iosr-JDMS   Volume-17 ~ Issue-2 ~ February-2018

Abstract: GB syndrome is an acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, an autoimmune disease affecting the peripheral nervous system which is triggered by acute infection. As it is a disease of peripheral nerves, if autoimmune involvement like bladder & bowel dysfunction occurs early then this raises suspiscion for other diagnosis because this involment occurs late in the disease course. Normally in 25% cases bladder involment is seen. Hence early bladder involment in GB syndrome is considered as atypical presenation of disease which is not commonly seen. Here we are reporting a case of GB syndrome who presented as urinary retention with constipation and progressive lower limb weakness. This lead us to suspect other diagnosis ,but it is a atypical presenation confirmed by NCV test and when treated with plasma pheresis, patient recovered.

Keywords: Demyelinating, Guillain Barry syndrome, Polyneuropathy

[1]. Stephen L. Hauser , Anthony A. Amato, Guillain Barry Syndrome & other immune mediated Neuropathies, Harrisons principle of internal medicine,19th edition,McGraw –Hill Education 2015;2694
[2]. Guillain-Barre syndrome fact sheet , NINDS , jully 2011
[3]. R. Sakakibara, T. Uchiyama et.al , urinary retention & sympathetic sphincter obstruction in axonal Guillain- Barre syndrome, Muscle Nerve 35: 111-115,2007
[4]. Sheridan, Josh M, Smith, Dustin, Atypical Guillain- Barre in the emergency department, Western journal of emergency medicine: integrating emergency care with population health 11(1): 80-82,Jan 2010
[5]. Prof. Richard AC Hughes, David R Corbinath, Guillain- Barre syndrome ,The Lancet: p1653-1666,Vol 366,No.9497,5 November 2005.

Abstract: The aim of the present study is to comprehensively study and evaluate the risk factors in the development of incisional hernia. Patients and methods: This hospital based prospective study includes100 consecutive casesdiagnosed with incisional hernia admitted in Siddhartha Medical College and General Hospital between December 2015 to December 2017. Results: Incisional hernias were most common in the 4th decade with the mean age 38.44 years. Obese females, pelvic surgeries, lower midline incisions and repeated surgeries were other significant risk factors and were found to be interlinked.Conclusion: Incidence of incisional hernias was found to be multifactorial, which requires adequate preoperative preparation and nutrition, weight loss advice, proper surgical technique and postoperative care to prevent wound infections..

Key words: Incisional Hernias, Risk Factors, Post Laparotomy, Obesity

[1]. Micheal J Zinner& Stanley W. Ashley. Maingot' s Abdominal operations 12th Edition 2013:pg no. 150.
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Abstract: Jodhpur disease (Primary acquired gastric outlet obstruction in infancy and childhood) is a rare clinical entity causing symptoms of gastric outlet obstruction. This disease was first described in 1997 in Jodhpur, India. We present a case report of a 2-year old male child presented to us with recurrent non-bilious vomiting and upper abdominal distension after meals. Patient was operated and hypertrophic mucosa and sub-mucosa were found for which Hienke-Mikuliczpyloroplasty was done. Postoperative period was uneventful and patient was discharged under satisfactory conditions. Jodhpur disease is a rare entity with presentation as gastric outlet obstruction. It is a curable disease and management is essentially surgical and Heineke-Mikuliczpyloroplasty has excellent results.

Keywords: Jodhpur Disease, Primary acquired gastric outlet obstruction in infancy and childhood, Hienke-Mikuliczpyloroplasty

[1]. Sharma KK, Aggrawal P, Toshniwal H. Acquired gastric outlet obstruction during infancy and childhood: a report of five unusual cases. J Pediatr Surg. 1997;32:928–30.

[2]. Sharma KK, Ranka P, Goyal P, Dabi DR. Gastric outlet obstruction in children: an overview with report of "Jodhpur disease" and Sharma's classification. J Pediatr Surg. 2008;43:1891–7.

[3]. Nazir Z, Arshad M. Late-onset primary gastric outlet obstruction-an unusual cause of growth retardation. J Pediatr Surg. 2005;40:e13–e16.

[4]. Lin J-Y, Lee Z-F, Yen Y-C, Chang Y-T. Pneumatic dilation in treatment of late-onset primary gastric outlet obstruction in childhood. J Pediatr Surg. 2007;42:e1–e4.

