iosr-JDMS   Volume-17 ~ Issue-2 ~ February-2018

Abstract: Dental disease being one of the most prevalent diseases in the community has been overlooked by the population for long. Dental treatment & profession has developed & modernized significantly in the last 2 to 3 decades. From being a family based business performed by unskilled and untrained profession al it has evolved to highly specialized & skilled profession performed by skilled and specialized dental professionals. Huge mismatch in dentist to population ratio especially in rural area together with high dental treatment cost, illiteracy, absence of any form of health insurance has led to increased number of dental quacks performing dental treatment in most unhygienic, unsterilized and unconventional manner. They are easily available and low treatment cost draws the innocent and illiterate patients to them. The government has to intervene and take measures to make dental treatment more affordable and accessible to the rural population in particular..

[1]. Goldstein BH. Unconventional Dentistry: Part I. Introduction. J Can Dent Assoc, 2000; 66:323-6.
[2]. De Silva D, Gamage NT. Unqualified dental practitioners or quacks in Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka Dental Journal, 2011; 41(03):46-51.
[3]. Ahuja NK, Parmar R. Demographics and current scenario with respect to dentists, dental institutions and dental practices in India. Ind J Den Sci. 2011; 3(2): 8-11.
[4]. Lal S, Paul D, Pankaj, Vikas, Vashisht BM. National Oral Health Care Programme (NOHCP) implementation strategies. Indian J Community Med. 2004; 29:3–10.
[5]. Naidu RS, Gobin I, Newton JT. Perceptions and use of dental quacks (unqualified dental practitioners) and self rated oral health in Trinidad. Int Dent J 2003 Dec; 53(6):447-54.

Abstract: Diabetes is a chronic disease that occurs either when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces (Sarkar et al., 2010). The aetiological types of disorders of glycemia includes Type 1 diabetes (TID), TID indicates the process of ß-cell destruction that may ultimately lead to diabetes mellitus in which "insulin is required for survival" to prevent the development of keto acidosis , coma, and death. Type 2 diabetes (T2D), T2D is the most common form of diabetes and individuals are characterized by disorders of insulin action and secretion , either of which may be the predominant feature. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), Gestational diabetes is carbohydrate intolerance resulting in hyperglycemia of variable severity with onset or first recognition during pregnancy (Zargar et al., 2002). Chronic hyperglycemia leads to microvascular complications such as nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy (Bennett, 1994). The number of patients suffering from diabetes mellitus was reported to be over 200 million people worldwide , a big part of it being Non –insulin – dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), patients (Olantunbosun, 2004)........

[1]. Agget FJ. Physiology and metabolism of essential trace elements - an outline. In : Taylor A, editor. Clinics in endocrinology and metabolism. Philadelphia (PA): Saunders; 1985. p.513-543.
[2]. Andrews Chris. Zinc, Diabetes Mellitus and Oxidative Disease. A Nutritional. 2005: 22.
[3]. Bennett PH. Definition, Diagnosis, and classifications of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance. In: Kahn CR, Weir CG, editors. Jollin's diabetes mellitus. Philadelphia: LeaandFebiger, 1994: 193-200.
[4]. Brun JF, Fons C, Fussellier M, Bardet L, Orsetti A. Urinary zinc and its relationship with microalbuminuria in type I diabetics. Biol Trace Elem Res 1992; 32: 317-323.
[5]. Chausmer Arthur B. Zinc, Insulin and Diabetes. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1998; 17(2): 109-15.

Abstract: Systemic lupus erythematosus is a rare and chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by multisystem inflammation and presence of circulating autoantibodies directed against self antigens. SLE occurs in both children and adults , disproportionately affecting females of reproductive age group . The occurrence of SLE in patient of paediatric is itself very rare and that too in a male child. Here we are describing a case of 15 yrs old boy suffering from SLE who presented with generalised body swelling , malar rash and clinical evidence of renal involvement along with extra-renal sign and symptoms. We are reporting this case for its rarity in male child with clinically documented lupus nephritis..

