iosr-JDMS   Volume-17 ~ Issue-6 ~ June-2018

Abstract: In patients, suspected to have pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) on clinical and radiological grounds, but who have negative sputum results for Acid-Fast Bacilli (AFB) or who do not expectorate adequate sputum for testing fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) is a useful method for overcoming definitive diagnostic difficulties. This study has aimed at comparing the diagnostic value of the data acquired by the sampling procedures applied with FOB and the diagnostic value of the post bronchoscopy sputum samples. The study included 31 patients. Using FOB, bronchoalveolar lavage, catheter mediated......

[1]. World Health Organization Global Tuberculosis Report: 2016. Available from: http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s23098en/s23098en.pdf
[2]. Gopathi NR, Mandava V, Namballa UR, Makala S. A Comparative Study of Induced Sputum and Bronchial Washings in Diagnosing Sputum Smear Negative Pulmonary Tuberculosis. J ClinDiagnRes. 2016;10(3):07–10.
[3]. Le Palud P, Cattoir V, Malbruny B, Magnier R, Campbell K, Oulkhouir Y, et al. Retrospective observational study of diagnostic accuracy of the Xpert® MTB/RIF assay on fiberoptic bronchoscopy sampling for early diagnosis of smear-negative or sputum-scarce patients with suspected tuberculosis. BMCPulmMed. 2014;12;14:137.
[4]. Prakash UBS. Bronchoscopy. Mayo Faundation. RavenPress, Newyork. 1994;26:367-372.
[5]. Quaiser S, Agarwal A, Khan R, Haque SF. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy, as a valuable diagnostic option in sputum negative pulmonary tuberculosis: A prospective study. Int J Appl Basic Med Res. 2012;2(2):123-7.

Abstract: The present study was conducted among 200 adult dental patients attending dental clinic in a tertiary care hospital in Delhi. The Study found high percentage (70%) used both a toothbrush & toothpaste for oral hygiene, About two-fifth (42 %) of the subjects stated 'tooth decay' as a result of not cleaning teeth regularly, followed by bad breath (27%) and gum disease or pyorrhea (23.5%). It was found that highest 42% visited to hospital due to pain followed by bleeding of gums (21.5%), dental cavities (21%) and swelling (6%)., Nearly half (46 %) of the subjects blamed smoking/pan chewing/gutkha/other tobacco products for having deleterious effects on dental health. Majority (28%) were smokers, followed by betel nut chewing (17.5%) and alcohol (13.5%). More than two fifth (42%) of respondents were aware that tobacco causes oral cancers. Significant association of knowledge & practices of oral hygiene, knowledge about oral cancer etc were found..

Key words: Awareness, Oral hygiene practices, Oral cancer prevention, Quality of dental treatment, Socio-demographic factors

[1]. World Health magazine. Oral Health for Healthy life 1994. Page 47.
[2]. Siegel R, Ma J, Zou Z, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2014. CA Cancer J Clin. 2014 Jan-Feb;64(1):9-29. doi: 10.3322/caac.21208. Epub 2014 Jan 7.
[3]. Shah N, Mathur VP, Jain V, Logani A. Association between traditional oral hygiene methods with tooth wear, gingival bleeding, and recession: A descriptive cross-sectional study. Indian J Dent Res 2018;29:150-4
[4]. World Health Organisation, Global Adult Tobacco Survey-GATS,2010
[5]. Petersen P E, Peng B, Tai B, Bian Z, Fan M, " Effect of a school-based oral health education programme in Wuhan city, people republic of China". International dental journal 2004 February: 54 (1): Page 33-41..

Abstract: Portal biliopathy (PBP) occurs as a consequence of portal hypertension. Patients with extrahepatic portal hypertension (EHPVO) are more prone to develop PBP due to the longstanding nature of disease which occurs in childhood. Here we present a 18 years old male with EHPVO presenting with jaundice. He was ma-naged in a staged manner with proximal splenorenal shunt (PSRS) as first stage procedure and biliary drai-nage as a second procedure for the biliary obstruction.

Key words: portal biliopathy ; extrahepatic portal vein obstruction; portal hypertension; Biliary obstruction; secondary biliary cirrhosis; proximal splenorenal shunt.

