iosr-JDMS   Volume-17 ~ Issue-2 ~ February-2018

Abstract: Background: This study was designed to evaluate the status of lung function among workers of four different pollutant The study industries. Objective: To determine the effect of pollutants on lung function parameters of exposed subjects (individuals) from four different pollutant industries. Methods: The study was carried out with 120 individuals, out of whom 40 were control group (not exposed to pollutant industries) and 80 were exposed group of workers from four different pollutant industries. The pulmonary function tests were carried out by dry type computerized schiller's spirometer. Questionnaire in standard format was given to all the participants to fill up the required data. Results: The result shows reduction of pulmonary function parameters FVC, FEV1, FEV1 % and PEFR in the exposed group of individuals among the study participants. Conclusion: The pulmonary function parameters were lower in individuals working in pollutant industries.

Keywords: Control group, Exposed group, Lung function test, Pollutants, Study population About five key words in alphabetical order, separated by comma

[1]. D Oxman.; D. C. F Muir.; H. S Shannon. et al. 1993. Occupational dust exposure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A systematic review. Am Rev respire Dis.148: 38-48.
[2]. Medical Research Council, 1986. Respiratory Symptoms questionnaire. British Medical Research Council. London, England.
[3]. Park K. 2007. Occupational health. In Park's textbook of preventive and social medicine 18thed. Jabalpur: M/S Banarsidas Bhanot. 608-10.
[4]. D. L. Kasper; E Braunwald.; A. S. Fauci et al. 2008. Environmental lung diseases. In Harrison's Principals of internal Medicine 16thed. New York. Mac Graw Hil. 1521-7.
[5]. S.E. Urom; A. B. Antai; E. E. Osim 2004. Symptoms and lung function value in Nigerian men and women exposed to dust generating from crushing of granite rocks in calabar, Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences. 19: 41-7.

Abstract: Pulmonary embolism is one of the common diseases with high morbidity and mortality. It is the third most common cause of death after myocardial infarction and stroke. Because of its nonspecific clinical presentation, the condition is still difficult to diagnose clinically and is a major public health problem.Current practice of diagnosis of pulmonary thrombo embolism depends mainly on the computed tomography pulmonary angiography using iodinated contrast material. But in conditions of contraindications for usage of iodinated contrast material, the diagnostic efforts depend mainly on the conventional tools like conventional pulmonary angiography and lung perfusion scintigraphy (V/Q test). The aim of our study is to identify pulmonary embolism on Plain CT images itself using HU value difference between the pulmonary thrombus and the adjacent flowing blood. It is a retrospective study.............

Key words: HU: Hounsfield's unit, CT: Computed tomography, CTPA: computed tomography pulmonary angiography, ROI: Region of Interest, RISPACS: radiological information system-Picture archiving and communication system, PE: pulmonary embolism.

[1]. Anderson FA Jr, Brownell HB, Goldberg RJ, Hosmer DW, Nilima AP, Jovanovic B, Forcier A et al. A population-Based perspective of the hospital incidence and case fatality rates of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: The Worcester DVT study. Arch Intern Med 1991; 151:933–938.
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[4]. Shah MK, Burke DT, Shah SH. Upper extremity deep vein thrombosis. South Med J 2003;96:669–672.
[5]. Stein PD, Athanasoulis C, Alavi A, Greenspan RH, Hales CA, Saltzman HA et al. Complications and validity of pulmonary angiography in acute pulmonary embolus. Circulation 1992; 85:462–468.

Abstract: The aim of the present study is to comprehensively study and evaluate the difference in the incidence of superficial surgical site infections developing in laparotomy wounds approximated with bioactive suture material (coated polyglactin 910 with triclosan) versus a normal suture. Patients and methods: This hospital based observational comparative study included 90 consecutive patients who underwent a laparotomy, regardless of the indication, at Siddhartha Medical College, Vijayawada between January 2016 and December 2017 (2 years). Results:19.10% developed a superficial SSI – 10% from Normal Suture Group, 24.1% from the Bioactive Suture Group and 23.3% from the No Suture Group. Escherichia coli were cultured from 57.89% of the infected wounds. No significant difference in the number of postoperative days when a superficial SSI was diagnosed across the three groups.............