Keywords: Autoimmune, lupus nephritis, systemic lupus nephritis,SLE.

[1]. Yu C, Gershwin ME, Chang C. Diagnostic criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus: a critical review. J Autoimmun. 2014 Feb-Mar; 48-49:10-3. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.01.004.
[2]. Gutiérrez-González LA. Rheumatologic emergencies. Clin Rheumatol. 2015 Dec; 34(12):2011-9. doi: 10.1007/s10067-015-2994-y.
[3]. Mok CC. Towards new avenues in the management of lupus glomerulonephritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2016 Apr; 12(4):221-34. doi: 10.1038/nrrheum.2015.174.
[4]. Wilhelmus S, Alpers CE, Cook HT, Ferrario F, Fogo AB, Haas M, Joh K, Noël LH, Seshan SV, Bruijn JA, Bajema IM. The Revisited Classification of GN in SLE at 10 Years: Time to Re-Evaluate Histopathologic Lesions. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015 Dec; 26(12):2938-46. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2015040384.
[5]. Mohan C, Putterman C. Genetics and pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2015 Jun; 11(6):329- 41. doi: 10.1038/nrneph.2015.33.

Abstract: Aims and Objectives: To study the clinical profile of women with neurological manifestations in pregnancy and puerperium. Methodology: This is a retrospective study carried out on 141 patients at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Coimbatore Medical College Hospital from January 2017- December 2017. All pregnant, post abortal and postnatal women requiring neurological consultation were included in the study. Demographic data, clinical course and outcome were analysed. Results: The total number of deliveries during the study period was 8153. The incidence of neurological manifestations was 1.73% in this study. The most common clinical presentation in this study was seizures (82.98%) followed by headache (70.21%). Mortality rate was 15.7%..............

Key words: Eclampsia , pregnancy, puerperium, mortality, neurological manifestations

[1] Mathews TJ, Hamilton BE. Mean age of mother, 1970-2000.Natl Vital Stat Rep.2002;51(1):-1- 13.
[2] Luke B, Brown MB. Elevated risks of pregnancy complications and adverse outcomes with increasing maternal age. Hum Reprod. 2007;22(5):1264-1272.
[3] Berg CJ, Chang J, Callaghan WM, Whitehead SJ. Pregnancy related mortality in the United States,1991-1997. Obstet Gynecol.2003;101(2):289-296.

[4] Sandya R, Lavanya R. Neurological Disorders Complicating Pregnancy - Focus on Obstetric Outcome. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016 Dec; 10(12): QC06–QC09.
[5] Al-Hayali RM, Al-Habbo DJ, Hammo MK. Peripartum neurological emergencies in a Critical Care Unit. Neurosciences (Riyadh) 2008;13:155-60..

Abstract: The calcaneus is a weight bearing tarsal bone of the proximal raw. It also forms the posterior pillar of the two longitudinal arches of the foot. Normally there are three facets for synovial joints between calcaneus and talus, namely anterior, middle and posterior. There is considerable variation in the number and arrangement of these facets. This study assums significance for science of anatomy, treatment and diagnostic procedures in orthopedic surgery. In this study 120 adult dry human calcanei of unknown sex and age were collected from Department of Anatomy, Rims, Imphal, Manipur. The types of facets on the superior aspect of the calcanei and anteroposterior length was observed and measured using a digital vernier calliper. A total of 120 (Right- 60, Left- 60) specimens were examined. These calcanei were classified according to Nagar SK into type A, B, C, D and E depending on the type of articular facets on the superior surface of the calcanei. The percentage incidence of Type A on the Right as 30%, Left as 25%; Type B Right as 70% and on Left as 75%. There are no calcanei belonging to type C, D and E. Total A-P length of calcanei of both side ranged from 6 to 10cm. In the present study, type B was found commonest, followed by type A.

