iosr-JDMS   Volume-17 ~ Issue-2 ~ February-2018

Abstract: Background: Over The Counter (OTC)drugs usage has been increasing now a days. Aim: The aim of the study is to know about the awareness and knowledge of OTC drugs and its usage by medical students. Materials and Methods: The study is conducted in III Semester and V Semester medical students. A Common questionnaire consisting of 20 questions is given and they are asked to answer them in yes or no option. The results are analyzed and tabulated using descriptive statistics. Results: From this study it is noticed that greater percentage of V semester students had awareness about OTC drugs when compared to III Semester students. The knowledge regarding the dose, adverse drug effects, and precautions is also greater in V Semester students than III Semester students. Conclusion: From this study it can be concluded that the awareness and knowledge on OTC drugs is more for V Semester medical students than the III Semester students......

Keywords: Awareness, Gender difference, Knowledge, Medical students,Over the counter drugs.

[1]. D. Bowen, G. Kisuule, H. Ogasawara, Ch. J. P. Siregar, G. A. Williams, C. Hall, G. Lingam, S. Mann, J. A. Reinstein, M. Couper, J. Idänpään-Heikkilä, J. Yoshida (2000), "Guidelines for the Regulatory Assessment of Medicinal Products for use in Self-Medication" (PDF), WHO/EDM/QSM/00.1 (PDF), Geneva: World Health Organization, retrieved 2012-09-02
[2]. Awad, Abdelmoneim; IdrisEltayeb; Lloyd Matowe; LukmanThalib (2005-08-12). "Self-medication with antibiotics and antimalarials in the community of Khartoum State, Sudan.". Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences 8 (2): 326–331. PMID 16124943.Retrieved 2012-09-02.
[3]. Benefits and risks of self-medication
[4]. Three arguments against prescription requirements, Jessica Flanigan, BMJ Group Journal of Medical Ethics 26 July 2012, accessed 20 August 2013
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Abstract: Background: Molluscum contagiosum (MC) is a common cutaneous viral infection in children. Active management is preferred to avoid spread and for cosmetic reasons. Many traumatizing treatment modalities are available which are hospital based and evoke panic in children. Hence this study was conducted in the quest of alternate home based painless modality in children. Aims and Objectives: To evaluate and compare the safety and efficacy of 5% imiquimod cream and10% potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution for the treatment of MC in paediatric age group. Methods: The study was conducted from January 2016 to June 2017. 36 Pediatric patients with MC were divided into two groups. 18 Patients were treated with 5% imiquimod cream (Group A) and other 18 were treated with 10% KOH solution (Group B). Patients were followed up on 4t h, 8th and 12th week of treatment.......

Keywords: 5% Imiquimod, Molluscum contagiosum, 10% Potassium hydroxide

[1]. John M. Douglas, Molluscum Contagiosum, in King K Holmes, P.Frederick Sparling, Walter E.Stamm, Peter Piot, Judith N.Wasserheit, Lawrence Corey (Ed), Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 4th ed. (The McGraw-Hill Companies; 2008)
[2]. Nameer K, Al-Sudany a, Dler R.Abdulkareem, A comparative study of topical 10% KOH solution and topical 25% podophyllin solution as home-based treatment of molluscum contagiosum. Journal of Dermatology & Dermatologic Surgery 2016; 20: p. 107–114.
[3]. van der Wouden JC, van der Sande R, van Suijlekom, Smit LW, Berger M, Butler. Interventions for cutaneous molluscum contagiosum. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 aug 8; 7(4).
[4]. Sterling JC, Virus Infections, in. Christopher E. M. Griffiths., Jonathan Barker, Tanya Bleiker, Robert Chalmers, Daniel Creamer (Ed), Rook's Textbook of Dermatology. 9th ed, (wiley and blackwell; 2016)
[5]. Chathra N, Sukumar D, Bhat RM, Kishore BN. A comparative study of 10% KOH solution and 5% imiquimod cream for the treatment of Molluscum contagiosum in the pediatric age group. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2015; 6(2): p. 75–80

Abstract: Introduction. Twenty years ago prospective randomised controlled trials were initiated to compare conservative breast surgery plus radiation with radical mastectomy in the treatment of early-stage breast cancer. The results have shown no survival advantage for mastectomy over breast-conserving therapy (BCT). However, local recurrence of cancer after BCT has been reported to be as high as 14%, necessitating salvage mastectomy. Methods. This retrospective study was performed on 102 breast cancer patients undergoing BCT in the 6 years up to August 2018. Resection and intraoperative cytological assessment were used to achieve clear excision margins. Adjuvant therapy (hormones, chemotherapy) was undertaken, and the incidence and times of local recurrence and distant metastases were recorded..............