Keywords: Surgical site infections; antibacterial sutures; bioactive sutures; Triclosan, Polyglactin 910

[1]. C.D.C (1999). National nosocomial infections surveillance (NNIS) System Report, Data Summary from January 1990-May 1999. Am. J. Infect. Control. 27: 520-532
[2]. Lilani SP, Jangale N, Chowdhary A, Daver GB. Surgical site infection in clean and clean-contaminated cases. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2005 Oct;23(4):249-52.
[3]. Anvikar AR, Deshmukh AB, Karyakarte RP, Damle AS, Patwardhan NS, MalikAK, Bichile LK, Bajaj JK, Baradkar VP, Kulkarni JD, Sachdeo SM (1999). A oneyear prospective study of 3,280 surgical wounds. Indian J. Med. Microbiol. 17: 129-32
[4]. Henry-Stanley MJ, Hess DJ, Barnes AM, Dunny GM, Wells CL. Bacterial contamination of surgical suture resembles a biofilm. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2010 Oct;11(5):433-9.
[5]. Heath RJ, Rubin JR, Holland DR, Zhang E, Snow ME, Rock CO (1999).Mechanism of triclosan inhibition of bacterial fatty acid synthesis. J. Biol.Chem. 274 (16): 11110–4.

Abstract: Background: Headache is one of the most common maladies which affect humans. However, headache has not been sufficiently studied as a cause of morbidity in the developing world. The present study was conducted to study the demographical, etiological and clinical profile of headache patients using guidelines of International Classification of Headache Disorders , in a tertiary neurocare centre. Methods: The study included 500 patients with complaints of headache attending the outpatient of, Dept. of Neurology, G.R.Medical College & J.A.Group of hospitals, Gwalior, M.P, India. Patients underwent thorough clinical examination and psychiatric evaluation and clinical investigations were done as and when required. Results: Among the 500 patients with headache, primary headache (87.8%) was the most common...........

Key words: Chronic headache, Primary headache, Migraine, Tension type headache

[1]. Kelley, N. E., &Tepper, D. E. (2012a). Rescue therapy for acute migraine, part 1:triptans, dihydroergotamine, and magnesium. Headache, 52(1), 114-128.
[2]. Martelletti, P., Mitsikostas, D.-D., Lampl, C., Katsarava, Z., Osipova, V., Paemeleire, K., Edvinsson, L.,Siva, A., Valade, D., Steiner, Y., & Jensen, R. H. (2013). Framing education on headache disorders into the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. The European Headache Federation stands ready. The Journal Of Headache And Pain, 14, 41-41.
[3]. Bogduk, N., &Govind, J. (2009). Cervicogenic headache: an assessment of the evidence on clinical diagnosis, invasive tests, and treatment. Lancet Neurology,8(10), 959-968.

Abstract: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a significant public health concern in recent years due to its increased prevalence among the population and its increased morbidity and mortality. It was estimated that the prevalence of chronic kidney disease in India ranges from 0.79% to 1.4%. This study aimed to find out the proportion of CKD among the patients admitted in General Medicine wards of a tertiary care hospital in Kolkata and to find out any association between CKD and dyslipidaemia. This study is descriptive, observational and cross-sectional in design. It was a hospital-based study, conducted in General Medicine ward in a tertiary care teaching hospital in Kolkata. All adult patients (age ≥18 years) admitted in the General Medicine ward in the hospital from September............

Keyword's : Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), Cholesterol, Triglyceride, Dyslipidaemia

[1] Rajapurkar M, Dabhi M. Burden of disease - prevalence and incidence of renal disease in India. Clin Nephrol. 2010;74(Suppl 1):S9–S12.
[2] Coresh J, Selvin E, Stevens LA, Manzi J, Kusek JW, Eggers P, et al. Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease in the United States. J Am Med Assoc. 2007;298(17):2038–47.
[3] Wheeler DC, Bernard DB. Lipid abnormalities in the nephrotic syndrome: causes, consequences, and treatment. Am J Kidney Dis 1994; 23:331.
[4] Appel G. Lipid abnormalities in renal disease. Kidney Int 1991; 39:169.
[5] Sentí M, Romero R, Pedro-Botet J, et al. Lipoprotein abnormalities in hyperlipidemic and normolipidemic men on hemodialysis with chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 1992; 41:1394.