Abstract: Objectives: The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the spectrum of abnormality on MRI, to correlate MRI findings with the seizure type and EEG findings wherever available in children presenting with non febrile seizure disorder. Patients and Methods: A retrospective hospital based study was done of 271 children who underwent brain MRI for seizure disorder with exclusion of febrile conditions, recent trauma and metabolic conditions from the study. The MRI findings were interpreted independently and subsequently correlated with clinical history and EEG findings wherever available from patients' records...........

Key words: ......

[1]. Van der Berg BJ, Yerushalmy J.Studies on convulsive disorders in young children. I. Incidence of febrile and nonfebrile convulsions by age and other factors.Pediatr. Res.1969;3:298-304.
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Abstract: Background: Light's criteria is the gold standard to differentiate transudative pleural effusion (PE) from exudative PE, but it requires four biochemical estimations which, in developing countries such as India, may not be feasible in every patient due to economic constraints. Aims & Objectives: To evaluate the comparative usefulness of pleural fluid biochemical parameters with relative usefulness of pleural cholesterol to the traditional Light' criteria. Methodology: This observational nonrandomized multiple arm prospective study was carried out in a group of new PE cases, admitted between December 2015 to September 2017 in the Department of Medicine at Gajra Raja Medical College, Gwalior, India. A total of 100 adult patients of both gender were selected by adhering strictly to certain inclusion and exclusion criteria. Statistical Analysis : Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of different biochemical parameters single or in combination were analyzed............

Keyword's : Pleural Effusion, Transudate, Exudate, Light's Criteria, Pleural Cholesterol , Pleural LDH.

[1]. Seaton A. The Pleura. In: Seaton A, Leitch AG, Seaton D, editors. Crofton and Douglas's Respiratory Diseases. 5th ed. Vol 2. USA: Wiley-Blackwell; 2000. p. 1152-81.
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[3]. Light RW. Disorders of the pleura, mediastinum, diaphragm and chest wall. In: Longo DL, Kasper DL, Jameson JL, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Loscazlo J, editors. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 18th ed. USA: McGraw-Hill Professional; 2011. p. 1565-9.
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[5]. Gil Suay V, Martínez Moragon E, Cases Viedma E, Perpiñá TM, León FM, Sanchis Aldas J. Pleural cholesterol in differentiating transudates and exudates. A prospective study of 232 cases. Respiration 1995;62:57‑63.,

Abstract: Introduction: Chronic Kidney Disease may result in abnormal turnover, coupling, and mineralization. As nephron loss causes the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) to fall below 60 ml/minute, phosphate is retained and calcium secreted inducing a rise in parathyroid hormone (PTH)that causes decrease in cortical thickness in bone and reabsorption of calcium from kidney to maintain calcium homeostasis and finally develops Renal Osteodystrophy. Material and methods: The present study was carried out at Department of Medicine, RIMS Ranchi, India during October 2016 to September 2017. Total 143 (cases and controls) subjects were selected randomly for Analytical Case Control study. All blood parameters were measured and Metacarpocortical index was calculated.............

Keywords: Chronic Kidney Disease, Renal osteodystophy, Metacarpocortical index

[1]. Darren M Roberts and Richard F Singer. Management of renal bone disease. Aust Prescr. 2010;33:34-7.
[2]. Svara F. Chronic kidney disease mineral and bone disorder (CKDMBD): a new term for a complex approach. J Ren Care. 2009;35(Suppl 1):3–6.
[3]. Ho LT and Sprague SM. Women and CKD-mineral and bone disorder. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2013;20(5):423-6.
[4]. Llach F. Secondary hyperparathyroidism in renal failure: the trade-off hypothesis revisited. Am J Kidney Dis. 1995;25(5):663-79.
[5]. Goodman WG. Medical management of secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2003;18(Suppl 3):2-8...

Abstract: Type 2 Diabetes mellitus is the most common metabolic and endocrine disorder that is characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) in the context of insulin resistance and shortage of insulin. Obesity and lack of physical activity is thought to be the primary cause of type 2 diabetes and known to cause chronic complications particularly neuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy. One of the most over looked of all serious complications of diabetes is Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy (CAN) which encompasses damage to the autonomic nerve fibers. Aim: The present study aims at assessing cardiovascular autonomic efficiency in diabetic people of urban region. Methods: cardiovascular autonomic activity was assessed with help of Ewing's autonomic function test parameters. Age matched 50 non diabetic and 50 diabetic subjects were included in this study. Results: It was observed..........

