Postnatal care ,Tertiary care center, ,

[1]. World Health Organization: Postpartum care of the mother and newborn: a practical guide (1998)WHO/RHT/MSM/983. Geneva.
[2]. Ronsmans C, Graham WJ. Maternal mortality: who, when, where, and why Lancet, 2006; 368:1189-1200.
[3]. CEMACH (Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Health). Why Mothers Die: Report on confidential enquiries into maternal deaths in the United Kingdom (2000– 2002).CEMACH, London; 2004:14.
[4]. Registrar General of India: Sample registration system-special bulletin on maternal mortality in India 2007-2009. Office of Registrar General of India,New Delhi 2011.
[5]. Alfredo LF Mtktma N. Postpartum Care: Levels and Determinants in Developing Countries. Calverton, Maryland, USA, Macro International Inc; 2006.

Abstract: Background: Cervical cancer presents as major cause of morbidity and mortality especially in developing countries like India. Various screening programs are implemented for its early detection and treatment, which makes it imperative to have a reliable screening investigation for wider application. Objective : TO evaluate the role of Liquid base cytology and Colposcopy and compare their efficacy for diagnosis of preinvasive cervical lesions.........

Keywords: liquid base cytology ( LBC), Reid index(RI),

[1]. Parkin FJ, Pisani P. GLOBOLON 2002; Cancer incidence mortality and prevalence worldwide version IARC Cancer base No.5 LYON:PRESS 2005.
[2]. Duraisamy K, Jaganathan KS, Bose JC. Method of detecting cervical cancer. Advan Biol Res 2011; 5(4):226-232
[3]. Zarchi MK, Binesh F, Kazemi Z, Teimoori S, Soltani HR, Chiti Z. Value of Colposcopy in the Early Diagnosis of Cervical Cancer in patients with Abnormal Pap Smears at Shahid Sadaoughi Hospital,Yazd. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev. 2011; 12:3439-3441
[4]. Ramesh G, Sudha R, Jayashree AK, Padmini J. Colposcopic Evaluation of the Unhealthy Cervix. 2012 August; 6(6):1026-1028.
[5]. Cheryl LR, Clair WM, Kevin R et al. prevention of cervical cancer. Critical reviews in Oncology/Haematology 2000,33.169-85

Abstract: Haemoglobinopathies particularly β thalassaemia and sickle cell anemia are the most commonly encountered single gene disorders in the world; as so in India. About 4.5% of the world's population carries genes responsible for haemoglobinopathies, and are especially common in populations of tropical Africa, Asia and mediterannaean region and have spread via migration throughout the world.The objective of current study is to find occurrence of haemoglobinopathies in paediatric patient and various haematological parameters in different haemoglobinopathies.........

[1]. Sarnaik SA. Thalassaemia and related haemoglobinopathies. Indian J Pediatr2005; 72:319-24
[2]. Angastiniotis M, Modell B, Englezos P, BoulyjenkovV.Prevention and control of hemoglobinopathies. Bull,World Health Organ.
1995; 73(3): 375-86.
[3]. Agarwal M.B.The burden of haemoglobinopathies in India-time to wake up. JAPI. 2005;53:1017-1018.
[4]. Kate S.L, Lingojwar D.P. Epidemiology of sickle cell disease in the state of Maharashtra. Int J Hum Genetics 2002; 2(3):161- 67.
[5]. Agarwal MB, Mehta BC. Genotypic analysis of symptomatic Thalassaemia syndromes (A study of 292 unrelated cases from
Bombay).J Postgrad Med1982;28:1-3

Abstract: Background: Infection of immune system by HIV leads to gradual deterioration of immunity ultimately leading to a state of immune deficiency known as AIDS. When the infection is rapidly spreading, it is of great importance to know clinical patterns of the disease at the earliest possible so as to modify the course and the prognosis. This study focuses on clinical presentation in HIV positive individuals in Indian scenario and its correlation with CD4 count.........