Keywords: BCS, breast carcinoma, recurrence

[1]. Fisher B, Anderson S, Redmond CK, et al. Reanalysis and results after 12 years of follow-up in a randomized clinical trial comparing total mastectomy with lumpectomy with or without irradiation in the treatment of breast cancer. N Engl J Med 1195; 333: 1456-1461.
[2]. Veronesi U, Cascinelli N, Mascani L, et al. Twenty year follow-up of a randomized study comparing breast-conserving surgery with radical mastectomy for early breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 1227-1232.
[3]. Fortin A, Larochelle M, Laverdière J, et al. Local failure is responsible for the decrease in survival for patients with breast cancer treated with conservative surgery and postoperative radiotherapy. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17: 101- 109.
[4]. Anscher MS, Jones P, Prosnitz LR, et al. Local failure and margin status in early-stage breast carcinoma treated with conservation surgery and radiation therapy. Ann Surg 1993; 18(1): 22-28.
[5]. Voogd AC. Local recurrence after breast conservation therapy for early stage breast carcinoma. Detection treatment and outcome in 266 patients. Cancer 1999; 85: 437-446.

Abstract: Solid pseudopapillary tumor (SPT) is a rare tumor of pancreas usually presenting in young females. Here we present a case of SPT in an elderly female. A 73 year old female presented with upper abdominal pain. Computed Tomography (CT) of abdomen showed heterogenous tumor arising from tail of pancreas. Distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy was done.Post op HPE was suggestive of acinic cell carcinoma or Neuroendocrine tumor and subsequent IHC study showed an elevated beta catenin level consistent with SPT.SPT is rare, even more rare in an elderly. Complete resection is the treatment of choice.

Key words: Case report, Frantz's tumor, Pancreatic tumor, Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm

[1]. Casadei R, Santini D, Calculli L, et al: Pancreatic solid cystic papillary tumor:Clinical features, imaging findings and operative management. JOP 7:137,2006.

[2]. Coleman KM, Doherty MC, Bigler SA. Solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas. Radiographics. 2003;23:1644–1648.

[3]. Buetow PC, Buck JL, Pantongrag-Brown L, Beck KG, Ros PR, Adair CF. Solid and papillary epithelial neoplasm of the pancreas: imaging-pathologic correlation on 56 cases. Radiology. 1996;199:707–711.

[4]. Yang F, Fu DL, Jin C, Long J, Yu XJ, Xu J, Ni QX. Clinical experiences of solid pseudopapillary tumors of the pancreas in China, J GastroenterolHepatol. 2008 Dec; 23(12):1847-51. Epub 2008 Aug 24.
[5]. Abraham SC, Klimstra DS, Wilentz RE, et al: Solidpseudopapillary tumors of the pancreas are genetically distinct from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas and almost always harbor betacatenin mutations. Am J Pathol 160:1361,2002.

Abstract: Tribals in India have to struggle hard for survival and development.1They constitute a large number of population so their development is essential for integrated development of the country as a whole. They are deprived of normal opportunities which may result in intellectual weakness.1 The tribes- India is a country with a variety of ethnic groups.2Tribes are the original autonomous inhabitants of the country.3Various attempts have been made by the anthropologists and administrators to provide a definition for the term tribe. The term tribe is derived from the word 'tribus'.4 The dictionary of anthropology defines tribe as a social group, usually with a definite area, dialect, cultural homogeneity and unifying social organizations.5Kattakayam described tribe as a social group possessing a distinctive culture which marks it out from other groups having different cultures6 while according to Money the tribes are called 'Adivasi's' indicating that they are the ancient or original inhabitants.7In Rajasthan Banswara, Dungarpur and some areas of Udaipur, Pratapgarh, and Sirohi districts are scheduled tribal areas

[1]. Charlotte Regena John, Prof. Singh, B.G. (2014). A study of Achievement in English of Tribal students: Comparison of determinants, IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) 19(10);01-10.
[2]. Shah, B. (1990). Researches on tribal education: An overview. European Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 6 (3), 177-192.
[3]. Kurian, A. (1991). Tribal Development: A study with special reference to Cholonaikans. Unpublished masters' dissertation, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam.
[4]. Biswal, G.C (1985). Tribal development and education: some issues. Vanayjati, 32(1) 14.
[5]. Tylor, E B (1988) Dictionary of Anthropology. New Delhi. Goyl Saab Publishers