Keywords: Type 2 diabetes mellitus, autonomic function test, cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy

[1]. Wild S, Roglic G,Green A,Sicree R, King H: Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care 2004, 27:1047-53
[2]. Vinik AI, Maser RE, Mitchell BD, Freeman R,Diabetic autonomic neuropathy.Diabetes Care,26:1553–1579, (2003).
[3]. Boulton AJ, Vinik AI, Arezzo JC, Bril V,Feldman EL, Freeman R, Malik RA, Maser RE, Sosenko JM, ZieglerD, Diabetic neuropathies: astatement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care, 28:956–962,(2005).
[4]. Sztajzel J, Heart rate variability: a noninvasive electrocardiographic method to measure the autonomic nervous system. Swiss Med Wkly, 134:514–522, (2004).
[5]. Ziegler D, Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy: clinical manifestations and measurement. Diabetes Reviews, 7:342–35,(1999).

Abstract: Background- A palpable breast lump is a common diagnostic problem to both general practitioners and surgeons. FNAC is a valuable tool and it's advantage is to provide rapid accurate diagnosis, cost-effective, excellent patient acceptance and minimal or no morbidity. Based on the result of FNAC, further treatment can be plannned in most cases without proceeding for biopsy. Aim- Evaluate FNAC in different type of breast lesions and to compare the result with histomorphological study in the available follow-up and assess the accuracy of FNAC of breast. Material And Methods- The present study was conducted in Pathology Department of Hi-Tech Medical College from August 2014 to July 2017. During the study period, 382 patients who presented with palpable breast lump........

Key words: Breast, FNAC

[1]. Martin HE, Ellis E B. Biopsy by needle puncture and aspiration. Ann Surg. 1930 Aug;92(2):169-81
[2]. Martin HE, Ellis E B. Aspiration Biopsy. Surgery, Gynecology and Obstretics 1934;59;578-589
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[4]. Adair FE. Surgical problems involved in breast cancer Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1949;4: 360-380
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Abstract: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a disorder of retinal vasculature, characterized mainly by abnormal development of retinal vasculature and is an important and preventable cause of childhood blindness1. It usually affects premature babies who are exposed to certain risk factors like : low gestational age, low birth weight and prolonged exposure to supplementary oxygen after delivery2 to which it is found to be associated with. Recent advancements in neonatal care have led to an increase in the survival of low birth weight and premature infants3, resulting in a rise of ROP incidence4,5. This research aims to find out various risk factors and associated comorbidities with ROP.

Keywords: Retinopathy of Prematurity, gestational age, childhood blindness, low birth weight, sepsis, oxygen therapy, apnea, blood transfusion

[1]. Yang CS, Chen SJ, Lee FL, Hsu WM, Liu JH. Retinopathy of prematurity: screening, incidence and risk factors analysis. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi Chin Med J Free China Ed. 2001 Dec;64(12):706–12.
[2]. Kim T, Sohn J, Pi S, Yoon YH. Postnatal risk factors of retinopathy of prematurity. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2004 Mar;18(2):130–4.
[3]. Field DJ, Dorling JS, Manktelow BN, Draper ES. Survival of extremely premature babies in a geographically defined population: prospective cohort study of 1994-9 compared with 2000-5. BMJ. 2008 May 31;336(7655):1221–3.
[4]. Shah PK, Prabhu V, Karandikar SS, Ranjan R, Narendran V, Kalpana N. Retinopathy of prematurity: Past, present and future. World J Clin Pediatr. 2016 Feb 8;5(1):35–46.
[5]. Incidence of ROP Increasing in Extremely Preterm Infants [Internet]. Medscape. [cited 2018 Feb 10]. Available from: http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/710504

Abstract: Background: In India, there is 158.8 million number of children in the age group 0 – 6 years as per the population totals of Census, 2011, which is 13.12% of the total population. Hence, in such a large population of children mental health is an essential component of overall health and its burden is to be recognized. Aim: To study the socio – demographic characteristics and pattern of mental health disorders among children and adolescents attending a child guidance clinic in a tertiary teaching hospital. Method: 100 new cases aged between 6 and 18 attending the child guidance clinic were taken up in the study. The subjects were assessed clinically with detailed history, with a semi structured performa for socio demographic details and Kuppuswami Socio-economic scale for assessing the socio economic status. Diagnoses were made on the bases of International Classification of Diseases 10th edition and MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview for children and adolescents (Parent Version.....