Keywords: HIV, Clinical presentation, CD4 count

[1]. Douek DC, Roederer M, Koup RA. "Emerging concepts in the immunopathogenesis of AIDS". Annu.rev.med 2009; 60:471-84
[2]. Weiss RA." How does HIV cause AIDS". Science May 1993; 260(5112): 1273-9.
[3]. Harrison's principal of internal medicine. 18th edition 2012, pg.1506 – 1587.
[4]. Wani KA. "Clinical profile of HIV/AIDS in shrinagar, Kashmir, india. from april 2002 to december 2009". Special Issue of the IOMC 2011 Conference Abstracts (Conference e- Proceedings). International Journal of Collaborative Research on Internal Medicine & Public Health. 2011; 3(3):272.
[5]. Joge US, Deo DS, Lakde RN, Choudhari SG, Malkar VR, Ughade HH. Sociodemographic and clinical profile of HIV/AIDS patients visiting to ART Centre at a rural tertiary care hospital in Maharashtra state of India. Int J Biol Med Res. 2012; 3(2): 1568-1572

Abstract: Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major global health concern, as the most common cause of death in the developed countries. Several studies investigated IL-4 alleles in different cases. The rare alleles of these polymorphisms were found to be associated with high IL-4 expression. Aims of the study: In the present study we aimed to investigate IL-4 gene and some biochemical profile in 51 Sudanese of TBI patients and compare between the outcome and il-4 alleles. Material and methods: This is a cross sectional study that had been conducted in the National Center of Neurological Sciences, during January 2016 to March 2016........

Keywords:TBI, IL-4 VNTR, NCNS, Sudan

[1]. Bayley, M., Berrigan, L., Marshall, S., McCullagh, S. & Velikonja, D. "Clinical practice guidelines for mild traumatic brain injury and persistent symptoms. Canadian Family Physician; 2012; Vol. 58.
[2]. Helmy A, De Simoni MG, Guilfoyle MR, Carpenter KLH, Hutchinson PJ. Cytokines and innate inflammation in the pathogenesis of human traumatic brain injury. Progress in Neurobiology 2011;95:352-372.
[3]. Zhang JH ,Reis C, Wang Y, Akyol O, Ho WM, Ii RA, Stier G, Martin R, What‟s New in Traumatic Brain Injury: Update on Tracking, Monitoring and Treatment, International Journal of Molecular Sciences Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015; 16: 11903-11965.
[4]. Baethmann A, Eriskat J, Stoffel M, Chapuis D, Wirth A, PlesnilaN. Special aspects of severe head injury: recent developments. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 1998; 11:193-200.
[5]. Marshall LF. Head injury: recent past, present, and future. Neurosurgery 2000; 47: 546–61.

Abstract: Objective:Anaemia is commonly reported to occur in hookworm infection. Hence a detailed study was done to know about the various investigations which help to differentiate between iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia in patients with hookworm infection diagnosed by doing upper gastro-intestinal endoscopy . Methods:A study of 1307 patients who had undergone upper gastro-intestinal endoscopy for a period of 5 years and one month from May 2009 to May 2014 was carried out.In all the patients found to have hookworms in duodenum,haemoglobin estimation was done to know about the presence or absence of anaemia.........

Keywords: serum ferritin and transferrin saturation, haemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume or MCV, peripheral smear, iron deficiency anaemia

[1]. Hyun HJ, Kim EM, Park SY, Jung JO, Chai JY, Hong ST .A case of severe anemia by Necatoramericanus infection in Korea. J Korean Med Sci. 2010 Dec;25(12):1802-4.
[2]. Wu KL, Chuah SK, Hsu CC, ChiuKW, Chiu YC, Changchien CS. Endoscopic Diagnosis of Hookworm Disease of the Duodenum: A Case Report. J Intern Med Taiwan 2002;13:27-30.
[3]. Kuo YC, Chang CW, Chen CJ, Wang TE, Chang WH, Shih SC . Endoscopic Diagnosis of Hookworm Infection That Caused Anemia in an Elderly Person.International Journal of Gerontology.2010 ; 4(4) :
199-201
[4]. Nakagawa Y, Nagai T, Okawara H, Nakashima H, Tasaki T,Soma W, et al. Comparison of magnified endoscopic images of Ancylostomaduodenale (hookworm) and Anisakissimplex.Endoscopy
2009;41(Suppl. 2):E189
[5]. Basset D, Rullier P, Segalas F, Sasso M. Hookworm discovered in a patient presenting with severe irondeficiency anemiaMed Trop (Mars). 2010 Apr;70(2):203-4