Abstract: Objectives: The aim of the present study was to analyze the clinicopathological features from a series of ameloblastomas diagnosed and treated in our department. Study Design: The records of all ameloblastoma patients were revisited and their clinical and radiological and histological information were obtained. Data were descriptively analyzed and a compared with respect to different ameloblastoma subtypes. Results: Thirty ameloblastomas composed the final sample, including 24 (72.5%) solid/multicystic, 4(12%) uni-cystic, 1 (3%) desmoplastic and 1 (3%) peripheral ameloblastomas. Mean age of the affected patients was 38 years of life an. Most tumors presented as multilocularradiolucencies and were located in the posterior mandible and showed the follicular and plexiform histological patterns..............

Keywords: Ameloblastoma, solid, unicystic

[1]. Philipsen HP, Reichart P, Slootweg PJ, Slater LJ. Odontogenic tumours. In: Barnes L, Eveson JW, Reichart P, Sidransky D, editors. World Health Organization classification of tumors, pathology and genetics of head and neck tumors. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2005. p. 283-328.
[2]. Waldron C. Odontogenic cysts and tumors. In: Neville BW, Damm DD, Allen CM, Bouquot JE, editors. Oral and maxillofacial pathology. St. Louis: W. B. Saunders; 2009. p. 678-740.
[3]. Ide F, Mishima K, Miyazaki Y, Saito I, Kusama K. Peripheral ameloblastoma in-situ: an evidential fact of surface epithelium origin. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral RadiolEndod 2009;108:763-7.
[4]. Lu Y, Xuan M, Takata T, Wang C, He Z, Zhou Z, et al. Odontogenictumors. A demographic study of 759 cases in a Chinese population. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral RadiolEndod 1998;86:707-14.
[5]. Daley TD, Wysocki GP, Pringle GA. Relative incidence of odontogenictumors and oral and jaw cysts in a Canadian population. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1994;77:276-80.

Abstract: Background: Hypertension is the commonest cardiovascular disorder and more than one billion adults suffer from it. The purpose of this research study was to evaluate the knowledge about hypertension among medical students, interns and residents working in GMC & RH Patiala. Materials and Method: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from Jan 2017 to Feb 2017 at GMC & RH Patiala on 450 participants (Final year students, Interns and residents). Our study consists of a structured, questionnaire containing multiple choice 10-item questionnaire which was focusing on diagnostic issues of hypertension (four questions), Pharmacological treatment of hypertension (three questions), therapeutic strategies regarding hypertension(two questions)and target BP (one question)...............

Keywords: Hypertension, interns, medical students, questionnaire, residents.

[1]. More Mungati et alFactors affecting diagnosis and management of hypertension in Mazowe District of Mashonaland Central Province in Zimbabwe: 2012 BMC Cardiovascular Disorders 2014, 14:102 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2261/14/102
[2]. World Health Organization, International society of hypertension writing group, 2003 World Health Organization(WHO)/ International Society of Hypertension(ISH) statement on management of Hypertension Lippincott williums and wilkins. Journal of hypertension 2003,21:1983-1992.
[3]. Anis Rehman, Tariq Rehman et al Awareness of hypertension among the medical students and junior doctors — a multicenter study from Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc Vol. 61, No. 11, November 2011
[4]. Tao Xu, MD; Yang Wang Survey of Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control of Hypertension among Chinese Governmental and Institutional Employees in Beijing Clin. Cardiol. 33, 6, E66–E72 (2010) Received: August 25, 2009 Acceptedwith Published online in Wiley InterScience. (www.interscience.wiley.com) revision: September 28, 2009 DOI:10.1002/clc.20704© 2010Wiley Periodicals, Inc
[5]. Project manual on burden of non communicable diseases risk factors in Punjab state supported by national health mission Punjab under Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India

Abstract: Introduction:The incision must not only give direct access to the pathology but also provide sufficient room for operation to be performed, therefore we organized a clinical trial to compare the paramedian incision with midline incision. Objectives: To find better Incision among Midline and Paramedian Incision with respect to Incidence of wound complications like wound infection, dehiscence, burst abdomen, and incisional hernia. Time taken for opening and closure, and accessibility..........

Key words: Midline incision; paramedian incision; wound infection; wound dehiscence; incisional hernia; burst abdomen.