Key words: Calcanei, Articular surface

[1]. Dyson M. Morphology of the human skeleton. In: Bannister LH, Berry MM, Collins P, Dyson M, Dussek JE, Ferguson MWJ, et al, editors. Gray's anatomy: the anatomical basis of medicine and surgery. 38th ed. London: Churchill Livingstone; 2000. p. 268-458.
[2]. Nagar SR, Malukar Ojaswini, Kubavat Dharati, Gosai SR, Andani RH, Patel Bhaskar. Types of talar articular facets and morphometric measurements of the human calcaneus bone. National Journal of Medical Research 2012;2(2):128-132.
[3]. K. Anjaneyulu, Chandra Philips, Binod k. Tamang, Arun Kumar. Patterns of talar articulating facets in adult human calcanei from North-East India and their clinical correlation. National Journal of Medical Research 2014;5(4):89-93.
[4]. Bunning PSC and Barnett CH. Variations in the talocalcaneal articulations. J Anat 1963; 97:643
[5]. Jha and Singh. Variations in the articular facets on the superior surface of calcaneus. J Anat Soc India 1972;21(1):40-44.

Abstract: Dengue Fever is the most important vector-borne viral disease in tropical and subtropical areas. The Capital of the Kerala state, Thiruvananthapuram district is endemic to Dengue Fever because of the climatic and environmental factors. Aim & Objectives: The aim of the study is to create awareness in Dengue prevalent areas and the objectives are the implementation of preventive measures in selected areas and intervention with Nilavembu Kudineer in cases with clinical manifestation & others (Preventive aspect). Materials & Methods: The Prospective Interventional study in Dengue prevalent area of Thiruvananthapuram District was initiated with the Baseline Pre-interventional Survey to assess the awareness and attitude of population in that area. Then followed by the distribution of Nilavembu Kudineer for the Prevention of Dengue and for the revival of Cases with some clinical...........

Keywords: Dengue, Nilavembu Kudineer, endemic, Pre-interventional Survey, Post-interventional.

[1]. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/with-9000-plus-cases-kerala-tops-Dengue-list-in-country/articleshow/ 59453938.cms; Updated: Jul 5, 2017, 01.00 PM IST
[2]. Joanna Sara Valson; Geospatial mapping of Dengue cases in Thiruvananthapuram district to study clustering and its physio-environmental correlates; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram; October 2014.
[3]. Dr. Parameswaran Sathiyarajeswaran, et al, Evidence based Siddha Medical Management of Dengue Webmedcentral Article ID: WMC003808; BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2012. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/12/3
[4]. Sasi Kala M, et al, Siddha Medicine and Clinical Presentation of Dengue Fever at Tertiary Care Hospital of Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; International Journal of Advanced Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy 2014, Volume 3, Issue 1, pp. 209-212, Article ID Med-160.
[5]. Kuppusamy Mudhaliar, K. S. Utthamaroyan; Siddha Vaidhya Thirattu; Dept. Indian Medicine and Homeopathy; 1st Edition 1998, pp294.

Abstract: Context: UTI is one of the important infection among pediatric population. Rapid screening test to rule out UTI can save time and it is very useful in areas where laboratory facilities are lacking. Aims: The study was carried out to find out the prevalent bacteria causing pediatric UTI and utility of different screening tests to rule out UTI in this population. Settings and Design: It was a hospital based, observational and cross sectional study. Methods and Materials: For every cases of suspected UTI, urine culture was done by standard protocol. Uncentrifused urine samples were examined by wet mount microscopy for pus cells per high power field of microscope. All the samples were screened by dipstick for detection of leukocyte esterase and presence of nitrite in them. Combur 10 Test UX test strips from Roche Diagnostics was used to screen the urine samples. Result: Culture positivity rate was found to be 17.5%. E. coli was.............

Keywords: UTI, Pediatric, screening test.