Keywords: Psychiatric Disorders, Child And Adolescents, MINI Kid.

[1]. Size, growth rate and distribution of child population. Available at http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/India/Final_PPT_2011_chapter4.pdf, last accessed on 27/9/2015.
[2]. Figures at a glance, India 2010. Available at www.cesusindia.gov.in/vitals_statistics/srs/At_a_glance_2010.xls, last accessed on 11/11/2015.
[3]. Belfer ML. Child and adolescent mental disorders: the magnitude of the problem across the globe. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2008;49:226–236.
[4]. Costello EJ, Egger H, Angold A. 10-Year research update review: the epidemiology of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders: I. Methods and public health burden. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005;44:972–986.
[5]. Atilola O, Singh Balhara YP, Stevanovic D, Avicenna M, Kandemir H. Self-reported mental health problems among adolescents in developing countries: results from an international pilot sample. Journal of developmental and behavioral pediatrics. 2013;34(2):129-37. Epub 2013/02/02.

Abstract: Aims: To study two stage repair in primary cases of proximal hypospadias using inner preputial graft and analyze short term outcomes. Methods: Single institutional prospective study of patients who underwent primary repair of proximal hypospadias between Jan 2011 to Dec 2016. Failed hypospadias repair cases or proximal hypospadias with DSD or already circumcised cases were excluded from the study. Results: 60 patients completed 2-stage repair with inner preputial graft with a mean age of 42 months(range 36m-96m)in 1st stage and 50m (range 42m-105m). Graft uptake was 100%. On a mean follow up of 12 months(range 6m-28m), there were 10 cases of urethrocutaneous fistula- 4 closed on regular dilatation and ultimately 6(10%)required closure of fistula. 2 cases of meatal stenosis required dilatation. No cases of urethral stricture were reported.................

Keywords: Two-stage repair, proximal hypospadias, outcome.

[1]. Baskin LS, Colborn T, Himes K. Hypospadias and endocrine disruptor: is there a connection? Environ HealthPerspect 2001; 109: 1179-83.
[2]. Duckett JW. Successful hypospadias repair. Contemp Urol 1992; 4: 42-55.
[3]. Baskin LS, Ebbers MB. Hypospadias: anatomy, etiology & technique. J Pediatr Surg 2006; 41: 463-72
[4]. Joshi RS, Bachani MS, Uttarwar AM, Ramji JI. The Bracka two-stage repair for severe proximal hypospadias: a single centre experience. JIAPS 2015; 20; 72-6.
[5]. Johal NS, Nitkunan T, O'Malley K, Cuckow PM. The two-stage repair for severe primary hypospadias. European Urology 2006; 50; 366-71.

Abstract: Objectives: To Compare the Effictiveness of Clonidine in 0.5% Bupivacaine with Dexamethasone in 0. 5% Bupivacaine in Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block in terms of onset of sensory and motor blockade 2. Duration of sensory and motor blockade. Materials &Methods:The study was carried out as a Prospective, randomized clinical trail among 60 patients who underwent different surgical procedures under supraclavicular brachial plexus block They were randomized in to two group. Group A - Clonidine in 0.5% Bupivacaine and Group B - Dexamethasone in 0. 5% Bupivacaine. Both were compared with regard to onset of sensory and motor blockade andduration of sensory and motor blockade.Results :No statistically significant difference was reported between the two groups in demographic variables.............

Keywords: Brachial plexus block, clonidine,dexamethasone,analgesia.

[1]. Kaabachi O, Quezini R, Koubaa W, Ghrab B, Zargouni A, Ben Abdelaziz Tramadol as an adjuvant to lidocaine for axillary brachial plexus block AnesthAnalg. 2007;23:187 a£ "9
[2]. Karakaya D, Buyukgoz F, Baris S, Guldogus F, Tur A. Addition of fentranyl to bupivacaine prolongs anesthesia and analgesia in axillary brachial plexus block . Reg Anesh Pain Med 2001; 26: 43 a£ "8
[3]. Collins JG, Kitahata LM, Matsumato M, Homma E, Suzukawa M. Spinally administered epinephrine suppresses noxiously evoked activity of wide – dynamic range neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Ana esthesiology 1984: 60: 269-75.
[4]. Gaumann DM, Forster A, Griessen M, Habre W, Poinsot O, Della Santa D.comparison between clonidine and epinephrine admixture to lidocaine in brachial plexus block, AnesthAnalg, 1992 : 75:69 a£ "74. ( PubMed : 1615 )
[5]. Gaumann DM, Brunet PC, Jirounek P. Clonidien enhances the effects of lidocain on C- fiber action potential. AnesthAnalg. 992 ; 74: 71 a£ "25. ( Pub Med: 1567041)