Abstract: Introduction:Ground-level ozone is a pollutant that enters the body mainly by inhalation. Exposure to this pollutant may causerespiratory problems such as inflammation of lung tissue, reduced lung capacity, asthma and nasal congestion. In this study, the excess number of hospital admission for COPD due to ozone exposure was quantified in Tehran, Shiraz and Bandar Abbas cities during April 2014 to March 2015. Materials and methods: In the present cross-sectional study, the required data were obtained from environmental protection agencies of the cities. The validity of the data was assessed according to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria and the valid data were used for the calculation by theAirQ model. Results:The annual mean 8-hr concentration of ozone in the cities was in the order of Shiraz (131 μg/m3 )> Bandar Abbas (60 μg/m >Tehran (49 μg/m). Considering the population of surveyed cities, the excess number of hospital admission for COPD attributed to ozone was in the order of Tehran (209 cases)>Shiraz(125 cases)>Bandar Abbas(50 cases). ........

Keywords: Airpollution, Ozone, AirQ model, Quantification, Health Effects

[1]. Kermani, M., et al., TSP and PM10 measurement and description of air quality index (AQI) in the ambient air in shariati hospital district. Journal of School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research, 2004. 2(1): p. 37-46.

[2]. Samet, J.M., et al., The national morbidity, mortality, and air pollution study. Part II: morbidity and mortality from air pollution in the United States Res Rep Health Eff Inst, 2000. 94(pt 2): p. 5-79.

[3]. Delfino, R.J., M.R. Becklake, and J.A. Hanley, The relationship of urgent hospital admissions for respiratory illnesses to photochemical air pollution levels in Montreal. Environmental Research, 1994. 67(1): p. 1-19.

[4]. Downs, S.H., et al., Reduced exposure to PM10 and attenuated age-related decline in lung function. New England Journal of Medicine, 2007. 357(23): p. 2338-2347.

[5]. Gauderman, W.J., et al., Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age: a cohort study. The Lancet, 2007. 369(9561): p. 571-577

Abstract: Tuberculosis of gallbladder is an extremely rare entity even in endemic region. Pre-operative diagnosis may not be possible and most of the cases are found incidentally during histopathological examination of resected specimen of gallbladder. We are presenting a case of tuberculosis of gallbladder presenting as acalculous cholecystitis in a middle aged female patient. We conclude that each gallbladder specimen should be sent for histopathological evaluation to rule out tuberculosis.........

Keywords: Tuberculosis, gallbladder, cholecystitis.

[1]. Akhtar K, Zaheer S, Ahmad SS, Mansoor T. Gall bladder tuberculosis. Ann Trop Med Public Health 2009;2:61-62.
[2]. Tanwani R, Sharma D, Chandrakar SK. Tuberculosis of gall bladder without associated gallstones or cystic duct obstruction. Indian J Surg 2005;67:45-46.
[3]. Ali Abdelbasit E, Shibly El Tahir M El, Sheikh Hassan El. Tuberculous gallbladder mass in a 7-year-old child with chronic right upper quadrant pain. Sudan Med J 2011;47(1):32-35.
[4]. Xu X-Fang, Yu Ri-Sheng, Qiu Ling-Ling, Shen J, Dong Fei and Chen Ying. Gallbladder tuberculosis: CT findings with histopathologic correlation. Korean J Radiol 2011;12(2):196-202.
[5]. Swain B, Otta S, Mohapatra S. Tuberculous cholecystitis. Indian J Med Microbiol 2013;31:317.