[1]. Srivastava RN, Bagga A. Urinary tract infection. In, Bagga A. Paediatric Nephrology, 4th Ed, New Delhi, Jaypee, 2005; 235-264.
[2]. Elder J.S .Urinary tract infections. In Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics , vol 2. 19th edition. Elsevier Inc. 2012; p.1829-34.
[3]. Taneja N, Chatterjee S.S, Singh M, Singh S, Sharma M. Pediatric urinary tract infections in a tertiary care centre from North India. Indian J Med Res 2010;131: 101-5.
[4]. Narasimhan KL,Chowdhary SK, Kaur B, Mittal BR, Bhattacharya A. Factors affecting renal scarring in posterior urethral valves. J Pediatr Urol .2006; 2: 569-74.
[5]. Narasimhan KL, Mahajan JK, Kaur B, Mittal BR, Bhattacharya A. The vesicoureteral reflux dysplasia syndrome in patients with posterior urethral valves. J Urol 2005; 174: 1433-5.

Abstract: Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a major causative risk factor of increased cardiovascular (CVD) events. The studies clarifying the relationship between the anthropometric parameterslike body mass index (BMI) and waist to hip ratio (WHR), and the lipid profile values of type 2 DM patients are sparse.Measurement of alternate markers of dyslipidemia and CVD is important for preventing CVD end-points, especially in diabetic subjects Aim: To study correlation between BMI, WHR and lipid profile in recently diagnosed type 2 DM patients. Materials and Methods: This Cross-sectional study was carried out on 100 cases of recently (within 3 months) diagnosed type 2 DM, in department.........

Key words: BMI, waist hip ratio, lipid profile, type 2 diabetes mellitus

[1]. Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(5):1047-53.
[2]. Powers AC. Diabets Mellitus: Diagnosis, Classification, and Pathophysiology. Harrison's Principles Of Internal Medicine. 19th ed. New York: Mc Graw Hill; 2015.p. 2399-407.
[3]. Stevens J, Couper D, Pankow J, Folsom AR, Duncan BB, Nieto FJ, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of anthropometrics for the prediction of diabetes in a biracial cohort. Obes Res. 2001;9(11):696-705.
[4]. Manjareeka M, Nanda S, Mishra J, Mishra S. Correlation between anthropometry and lipid profile in healthy subjects of Eastern India. J Midlife Health. 2015;6(4):164-8.
[5]. Seidell JC, Kahn HS, Williamson DF, Lissner L, Valdez R. Report from a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Workshop on use of adult anthropometry for public health and primary health care. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;73(1):123-6.

Abstract: Background: Rabies is an enzootic and epizootic disease of worldwide importance. Globally each year, more than 15 million people require post exposure treatment.Rabies is a vaccine-preventable viral disease. Prevention of Rabiesdepends highly on availability and affordability of potent anti-rabies vaccine.Abhayrab vaccine (manufactured by Human Biologicals Institute) is a freeze dried, purified inactivated rabies vaccine containing inactivated Rabies Virus (L. Pasteur 2061/ Vero Strain propagated in Vero Cells) and has been found to be safe and efficacious for prophylaxis against human rabies since its launch.This study is a post marketing surveillance study carried out with the objective of assessing the safety of Abhayrab vaccine (reconstituted to 1 ml) when administered in Category II animal exposure subjects by Intramuscular or Intradermal route.........

key words: PVRV, Abhayrab, 1ml reconstitution

[1]. Rabies Fact Sheet, Updated September 2017- http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs099/en/
[2]. National Rabies Control Programme; National Guidelines on Rabies Prophylaxis by National Centre for Disease Control, India 2015- http://www.ncdc.gov.in/writereaddata/mainlinkfile/File557.pdf.
[3]. Re-evaluating the burden of rabies in Africa and Asia; Darryn N. Knobel and Francois Xavier Meslin et al.- http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/83/5/360.pdf
[4]. Media Center - Rabies Fact Sheet Updated September 2017 - http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs099/en/.
[5]. Eliminating rabies in India through awareness, treatment and vaccination: WHO - http://www.who.int/features/2016/eliminating-rabies-india/en/

Abstract: Background: Advancement in technology and acceleration in automobile development have been accompanied by increase in number and severity of fractures and those of tibial plateau are no exception. Being one of the major weight bearing joints of the body, fractures around it are of paramount importance. The study was aimed to identify the strategies in surgical treatment of tibial plateau fractures, its functional outcome and complications. Methods: Thirty-two cases of tibial plateau fractures treated and studied from Jan 2015 to Dec 2017 and followed up for a minimum period of 6 months and maximum of 2 yrs. Results: The selected patients evaluated thoroughly.........

key words: Fracture, Tibial plateau, Buttress plate, Bone graft.