[1]. Walming S., Angenete E., Mattias, David, Gessler B., &Haglin E. 2017, 'Retrospective' review of risk factors for surgical wound dehiscence and incisional hernia, BMC Surgery, vol. 17, no.19, 10.1186/s12893-017-0207-0
[2]. Hoer J, Lawong G, Klinge U &Schumpelick V, 2002, 'Factors' influencing the development of incisional hernia. A retrospective study of 2,983 laparotomy patients over a period of 10 years, Der Chirurg; Zeitschrift fur alleGebiete der operativenMedizen, vol. 73, no. 5, pp. 474–480.
[3]. Seiler CM, Bruckner T, Diener MK, Papyan A, Golcher H, Seidlmayer C, Franck A, Kieser M, Buchler MW &Knaebel HP, 2009, 'Interrupted' or continuous slowly absorbable sutures for closure of primary elective midline abdominal incisions: a multicenter randomized trial (INSECT: ISRCTN24023541), Ann Surg, vol. 249 .o. 4, pp. 576–582.
[4]. Conze J, Klinge U &Schumpelick V, 2005, Narbenhernien. Der Chirurg; Zeitschrift fur alleGebiete der operativenMedizen, vol. 76, no. 9, pp. 897–909, quiz 910.
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Abstract: Background: Injury to the spine and spinal cord is one of the common cause of disability and death. Several factors affect the outcome; but which are these factors (alone and in combination), are determining the outcomes are still unknown. The aim of the study was to evaluate the factors influencing the outcome following acute cervical spine injury. Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study at single‑center with all patients with cervical spinal cord injury (SCI), attending our hospital within a week of injury during a period of October 2016 to July 2017 was included for analysis. Demographic factors such as age, gender, etiology of injury, preoperative American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) grade, upper (C2‑C4) versus lower (C5‑C7) cervical level of injury..........

key words: Cervical spinal cord, factors influencing, injury, recovery

[1]. Shao J, Zhu W, Chen X, Jia L, Song D, Zhou X, et al. Factors associated with early mortality after cervical spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2011;34:555‑62.
[2]. National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center. Spinal cord injury facts and figures at a glance. J Spinal Cord Med 2013;36:1‑2.
[3]. Waters RL, Adkins RH, Yakura JS, Sie I. Motor and sensory recovery following complete tetraplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1993;74:242‑7.
[4]. McKinley W, Cifu D, Seel R, Huang M, Kreutzer J, Drake D, et al. Age‑related outcomes in persons with spinal cord injury: A summary paper. NeuroRehabilitation 2003;18:83‑90.
[5]. Fisher CG, Noonan VK, Smith DE, Wing PC, Dvorak MF, Kwon BK. Motor recovery, functional status, and health‑related quality of life in patients with complete spinal cord injuries. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2005;30:2200‑7.
[6]. van Hedel HJ, Curt A. Fighting for each segment: Estimating the clinical value of cervical and thoracic segments in SCI. J Neurotrauma 2006;23:1621‑31

Abstract: Haemorrhoids are defined as enlarged anal cushions, which are comprised of the ano-rectal lining and an engorged vascular plexus below it, in the loose areolar tissues.1 Hemorrhoids are varicosities of the hemorrhoidal plexus of veins of the rectum.Hemorrhoids are the penalty the humans pay for attainment of erect posture. It is common disease affecting people of all ages and both sexes2. It has been estimated that 50% of the population has haemorrhoids by the age of 50 years3, 4 and these are supposed to be the commonest cause of rectal bleeding 5. Haemorrhoidectomy remains the treatment of choice for symptomatic grade-III and IV hemorrhoids, either by injection sclerotherapy, rubber band ligation, cryotherapy , infrared coagulation, bipolar diathermy and Lord's dilatation. circular stapler, harmonic scalpe,,ligasure, laser and a bipolar electro-cautery or most commonly by open hemorrhoidectomy(Milligan-Morgan) or closed hemorrhoidectomy(Ferguson) method. The.........