Abstract: Introduction: Pyogenic skin infection (pyoderma) is the bacterial infection of skin and its appendages¹. Cutaneous bacterial infections are common clinical problems encountered in most fields of clinical medicine.² Pyoderma constitutes a major portion of patients in dermatological clinics in India.3,4. Diagnosis is mainly based on clinical examination correlated with laboratory investigations Aim & objectives: This study was conducted to study the etiology of primary and secondary pyoderma, determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the isolated bacteria, and to detect MRSA..........

Keywords: Pyoderma , folliculitis, sensitivity, S.aureus, MRSA.

[1]. Wolff K, Goldsmith LA, Katz SI, Gilchrest BA, Paller AS, Leffell DJ. Fitzpatricks' Dermatology in General Medicine. 8th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2012.
[2]. Paudel U, Parajuli S, Pokhrel D B. Clinico-bacteriological profile and antibiotic sensitivity pattern in pyodermas: A Hospital Based study. Nepal J Dermatol Venereol Leporal 2013;11 (1) :49-58.
[3]. Ghadage DP, Sali YA. Bacteriological study of pyoderma with special reference to antibiotic susceptibility to newer antibiotics. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 1999;65:177-81
[4]. Oberai C, Shailendra S, Dalal D, Patil DJ, Patil R, Umrigar D, et al. A comparative clinical study of sisomicin cream versus mupirocin ointment in pyodermas. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2002;68:78-81
[5]. Nagmoti MJ, patil CS, Metgud SC. A backterial study of pyoderma in Belgaum. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 1999;65:69-71.

Abstract: Linear Psoriasis is a rare form of psoriasis characterised by linear array of lesions involving particular dermatome or along the blaschko lines. It may arise de-novo or as a part of Koebner phenomenon with other psoriatic lesions1. It may resemble cinically to ILVEN(Inflammatory Linear Verrucous EpidermalNaevus)1-2. Hereby we are reporting a case of 39 year old male who initially presented with generalised pustular psoriasis but after treatment it emerged with linear verrucous papules resembling ILVEN and histologically with features of psoriasis..........

Keywords: Linear Psoriasis, ILVEN, Blaschko lines

[1] Rook's Textbook of Dermatology ch: 20.18 linear and zonal lesions in psoriasis.
[2] Kerl H, Pachinger W. Psoriasis: odd varieties in the adult. ActaDermVenereol(Stockh) 1979; 59 (Suppl. 87): 90–4.
[3] Bondi EE. Psoriasis overlying an epidermal nevus.Arch Dermatol.1979;115:624-5.
[4] Bolognia JL, Orlow SJ, Glick SA. Lines of Blaschko.J Am AcadDermatol. 1994;31:157-90.
[5] Ingram JT. The significance and management of psoriasis.BMJ 1954; ii: 823–8.

Abstract: Background: Traditional bone setting is widely practiced in developing countries like India and a city like Bangalore is no exception to this. We conducted this study to evaluate the reasons for patronizing traditional bone setting and also to know the complications associated with it. Methods: This was a prospective observational study conducted in our hospital. 568 patients presenting to our hospital from August 2013 to August 2015 after getting treated by traditional bone setters were included in our study. They were evaluated clinically and radiologically for presence of fracture, made to answer a questionnaire and observations were made for presence of complications..........

Keywords: Traditional bone setters; fractures; patronize; complications.

[1] Shanker D. Traditional bone setting. Planning Commission Report on Health Systems. [Last accessed on 2007 July 16]. Available from: http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/sereport/ser/seeds/seed_helth.pdf .
[2] Church J. Regional news. World Orthopaedic Concern Newsletter. 1998.
[3] Agarwal A, Agarwal R. The practice and tradition of bone setting. Educ Health. 2010; 23:1. Available from: http://www.educationforhealth.net/ [PubMed].
[4] Ashok Kumar Panda and Suvendu Rout. Puttur kattu (bandage) – A traditional bone setting practice in south India. J Ayurveda Interg Med. 2011 Oct-Dec; 2(4): 174-178.
[5] World health organization. Consultation meeting on traditional medicine and modern medicine: Harmonizing the two approaches. Geneva, World health organization 1999 (document reference (WP) TM/ICP/TM/001/RB/98-RS/99/GE/32(CHN)).