Abstract: Background: Light's criteria is the gold standard to differentiate transudative pleural effusion (PE) from exudative PE, but it requires four biochemical estimations which, in developing countries such as India, may not be feasible in every patient due to economic constraints. Aims & Objectives: To evaluate the comparative usefulness of pleural fluid biochemical parameters with relative usefulness of pleural cholesterol to the traditional Light' criteria. Methodology: This observational nonrandomized multiple arm prospective study was carried out in a group of new PE cases, admitted between December 2015 to September 2017 in the Department of Medicine at Gajra Raja Medical College, Gwalior, India. A total of 100 adult patients of both gender were selected by adhering strictly to certain inclusion and exclusion criteria.............

Keywords: Pleural Effusion, Transudate, Exudate, Light's Criteria, Pleural Cholesterol , Pleural LDH.

[1]. Seaton A. The Pleura. In: Seaton A, Leitch AG, Seaton D, editors. Crofton and Douglas's Respiratory Diseases. 5th ed. Vol 2. USA: Wiley-Blackwell; 2000. p. 1152-81.
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[3]. Light RW. Disorders of the pleura, mediastinum, diaphragm and chest wall. In: Longo DL, Kasper DL, Jameson JL, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Loscazlo J, editors. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 18th ed. USA: McGraw-Hill Professional; 2011. p. 1565-9.
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[5]. Gil Suay V, Martínez Moragon E, Cases Viedma E, Perpiñá TM, León FM, Sanchis Aldas J. Pleural cholesterol in differentiating transudates and exudates. A prospective study of 232 cases. Respiration 1995;62:57‑63.

Abstract: BACKGROUND: - Patients with diabetes mellitus have high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, a basic characteristic of diabetic heart disease (diabetic cardiomyopathy), appears before the development of systolic dysfunction, suggesting that diastolic markers might be sensitive for early cardiac injury. AIMS :-To study left ventricular diastolic function in diabetic patients by echocardiographic measures and its correlation withAge, BMI,HbA1C, duration of diabetes, diabetic retinopathy ,microalbuminuria .METHODS: The present study was a hospital based case control study conducted in the Department of General Medicine, GR Medical College Gwalior, from January 2016 to September 2017 with a total of 90 subjects {divided in to case (n=60) and control (n=30)}.All subjects had undergone a standard 12 lead ECG and Doppler..........

Keywords: Type2 diabetes mellitus, Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, control group, diabetic retinopathy(DR).

[1]. Zimmet PZ, McCarty DJ, de Courten MP. The global epidemiology of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and the metabolic syndrome. J Diabetes Complicat. 1997;11(2):60–68. [PubMed]

[2]. Murray CJL, Lopez AD, editors. The global burden of disease a comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability, diseases injuries and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1996.

[3]. Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(5):1047–1053. [PubMed]

[4]. Sobngwi E, Mauvais-Jarvis F, Vexiau P, Mbanya JC, Gautier JF. Diabetes in Africans. Part 1: epidemiology and clinical specificities. Diabetes Metab. 2001;27(6):628–634. [PubMed]

[5]. David SH Bell. Diabetes Care 2003 Oct; 26(10):2949-2951, 2791.

Abstract: The nutrient artery is the major source of blood supply to the long bones. It enters through a nutrient foramen which runs obliquely and usually directed away from the growing end. The nutrient artery of tibia is the largest nutrient artery of the body. The knowledge of presence, number, location and direction of nutrient foramina has clinical significance in orthopaedic procedures. Materials and methods: The present study was conducted on 100 dry adult tibia bones (49 Right, 51 Left) of unknown sex and origin from the Department of Anatomy, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, Manipur. The lengths of tibia were measured using an osteometric board. For the purpose of study, the tibia was divided into three equal segments. The presence, number, location and direction of nutrient foramen were noted.........

Keywords: Anteromedial, Anterolateral, Fracture, Nutrient foramen, Tibia..

[1]. Mysorekar VR, Nandedker AN. Diaphyseal nutrient foramina in human phalanges. J Anat 1979;128:315-22.
[2]. Kate BR. 1971. Nutrient foramina in human long bones. J Anat Soc Ind 20(3):139-145.
[3]. Kate BR. Nutrient foramina in human long bones. J Anat Soc of India. 1970; 20,141.
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[5]. Bulstrode C, Buckwalter J, Carr A, Marsh L, Fairbank J, Mc Donald JW et al, editors. Oxford text of orthopaedics and trauma, Vol.3.New York:Oxford University Press;2002.p.2291-2.