[1]. Jacofsky DJ, Haidukerwych GJ. Insall& Scott Surgery of the knee. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone; 2006. Tibia plateau fractures. In: Scott WN; pp. 1133–46.
[2]. Wang SQ, Gao YS, Wang JQ, Zhang CQ, Mei J, Rao ZT. Surgical approach for high-energy posterior tibial plateau fractures. Indian J Orthop. 2011 Mar-Apr;45(2):125–31. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
[3]. Markhardt BK, Gross JM, Monu J. Schatzker Classification of Tibial Plateau Fractures: Use of CT and MR Imaging Improves Assessment. Radio Graphics. March 2009;29:585–97. [PubMed]
[4]. Zeltser DW, Leopold SS. Classifications in brief: Schatzker classification of tibial plateau fractures. ClinOrthopRelat Res. 2013 Feb;471(2):371–74. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
[5]. Mills WJ, Nork SE. Open reduction and internal fixation of High energy tibial plateau fractures. OrthopClin North Am. 2002;33:177–94. [PubMed]

Abstract: Background: Cutaneous warts are common dermatological conditions caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV). Immunotherapy has now found a significant place in the treatment of warts because of its non-destructive action, ease of use, and promising results. Objectives:To compare efficacy between intalesional MMR and BCG in treatment of verruca vulgaris. Method: 30 Patients were included in study and divided into two groups. Group1:This group included 15 patients subjected to intralesional MMR. Group 2:This group included 15 patients subjected to intralesional BCG. Only single wart was injected at 2-weeks interval until complete clearance or for a maximum of 5 treatments. Follow up of patients was done every month for 3 months for clinical assessment of results.........

key words: BCG, immunotherapy, intralesional, MMR, verruca

[1]. Sahar Alsharif ,*, Hanadi Alzanbagi , Dania Melebari , Norah Firaq; Intralesional immunotherapy with Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine for the treatment of warts: case report and systematic review; Int J Biol Med Res.2017;8(1):5820-5826
[2]. Riffat Naseem, Safoora Aamir .The Efficacy of Intralesional Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR) Antigen in Treatment of Common Warts ; P J M H S VOL. 7 NO.4 OCT – DEC 2013
[3]. Singh S, Chouhan K, Gupta S. Intralesional immunotherapy with killed Mycobacterium indicus pranii vaccine for the treatment of extensive cutaneous warts. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2014;80:509-14.
[4]. Thappa DM, Chiramel MJ. Evolving role of immunotherapy in the treatment of refractory warts. Indian Dermatol Online J 2016;7:364-70
[5]. Chandrashekar L. Intralesional immunotherapy for the management of warts. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2011;77:261-3.

Abstract: The aim of study is to study the clinical presentations, surgical management and its outcome and complications associated with Multi nodular goitrepatients.This randomized prospective study includes 50 patients with multi nodular goitre admitted in surgical units of SiddharthaMedicalcollege/ Govt. general hospital, VijayawadafromOctober 2015 toSeptember 2017.Results:In the study, it was noted that the multi nodular goiter more commonly affects the female and middle age population (20-60yrs). Patients most commonly present with complaint of swelling in neck.Patients present with toxic features and are usually treated surgically by subtotal thyroidectomy. Conclusion:FNAC is minimally invasive, highly accurate, cost effective, pre-operative assessment of patients with thyroid lesions. Main indication of surgery is cosmetic problem. Subtotal thyroidectomy is ideal treatment of MNG.

key words: Multi nodular goitre, Surgical management, Complications

[1]. Standringsusan, Gray's Anatomy., 39thedition, London, Churchill Livingstone, 2005- pp 560- 561.

[2]. Ganong William F., The thyroid gland, ch 18, Review of Medical Physiology, 21st edition, Loi, do, Pretice - Hall International, Inc, 2003 pp320- 331.