Abstract: Introduction: Thyroid diseases are the second most frequent endocrinopathy in children and adolescents with girls being more frequently affected. [1] Objectives of the Study: To analyse various Thyroid lesions diagnosd by FNAC in pediatric age group - 0 to14yrs. Materials And Methods: Pediatric patients (aged 0-14 yrs) with Thyroid swellings formed the study. Clinical, Biochemical, USG data and FNAC Thyroid were correlated to arrive at a diagnosis.).........

Keywords: Thyroid, Pediatric, FNAC, Hashimoto's Thyroiditis, Ultrasonography.

[1]. Calkovsky V, Hajtman A. Thyroid diseases in children and adolescents; Bratisl Lek Listy.2009;110(1):31-4 [2]. Jeremy T. Guille, Adwoa Opoku-Boateng et al. Evaluation and Management of the Pediatric Thyroid Nodule The Oncologist 2015 jan;20(1):19-27
[3]. Millman B, Pellitteri PK. Nodular thyroid disease in children and adolescents. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1997 Jun;116(6 Pt 1):604-9.
[4]. Chang SH, Joo M, Kim H.Fine needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules in children and adolescents.J Korean Med Sci. 2006 Jun;21(3):469-73.
[5]. Willgerodt H, Keller E, Bennek J, Emmrich P.Diagnostic value of fine-needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules in children and adolescents. Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Apr;19(4):507-15.

Abstract: Background:Alpha-2agonists like clonidine and Dexmedetomidine are used as Neuraxial adjuvants. They potentiate the effect of local anaesthetics and allow a decrease in required doses. They prolong the
duration of both motor and sensory spinal blockade. Aims & Objectives:This study is designed to compare the onset, duration of sensory and motor block and
haemodynamic characteristics and side effects of addition of clonidine (30μg) and Dexmedetomidine (5μg) to intrathecal 0.5% bupivacaine.
Materials & Methods: Sixty American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) grade I and II patients were randomized into two groups, 30 patients in each group: Group C (n=30) received 3.5 ml [3ml (15mg) of 0.5%
bupivacaine + 0.5ml (30μg) of clonidine] and Group D received 3.5ml [3ml (15mg) of 0.5% bupivacaine + 0.5ml(5μg) of Dexmedetomidine] of study drug. All the drugs used in this study were preservative free. The
intrathecal injections were prepared by.......

Keywords: Clonidine, Dexmedetomidine, Bupivacaine, Subarachnoid block

[1]. Dobrydnjov I, AxelssonK, ThornSE, Matthiesen P, Klockhoff H, Holmstrom B, Gupta A. Clonidine combined with small-dose bupivacaine during spinal anesthesia for inguinal herniorrhaphy: a randomised double-blinded study. AnesthAnalg. 2003; 96:1496-
503.
[2]. De Kock M, Gautier P, Fanard L, Hody J, Lavand P. Intrathecalropivacaine and clonidine for ambulatory knee arthroscopy. Anesthesiology. 2001; 94:574-8.
[3]. Strebel S, Gurzeler JA, SchneiderMC, Aeschbach A, Kindler CH. Small-dose intrathecal clonidine and isobaric bupivacaine for orthopaedic surgery: a dose-response study. AnesthAnalg. 2004; 99:1231-8.
[4]. Daabiss M. American Society of Anaesthesiologists physical status classification. Indian J Anaesth. 2011; 55: 111-5.
[5]. Ljungqvist O, Soreide E. Preoperative fasting. Br J Surg. 2003; 90: 400-6..