Abstract: This is a prospective analytical study done in a group of 50 patients with perforative peptic ulcer at Govt. Rajaji Hospital, Madurai. The objective of the study is to analyse the two scores, The Peptic Ulcer Perforation Score and Jabalpur score. The study compares the positive predictive value and reliability of the prediction of the two scores. All data were analysed using SPSS Version for WINDOWS software. Area under Curve was calculated using Receiver operator Characteristic curves. PULP score apart from taking into account of all variables like vital measures, age, serum creatinine levels and time from perforation to operation, that were even included in the Jabalpur score, also pays significance to the past history of the patient. This inclusion has improved both the AUC and Positive predictive values of the PULP score.........

Keywords: peptic ulcer perforation, mortality prediction, peptic ulcer perforation Score, Jabalpur Score

[1]. Jordan PH. Duodenal ulcers and their surgical treatment: Where did they come from? Am J Surg. 1985;149:2-14.
[2]. Johnson AG. Peptic ulcer - stomach and duodenum. Morris PJ, Wood WC. Oxford Textbook of Surgery. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. pp.997.
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Abstract: Introduction: Benign lesions of the larynx constitute an interesting array of lesions. These lesions are defined as an abnormal mass of tissue in the larynx, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissue and persist in the same excessive manner after cessation of stimuli which evoke the change. The aim of this study is to analyze over a period of 1 year, the demographics such as age, sex distribution, occupation, the site of involvement, symptomatology and prognosis of the most frequent benign lesions of larynx. Materials And Methods: Retrospective study of 70 patients who attended ENT OPD at Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital from May 2016 to May 2017 and diagnosed with non malignant lesion of larynx were followed up for a period of 6 months........

[1]. Singhal, P., Bhandari, A., Chouhan, M., Sharma, M. P., & Sharma, S. Benign tumors of the larynx: a clinical study of 50 cases. Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, 2009;61(1), 26-30.
[2]. 2. Saudi, S. Benign lesions of the Vocal Cords in different ages: prospective Study of 60 Cases. Journal of Medical Science and Technology,2013;2(3),130-134.
[3]. Bastian, R. W. Benign mucosal and saccular disorders: benign laryngeal tumors. Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery. 2nd ed. St Louis, Mo. Mosby-Year Book Inc, 1993; 1897-1924.
[4]. Johns MM. Update on the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of vocal fold nodules, polyps, and cysts. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003 Dec;11(6): 456-61.
[5]. Zeitels SM, Hillman RE, Bunting GW, Vaughn T. Reinke's edema: phonatory mechanisms and management strategies. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1997 Jul;106 (7 Pt 1):533-43..

Abstract: Postoperative nausea and vomiting continues to be a common and distressing complication of surgery. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of preoperative volume loading with Ringer lactate solution on the incidence of PONV after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Materials and methods: Among sixty patients, aged 18-65 years, scheduled to undergo elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy were randomized into two groups. Group A received intravenous ringer lactate of 2ml/kg/hr, whereas Group B received intravenous ringer lactate of 12ml/kg/hr. Rest of the anaesthesia protocol was similar in both groups. Parameters compared included intraoperative hemodynamics, incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting during 0-5 hours and 6-24 hours in the postoperative period. Results:There was a significant reduction in the SBP in the Group A compared to the Group B after induction of anaesthesia. The drop in the mean SBP was 16% in Group A compared with 10.01% drop in the Group B on induction of anaesthesia.In the 0-5 interval the number of patients experienced no nausea..........

Keywords: Post operative nausea and vomiting, Ringer lactate, cost effective

[1]. Chakraborty A, Sinha A. The effect of timing of ondansetron administration in prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting in patient operated under general anaesthesia. IJCMR 2016;3(7):2102-5
[2]. Chandrakantan A, Glass PSA. Multimodal therapies for postoperative nausea and vomiting, and pain. Br J Anaesth 2011;107(6):127-40.