[3]. Francis S, Green S. Endocrine disorders. Med clin N Am. 1991; 75: pp 195-206.

[4]. John B Hanks. Thyroid ch 34 Sabiston Textbook of Surgery, Vol- 1, 17th edition, Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company, 2004.pp 947- 984.

[5]. Jameson JL, Weetman AP. Disease of the Thyroid Gland ch 320 in Harrison's Principlesof Internal Medicine,vol 2, 16thed, Newyork: Mc Graw Hill, 2005. Pp 2106- 2117.

Abstract: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide, and it accounts for most of the deaths due to cancer amongst women1.In India, it has overtaken cervical cancer as the most common cancer amongst women2. Goa has a high incidence rate (36.8/1000/year) of breast cancer in comparison to other parts of the country3. Conventionally, survival rates were the only consideration of any oncological therapy. However, the advances in the field of oncology over the past few decades have ensured a significantly higher survival in these patients. Presently, the recognition of patient's well-being and the quality of life has also become an important tool in oncological trials4. Breast cancer is known to affect all the domains of quality of life5.Hence, the assessment of QOL in breast cancer patients can serve as an effective tool to assess the outcome and the well-being of the patients. The objectives of this study are as follows:..........

[1]. Bray F, Ren JS, Masuyer E, Ferlay J. Estimates of global cancer prevalence for 27 sites in the adult population in 2008. Int J Cancer. 2013 Mar 1;132(5):1133-45. doi: 10.1002/ijc.27711. Epub 2012 Jul 26.

[2]. Ghoncheh M, Momenimovahed Z, Salehiniya H. Epidemiology, incidence and mortality of breast cancer in Asia. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2016;17:47–52.

[3]. Nandakumar A, Ramnath T, Chaturvedi M. The magnitude of cancer breast in India: a summary. Indian Journal of Surgical Oncology. 2010;1(1):8-9. doi:10.1007/s13193-010-0004-z.

[4]. Osoba D. Health-related quality of life and cancer clinical trials. Therapeutic Advances in Medical Oncology. 2011;3(2):57-71. doi:10.1177/1758834010395342.

[5]. Perry S, Kowalski TL, Chang C-H. Quality of life assessment in women with breast cancer: benefits, acceptability and utilization. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. 2007;5:24. doi:10.1186/1477-7525-5-24.

Abstract: Background: Obstetric haemorrhage accounts for 20 – 25% of maternal mortality and morbidity. Anti fibrinolytics are being widely used in various surgeries for reducing blood loss. Objective: The objective was to determine the role of prophylactic tranexamic acid in reducing blood loss during elective lscs. Study Design: A randomized case control study Place of Study: Chengalpattu medical college and hospital Methodology: A randomized case control prospective study was conducted in 100 women undergoing elective lscs between june 2017 to november2017. Among the 100 women undergoing lscs 50 were randomized to study group and the other 50 to control group. Study group.........

key words:Tranexamic acid, lower segment cesarean section, antifibrinolytics.

[1]. WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA and the World Bank. Trends in Maternal Mortality: 1990 to 2010. WHO; 2012.
[2]. Ronsmans C, Graham WJ. Maternal mortality: Who, when, where, and why. Lancet. 2006;368:1189–200.
[3]. Chavan R, Latoo MY. Recent advances in the management of major obstetric hemorrhage; 2013.
[4]. Ahonen J, Stefanovic V, Lassila R. Management of post-partum hemorrhage. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2010;54:1164–1178.
[5]. Okamoto S, Hijikata-Okunomiya A, Wanaka K, Okada Y, Okamoto U. Enzyme controlling medicines: Introduction. Semin Thromb Hemost. 1997;23:493–501.