Abstract: Jodhpur disease (Primary acquired gastric outlet obstruction in infancy and childhood) is a rare clinical entity causing symptoms of gastric outlet obstruction. This disease was first described in 1997 in Jodhpur, India. We present a case report of a 2-year old male child presented to us with recurrent non-bilious vomiting and upper abdominal distension after meals. Patient was operated and hypertrophic mucosa and sub-mucosa were found for which Hienke-Mikuliczpyloroplasty was done. Postoperative period was uneventful and patient was discharged under satisfactory conditions. Jodhpur disease is a rare entity with presentation as gastric outlet obstruction. It is a curable disease and management is essentially surgical and Heineke-Mikuliczpyloroplasty has excellent resu.

Keywords: Jodhpur Disease, Primary acquired gastric outlet obstruction in infancy and childhood, Hienke-Mikuliczpyloroplasty

[1]. Sharma KK, Aggrawal P, Toshniwal H. Acquired gastric outlet obstruction during infancy and childhood: a report of five unusual cases. J Pediatr Surg. 1997;32:928–30.

[2]. Sharma KK, Ranka P, Goyal P, Dabi DR. Gastric outlet obstruction in children: an overview with report of "Jodhpur disease" and Sharma's classification. J Pediatr Surg. 2008;43:1891–7.

[3]. Nazir Z, Arshad M. Late-onset primary gastric outlet obstruction-an unusual cause of growth retardation. J Pediatr Surg. 2005;40:e13–e16.

[4]. Lin J-Y, Lee Z-F, Yen Y-C, Chang Y-T. Pneumatic dilation in treatment of late-onset primary gastric outlet obstruction in childhood. J Pediatr Surg. 2007;42:e1–e4.

Abstract: Reduced mouth opening is a common clinical problem and many individuals experience it at least once in his or her life and most dental practitioners see patients with restricted mouth opening quite often. It can occur due to a variety of underlying conditions which may involve complex factors. Hence, it is essential for the clinician to thoroughly investigate and examine these cases for proper diagnosis and its appropriate management. Main objective of this study is to find the major cause(s) for Limited or restricted mouth opening and its frequency of treatment method followed in Libya for the cure and healthy life. Study was conducted at Al-khoms Teaching hospital, Al-khoms, Libya from January 2017 to December 2017...............

Keywords: Reduced mouth opening, Oro-facio trauma, Temporomandibular joint.

[1]. Chidzonga MM (1999) Temporomandibular joint ankylosis: review of thirty-two cases. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 37:123-126.
[2]. Dhanrajani P and Jonaidel O (2002) Trismus: aetiology, differential diagnosis and treatment. Dent. Update 29: 88– 92, 94.
[3]. Garefis P, Grigoriadou E, Zarifi A and Koidis PT (1994) Effectiveness of conservative treatment for craniomandibular disorders: a 2-year longitudinal study. J. Orofac. Pain 8: 309-314.
[4]. Gupta SK, Rana AS, Gupta D, Jain G and Karla P (2010) Unusual causes of reduced mouth opening and its suitable surgical management: Our experience Natl. J. Maxillofac. Surg. 1(1): 86–90.
[5]. Hadlock TA, Ferraro NF and Rahbar R (2001) Acute mastoiditis with temporomandibular joint effusion. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 125 :111-112.

Abstract: Hepatitis C ( HCV) is considered an emerging infection in India. HCV is known to be primarily transmitted through blood & blood products and has been implicated as a major cause of chronic Liver disease (CLD), Cirrhosis and Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide.The present study was conducted for a period of six months to find out the Epidemiologic trend & evaluate the risk factor(s) associated with HCV infection among clinically suspected patients attending the tertiary care hospital. Presence of Anti HCV Ab in the serum indicates HBV infection. The serum was separated & analyzed for Anti HCV Ab by 3rd generation antibody Hepa Scan HCV ELISA Test®. 8 out of 7897 (0.1%) serum samples were confirmed to be positive for Anti HCV Ab. 62.5 % of the positive samples were females and 37.5% were males.................