[3]. Amireh AM, Al-ghoul YA, Jabir IA. Preoperative intravenous fluid supplements: a simple and inexpensive method to reduce postoperative nausea and vomiting among patients underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. JRMS 2009;16(3):31-5.
[4]. Hofer CK, Zollinger A, Buchi S, et al. Patient well-being after general anaesthesia: a prospective, randomized, controlled multi-centre trial comparing intravenous and inhalation anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 2003;91(12):631–6.
[5]. Naylor RJ, Inall FC. The physiology and pharmacology of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anaesthesia 1994;49(7):2-5..

Abstract: Since its advent in 1981 by Dr. Archie Brain at the London hospital, the laryngeal mask airway (LMA) has turned out to be a boon for the anaesthesiologists .It not only forms an integral part of the difficult airway cart, but is also used outside the OT setup by the paramedics for securing airway. With growing emphasis on day care surgery, the LMA is into wider practice in recent times. The basis lies on the fact that the LMA insertion does not obviates the use of a depolarising muscle relaxant; use of induction agents, alone or in combination, is sufficient enough to obtund the upper airway reflexes of the patient for an easy insertion. The present study is designed using two of such induction agents, propofol and thiopentone, and a comparision is drawn as to which of the two induction agents facilitate an easy LMA insertion ensuring hemodynamic stability. Conditions for LMA insertion was graded on a three-point scale using six variables such as ease of insertion, jaw opening, coughing, gagging, etc. Our study concluded that Propofol at the dose of 2.5 mg/kg was superior to Thiopentone at the dose of 5 mg/kg as an induction agent for insertion of the laryngeal mask airway

Keywords: airway, laryngeal, mask, propofol, thiopentone

[1]. Pollart BJ, Norton ML. Principle of airway management- Wylie and Churchill-Davodson‟s, A Practice of Anaesthesia. 7th Edition ,2003;443-464.
[2]. Drage MP, Nunez J, Vaughan RS, et al. Jaw thrusting as a clinical test to assess the adequate depth of anaesthesia for insertion of the laryngeal mask. Anaesthesia 1996; 51: 1167 -1170.
[3]. Bahk JH, Kim CS. A method for removing the laryngeal mask airway after using it as an intubation guide. Anaesthesiology, 1997;86:1218.
[4]. Bahk JH, Kim JK, Kim CS. Use of the laryngeal mask airway to preoxygenate in a pediatric patient with Treacher–Collins Syndrome. Pediatric Anesthesia, 1998;8:274-275.
[5]. Van Zundert, Brimacombe, Ferson ,Bacon. Archie Brain :celebrating 30 years of development in laryngeal mask airway. Anaesthesia vol 67 issue 12;1375-85..

Abstract: Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD)is separation of neurosensory retina from retinal pigment epithelium with accumulation of subretinal fluid within the potential space in between. RPE microvilli are inter-digitated to outer segments of photoreceptors allowing its phagocytosis.1-2., helping in cellular remodeling during outer segment renewal cycle. After surgical attachment this inter-digitation is important for functional recovery which starts within 3 days.3 The surgical repair of RRD can reverse many of the pathological changes noted during retinal detachment, although the functional prognosis depends in the status of the macua and duration of detachment4. Wolfensberger has also shown that in "off- macula" retinal detachments the delay in visual recovery can be due to persistant subretinal fluid at the macula..........

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[5]. Ross W. In: American Retinal Surgeons Assoc: 2004; San Diego: 2004..

Abstract: The recurrent laryngeal nerves is present on both sides of the trachea, and at the point of entrance to the larynx they are located just lateral to the Berry ligament. They have important anatomic variations. Very rarely, the inferior laryngeal nerve exits the vagus nerve in the cervical region and enters the larynx with a short and straight course from its origin. This anomaly is called "non-recurrent laryngeal nerve". Injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve is a serious complication in thyroid and parathyroid surgery. Identification and preservation of recurrent laryngeal nerve (Inferior laryngeal nerve) is one of the most important step during Thyroid surgery. Very rarely, Thyroid surgeons may encounter a Non recurrent laryngeal nerve. A preoperative clinical suspicion, in case of an aberrant subclavian artery or situs inversus and a systematic meticulous dissection will help in the identification and preservation of a non recurrent laryngeal nerve In this case report, we present a non-recurrent laryngeal nerve abnormality........