[1]. Shao J, Zhu W, Chen X, Jia L, Song D, Zhou X, et al. Factors associated with early mortality after cervical spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2011;34:555‑62.
[2]. National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center. Spinal cord injury facts and figures at a glance. J Spinal Cord Med 2013;36:1‑2.
[3]. Waters RL, Adkins RH, Yakura JS, Sie I. Motor and sensory recovery following complete tetraplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1993;74:242‑7.
[4]. McKinley W, Cifu D, Seel R, Huang M, Kreutzer J, Drake D, et al. Age‑related outcomes in persons with spinal cord injury: A summary paper. NeuroRehabilitation 2003;18:83‑90.
[5]. Fisher CG, Noonan VK, Smith DE, Wing PC, Dvorak MF, Kwon BK. Motor recovery, functional status, and health‑related quality of life in patients with complete spinal cord injuries. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2005;30:2200‑7.
[6]. van Hedel HJ, Curt A. Fighting for each segment: Estimating the clinical value of cervical and thoracic segments in SCI. J Neurotrauma 2006;23:1621‑31

Abstract: Introduction: Mass gatherings, including scheduled events in sports facilities, air shows, rock concerts, outdoor celebrations, and visits by dignitaries, vary in their complexity and demand for medical services. Material and Methods: This review aims to analyses previous cases of disaster at mass gathering events, documenting the lessons identified, to provide considerations when planning for future events. A literature search was carried out using Medline, Cochrane, and Embase. A free-text search was also conducted using Google to link mass gathering events to disaster incidents in order to widen the search beyond peer-reviewed publications. All peer-review literature articles found containing information pertaining to lessons identified from mass gathering crowd disasters were analysed and reviewed...........

key words: Mass gathering, Disaster, Preparedness, Overcrowding, Emergency response

[1]. De Lorenzo RA. Mass gathering medicine: a review. Prehosp Disaster Med 1997;12:68-72
[2]. World Health Organisation. Communicable disease alert and response for mass gatherings: key considerations. June 2008
[3]. Milsten Am, Maguire BJ, Bissell RA, Seaman KG. Mass-Gathering Medical Care: A Review of the Literature. Prehosp Disast Med 2002;17:151-162
[4]. Arbon P, Bridgewater FH, Smith C. Mass gathering medicine: a predictive model for patient presentation and transport rates. Prehosp Disaster Med 2001;16:150-158
[5]. Grange J, Baumann GW, Vaezazizi R. On-site physicians reduce ambulance transports at mass gatherings. Prehosp Emerg Care 2003;7;322-326

Abstract: Plasmodium falciparum is the predominant cause of malaria infection and death in Nigeria and Africa. It perturbs the normal process of immune cells, of which CD 4+ T cells have a crucial relevance for anti-malarial immunity. The study aims at determining the effect of artesunate treatment on immunological parameters following Plasmodium falciparum malaria. A randomized non-block experimental design was conducted for the study at Bayelsa State College of Health Technology, Otuogidi-Ogbia, Bayelsa State, Nigeria, between February 2015 and April 2017. Out of 90 subjects enrolled into the study, data collected from 80 subjects (38 males, 42 females, and age range 18-59 years) were analyzed. 40 of the subjects had P. falciparum malaria and the other 40 were negative........

key words: Antimalarial Treatment, Artesunate, CD4 Count, Immunophenotying, and Malaria

[1]. White NJ.Plasmodium knowlesi: the Fifth Human Malaria Parasite. Clin Infect Dis. 2008, 46:172–173.
[2]. Anonymous. World Malaria Report 2011, Geneva. WHO. 2011. Accessed 23 July 2017. Available: http://www.who.int/malaria/world_malaria_report_2011/en
[3]. Denise LD, Carlota DJ, & Kevin B. Acquired Immunity to Malaria. Clin Microbiol Rev. Jan 2009; 22(1):13–36.
[4]. Perlmann P, & Troye-Blomberg M. Malaria Blood-Stage Infection and Its Control by the Immune System. Folia Biol. (Praha). 2000; 46: 210–218.
[5]. Pouniotis DS, Proudfoot O, Minigo G, Hanley JL, & Plebanski M. Malaria Parasite Interactions with the Human Host. J Postgrad Med. 2004; 50(1): 30-34.

Abstract: Background Driving under the influence of alcohol contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality globally. Studies have reported high prevalence of alcohol use among commercial drivers in many parts of the worldbut such studies have not been reported, to our knowledge, among tricycle drivers even though they play an important role in inner city transport in many cities.The purpose of this studytherefore was to determine the pattern of alcohol use and drink driving among tricycle drivers in Jos, Nigeria and their involvement in road traffic accidents. Methodology A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 195 tricycle drivers using an interviewer administered adapted alcohol use AUDIT questionnaire. Data analysis was done with epi info statistical software version 7.2, 95% confidence interval was used with a probability value of < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results..........