Abstract: Introduction: WHO Defines The Appropriate Use Of Antimicrobials As "The Cost Effective Use Of Antimicrobials Which Maximizes Clinical Therapeutic Effect While Minimizing Both Drug-Related Toxicity And The Development Of Antimicrobial Resistance."Antibiotic Resistance (ABR) Is One Of The Major Health Problems In Developing Countries Like India Where Relatively Easy Availability And Higher Consumption Of Antibiotics (AB) Leads To High Level Of ABR. A Better Understanding Of What The Doctors Know And Believe About These Issues Of ABR And Its Usage Can Assist In Planning An Effective Educational Intervention For Them. To The Best Of Our Knowledge There Were No Previous Studies That Analyzed The Knowledge, Attitude And Practice Of Health Care Professionals On AB Use In Manipur. Hence, This Study Was Undertaken Among Junior Doctors In Order To Assess Their Knowledge And Attitude Concerning ABR, As Well As Their Self-Reported Practices In A Tertiary Care Hospital.......

key words: Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, Antibiotic Resistance, Irrational Use

[1]. World Health Organization. Prevention and Containment of antimicrobial resistance. http://www.ino.searo.who.int/LinkFiles/Other_Con tent_WHD11-Seminar_Presentation-WRpdf.
[2]. Ganguly NK, Arora NK, Chandy SJ, Fairoze MN, Gill JP,Gupta U, et al. Rationalising antibiotic use to limit antibiotic resistance in India. India J Med Res, 134, 2011, 281-94.
[3]. Chen C et al. Behaviour, attitudes and knowledge about antibiotic usage among residents of Changhua, Taiwan. J Microbiol Immunol Infect, 38, 2005, 53-9.
[4]. Srinivasan A, Song X, Richards A, Sinkowitz-CochranR, Cardo D, R and C. A survey of knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs of house staff physicians from various specialties concerning antimicrobial use and resistance. Arch Intern Med, 164, 2004, 1451-6.
[5]. Eng JV et al. Consumer attitudes and use of antibiotics.Emerging Infectious Diseases9(9),2003, 1128-35.

Abstract: Objectives: This single-blind in-vitro study was conducted to assess the effect of different in-office and home bleaching agents on the micro-hardness and color changes of dental enamel. Materials and Methods:Twenty human premolar teeth extracted for orthodontic reasons were used in the study. After mounting, an area of 2 mm circumference was chosen in the mid buccal section of all premolars for bleaching-agent application. The specimens were divided into four (4) groups. Each group was exposed to a specific bleaching material according to its manufacturer’s instructions. (GI) Control group; no treatment, teeth were immersed in artificial saliva, (GII) Fläsh, (32% hydrogen peroxide), (GIII) Opalescence Xtra Boost (40% hydrogen peroxide) and (GIV) Opalescence Home (35% carbamide peroxide). Micro-hardness and color changes were recorded for each specimen before and 24-hrs after the application of bleaching materials using Vickers Microhardness Test Machine and a Knoop diamond with 50g load applied for 10s and ColoreyeSpectro-Photometer, respectively. The value deltaE(ab)*=3.3 was used as an acceptable value in subjective visual evaluations. Statistical analysis of data was done using One-Way ANOVA and Tukey’srange test, with significance level set at 5%........

key words: Bleaching agent,Enamel Micro-hardness, Enamel Color Changes, Home Bleaching, In-office Bleaching, Restorative Dentistry

[1]. Watts A, Addy M. Tooth discolouration and staining: A review of the literature. Br Dent J 200 1; 190:309-316.
[2]. Sonju T, Rolla G. Chemical analysis of the aquired pellicle formed in two hours on cleaned human teeth in vivo. Rate of formation and amino acid analysis. Caries Res 1973; 7:30-38.
[3]. Vallotton CF. An acquired pigmented pellicle on the enamel surface: Clinical and histological studies. JAm Dent Assoc 1945; 24: 171-181
[4]. Sulieman M, Addy M, Macdonald E, & Rees JS (2005) The bleaching depth of a 35% hydrogen peroxide based inoffice product: a study in vitro Journal of Dentistry 33(1) 33-40
[5]. Sulieman M, Addy M, MacDonald E, & Rees JS (2004) The effect of hydrogen peroxide concentration on the outcome of tooth whitening: an in vitro study Journal of Dentistry 32(4) 295-299.