Keywords: non-recurrent laryngeal nerve, arteria lusoria, retroesophageal right subclavian artery, aberrant right subclavian artery, neuromonitoring

[1] Fahri Yetişir, Alper Bilal Özkardeş, Halit Ziya Dündar, Bozkurt Birkan, Ahmet Burak Çiftci, and Mehmet Kılıç, Non-recurrent laryngeal nerve. Turkish Journal of Surgery, 30(2), 2014; 112-114 [ PMC ]
[2] Toniato A, Merante Boschin I, Paetta C, Casalide E, Pelizzo M, A ―Pilot light‖ of the right non-recurrent laryngeal nerve, Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica, 30(2), 2010, 107-109 [ PMC ]
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[4] Santhosh Kumar N*, Shaji Thomas, Sharath K. Krishnan, N. Senthil Kumar, Non Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve - A Case Report, Indian Journal of Medical Research and Pharmaceutical Sciences 1(6), 2014 Nov, ISSN: 2349 – 5340 [ http://www.ijmprs.com/ ]
[5] Li X1, Wang Z, Lu X, Li J, Huang Y, Huang J, Long X, Non-recurrent laryngeal nerve related to thyroid surgery: a report of 5 cases and literature review, Med Sci Monit. 16(6), 2010 Jun, CS71-5 [ PubMed ]

Abstract: Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD)is separation of neurosensory retina from retinal pigment epithelium with accumulation of subretinal fluid within the potential space in between. RRD is caused by a full thickness break in the neurosensory retina which initiates separation of the neurosensory retina from the underlying retinal pigment epithelium. Vitreous synresis needs to be there foe seepage of SRF and detachment. Pediatric RRD has been reported in various parts of the worldto account for 3% to 12.6% of all patients with this clinical entity.1-4 Majority of RRD cases are caused by more than one retinal break, which needs to be kept in mind for appropriate surgical management. Myopia ,peripheral retinal degenerations, PVD, ocular trauma, previous cataract surgery are important predisposing factors. Patients may have RRD or break or lattice in the fellow eye representing an important risk of blateral visual loss..........

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[5]. Butler TKH, K iel AW et all . anatomical and visual outcome of retinal detachment surgery in children. BJO 2001;85:1437-1439.

Abstract: Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD)is separation of neurosensory retina from retinal pigment epithelium with accumulation of sub-retinal fluid within the potential space in between. RRD is caused by a full thickness break in the neurosensory retina which initiates separation of the neurosensory retina from the underlying retinal pigment epithelium. Vitreous synresis needs to be there for seepage of SRF and detachment. OCT enables noncontact, noninvasive imaging of the anterior eye as well as of morphologic features of the human retina including the fovea and optic disc1-2using near infrared low coherent light passing through a Michelson interferometer to obtain two dimensional images of the retina and optic nerve head. OCT has gained popularity not only in medical retina, such as in cases of macular hole, retinal detachment, epiretinal membrane. Optical coherence tomographyis of two types- Time domain OCT and Spectral- domain or Fourier Domain OCT.The time domain OCT 3000 become available in 2002, with an axial resolution of 10μm and scan velocity of 400 axial scans per second. In 2004, higher resolution Spectral Domain OCT (SD-OCT) was introduced in clinical practice with reported resolution of 1 to 5 μm as well as improved visualization of retinal morphologic and pathologic features.............

[1]. Swanson EA, Izatt JA, Hee MR, Huang D, Lin CP, Schuman JS, Puliafito CA, Fujimoto JG. In vivoretinal imaging by optical coherence tomography. Opt Lett. 1993;18:1864–1866.

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[3]. Puliafito CA, Hee MR, Schuman JS, Fujimoto JG. Optical Coherence Tomography of Ocular Diseases.Thorofare, NJ: Slack Inc; 1996.

[4]. Manish Nagpal et all. Morphometrical analysis of fovea with SD-OCT and visual outcome post surgery for retinal detachment. Indian J Ophthalmol, aug 2014;62(8):846-850

[5]. Joe SG, Kim yj et all. Structural recovery of detached macula after retinal detachment repair as assessed by OCT. Korean J Ophthalmol.2013 Jun;27(3):178-85.doi:10.3341/kjo.2013.27.3.178.Epub 2013 May 7..