key words: Alcohol use, tricycle drivers, road traffic accidents

[1]. Liu YC, Ho CH. Effects of different blood alcohol concentrations and post-alcohol impairment on driving behavior and task performance. Traffic Inj Prev. 2010; 11:334–341.
[2]. Marczinski CA, Fillmore MT. Acute alcohol tolerance on subjective intoxication and simulated driving performance in binge drinkers. Psychol Addict Behav. 2009; 23:238–247.
[3]. West R, Wilding J, French D. Effect of low and moderate doses of alcohol on driving hazard perception latency and driving speed. Addiction. 1993; 88:527–532.
[4]. Taylor B, Irving HM, Kanteres F. The more you drink, the harder you fall: a systematic review and meta-analysis of how acute alcohol consumption and injury or collision risk increase together. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2010; 110:108–116.
[5]. National Center for Statistics & Analysis. Traffic Safety Facts, 2010 Data: State alcohol- impaired driving estimates. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; 2012. DOT HS 811 612. Available at: http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/811612.pdf.

Abstract: Background: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the mode of presentation of dacrocystitis along with bacteriological profile of study subjects with dacryocystitis. Methods: An Open Level Randomized Clinical Trial study was conducted from july 2015 to Jan 2017 with 100 diagnosed cases of chronic dacryocystitis were enrolled for the study. All patients were examined and samples were taken from lacrimal regurgitates. Samples were examined for Gram stain and culture and sensitivity. Results: A sum total of 100 patients were included in the study among them most of them were females (52%) compared to males (48%). Among all the examined samples 20 % showed growth, rest 80 % samples did not show any growth. Among all positive growth, Staphylococcus aureus encountered as the commonest isolate (60%) followed by Staphylococcus epidermis (25%). All the gram positive organisms found to be sensitive towards vancomycin and fluroquinolones.........

key words: Chronic Dacrocystitis, Nasolacrimal duct obstruction, Epiphora

[1]. Sihota R, Tandon R. Parsons' Disease of the Eye. 21st edition, New Delhi: Elsevier; 2011.Diseases of the Lacrimal Apparatus; p462-469.
[2]. Hurwitz JJ. The lacrimal drainage system. In: Yanoff M, Duker JS. Ophthalmology.3rd edition, Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier; 2009. P1482-1487
[3]. Dutta LC, Dutta KN. Modern Ophthalmology vol 2. 3rd Edition, New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers; 2005. Anatomy Physiology and Diseases of the Lacrimal System; p 718-724.
[4]. Ali MJ, Joshi SD, Naik MN, Honavar SG. Clinical profile and management outcome of acute dacryocystitis: two decades of experience in a tertiary eye care center. SeminOphthalmol. 2015 Mar;30(2):118-23. 2
[5]. Mills DM, Bodman MG, Meyer DR, Morton AD., 3rd ASOPRS dacryocystitis study group The microbiologic spectrum of dacryocystitis: a national study of acute versus chronic infection. OphthalPlastReconstr Surg. 2007;23(4):302–306.

Abstract: Background: Sickle cell disease is one of the most common autosomal recessive diseases in the world caused by a single nucleotide substitution (GTG - GAG) and is located at the sixth codon of the human-globin gene. Aims & Objectives: This study was designed to study hematological profile in sickle cell patient and compare hematological profile in sickle cell traits with sickle cell disease patient Materials and Methods: This study is an observational study done in 70 sickle cell patients in steady state, at Acharya VinobaBhave Rural Hospital, Sawangi Meghe, Wardha, MaharashtraIndia. The complete blood counts (CBC) were analyzed using the Automated Coulter Counter & Sickling pattern were identified on Hbelectrophoresis, at a pH of 8.6oncellulose acetatepaper........

key words: Sickle Cell Anaemia; Complete Blood Counts (CBC); Blood Indices

..............

Abstract: Several risk factors have been proofed to have strong relation with the emergence and existence of pulmonary tuberculosis worldwide, these include poverty, malnutrition, overcrowding, smoking, gender, age, migration and alcoholism. This study observed socio economic status, age,smoking, and BCG vaccination in the development of pulmonary TB among Sudanese patients attending several hospitals in Khartoum State, Sudan. In addition, other laboratory tests were done to see where it might supplement the effect of genetic variability within the IFN-R1 gene in increasing the risk of developing pulmonary TB among affected participants. A total of 100 participants with active TB and 50 matched healthy controls were investigated for association of three factors................

key words: Pulmonary TB, BCG, Smooking, PCR, Khartoum, Sudan.

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