Keywords: Epidemiology , Anti HCV Ab , ELISA

[1]. Nepal A, Abbas M (2015). To Determine the Seroprevalence of Hepatitis C Virus in Patients of Teku Hospital, Nepal, Kathmandu. J App Pharm 7: 207. doi:10.4172/1920-4159.1000207.

[2]. Ekta Gupta, Meenu Bajpai and Aashish Choudhary. Hepatitis C virus: Screening, diagnosis, and

[3]. interpretation of laboratory assays. Asian J Transfus Sci. 2014 Jan-Jun; 8(1): 19–25.

[4]. doi:10.4103/0973-6247.126683
[5]. Atreyi Chakraborty, Sampurna Biswas Pramanik, Debajyoti Singha Roy, Soma Sarkar, Mayukh Chakraborty and Anita Nandi (Mitra). A Retrospective Study on the Sero-prevalence of Hepatitis C Infection in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Kolkata, India. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2015) 4(3): 115-123.

Abstract: Hepatitis B virus infection (HBV) is a global public health problem. HBV infection is among the most common causes of hepatitis and can progress to serious liver diseases, such as chronic hepatic insufficiency, cirrhosis and Hepatocellular carcinoma. The present study was conducted for a period of six months to find out the Epidemiologic trend & evaluate the risk factor(s) associated with HBV infection among clinically suspected patients attending the tertiary care hospital. Presence of HBsAg in the serum indicates HBV infection. The serum was separated & analyzed by an immunoassay based on the antigen capture or sandwich principle by using one step HBsAg Rapid Card Test............

Keywords: HBV , Epidemiology, HBsAg Rapid Card Test..

[1]. Seroprevalence of markers for hepatitis B viral infection Ray M. Merrill *, Bradley D. Hunter Department of Health Science, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 15 (2011) e78–e121
[2]. PREVALENCE OF HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN AS A SEROLOGICAL MARKER IN HBV INFECTION ,Raminder Sandhu &Gaurav Sharma. IJPBS |Volume 4| Issue 1 |JAN-MAR|2014|19-24
[3]. Trend in seroprevalence of Hepatitis B virus infection among blood donors of coastal Karnataka, India Karandeep Singh, Sudha Bhat, Shamee Shastry. J Infect Dev Ctries 2009; 3(5):376-379.
[4]. The Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in the United States in the Era of Vaccination Annemarie Wasley,Deanna Kruszon-Moran,Wendi Kuhnert, Edgar P. Simard, Lyn Finelli,Geraldine McQuillan,and Beth Bell.The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2010; 202 (2):192–201
[5]. Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B Infection among out Patients Attending a Public Tertiary Hospital in Kaduna State, Nigeria Edia-Asuke UA, Abubakar Z and Asuke S. Edia-Asuke et al., Trop Med Surg 2015, 3:3.

Abstract: Objectives: Uric acid and highly sensitive C reactive protein (hs-CRP) are risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome. The objective of study is to assess the level of uric acid and CRP in metabolic syndrome subjects and to compare the levels in metabolic syndrome subjects with and without diabetes mellitus Materials and methods: Detailed history and clinical examination, routine investigations and the following investigations Serum triglycerides, HDL, LDL, FBS, Serum uric acid, hs-CRP test were collected Results: Those with higher Uric acid levels had significantly higher systolic blood pressure (p=0.027) and FBS (P=0.033) than those with lower uric acid levels. 76% of patients had hs-CRP > 3 mg/l and none of the patients had hs-CRP <l mg/l. Among diabetics, 64% had higher hs-CRP level.............

[1]. Manopriya Thiruvagounder, Shahen khan, Dhastagir, Sultan Sherif. The prevalence of metabolic snyndrome in a local population in India. Biochemia medica 2010;20(2):249-52.
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[3]. Shraddha Singh, Pushplata Sachan, Amit Madeshiya, Dileep Verma, Munna Lal Patel, Sunita Tiwari. Quantitative analysis of serum uric acid and C-Reactive protein level in North Indian prediabetic and diabetic subjects.International Journal of Biomedical Research 2013;4(11):596-602
[4]. Hayden MR, Tyagi SC. Intimal redox stress: Accelerated atherosclerosis in metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Atheroscleropathy Cardiovasc Diabetol 2002;1(1):3.