[1]. Anand CS, Tandon BN, Nundy S. (1983) The causes, management and outcome of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage in an Indian hospital. Br J Surg 70:209–211.
[2]. JB, Chawla YK. (1992) Pseudosclerosing cholangitis in extrahepatic portal venous obstruction. Gut 33:272–276.
[3]. Khuroo MS, Yatoo GN, Zargar SA, Javid G, Dar MY, Khan BA et al. (1993) Biliary abnormalities associated with extrahepatic portal venous obstruction. Hepatology 17:807–813
[4]. Sarin SK, Bhatia V, Makwane U. (1992) Portal biliopathy in extrahepatic portal vein obstruction. Indian J Gastroenterol 2:A82.
[5]. Condat B, Vilgrain V, Asselah T, O'Toole D, Rufat P, Zappa M et al. (2003) Portal cavernoma-associated cholangiopathy: a clinical and MR cholan- giography coupled with MR portography imaging study. Hepatology 37:1302–1308..

Abstract: Concrescence is a rare dental anomaly in which teeth are united in the cementum but not in the dentin. The incidence of Concrescence teeth is reported to be highest in the posterior maxilla. It often involves a second molar with roots in near proximity to those of a third molar. The presence of concrescent teeth may influence teeth extraction as well as periodontal, endodontic, orthodontic and even prosthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. This article discusses a case report of concrescence between two maxillary central incisors and the variation in gingival biotype associated with the same teeth

Key words: Concrescence; Developmental Anomaly; Cemental Union; Hypercementosis; gingival biotype

[1]. Gunduz K, Sumer M, and Sumer A, Gunhan O. Concrescence of a mandibular third molar and a Supernumerary fourth molar: Report of a rare case. British Dental Journal 2006; 200(3):141-2.
[2]. Sugiyama M, Ogawa I, Suei Y, Tohmori H, Higashikawa K, Kamata N. Concrescence of teeth: Cemental union between the crown of an impacted tooth and the roots of an erupted tooth. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine 2007; 36 (1): 60-2.
[3]. Denise Foran, Takashi Komabayashi and Louis M. Lin, Concrescence of permanent maxillary second And third molars: case reportof non-surgical root canal treatment, Journal of Oral Science, 54, 2012, 133-136
[4]. Hypercementosis and Concrescence of Maxillary Second Molar with Third Molar: A Case Report and Review of Literature Bhavya Mohan Academic Unit of Retorative Dentistry, Charles Clifford Dental Hospital, 76 Wellesley Road, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S10 2SZ, United Kingdom.
[5]. Dr. Sandeep B. Patil1, Dr.Divya Singh, IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS) e-ISSN: 2279-0853, p-ISSN: 2279-0861.Volume 15, Issue 9 Ver. IX (September). 2016), PP 77-79..

Abstract: Background: Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disease with a very high incidence among Indian population. Diabetes Mellitus affects almost all body systems causing various structural and biochemical changes. Magnesium plays a key role in the metabolism of carbohydrates. It is mainly involved in diverting assimilable glucose for utilisation. This study is an attempt to find out the correlation between HbA1c (glycated hemoglobin) levels and serum magnesium levels in type-2 Diabetes Mellitus. Aim: To study the correlation between serum magnesium and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in type-2 Diabetes Mellitus. Materials and Methods: 130 people with type-2 Diabetes Mellitus and 130 normal healthy people without Diabetes were selected for the study. The age group of the study subjects were (30-55) years. Both fasting and post prandial blood samples were........

Key words: Correlation, Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c), Serum Magnesium, type-2 Diabetes Mellitus

[1]. S.Wild, G.Roglic, A.Green, R.Sicree, H.King, Global prevalence of Diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030,
Diabetes Care, 27(5), 2004, 1047-1053.
[2]. JE.Shaw, RA.Sicree, PZ.Zimmet, Global estimates of the prevalence of Diabetes for 2010 and 2030, Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 87(1),
2010, 4-14.
[3]. World Health Organisation Department of Non Communicable Disease Surveillance: Diagnosis and classification of Diabetes Mellitus and its complications, WHO Geneva 1999, http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1999/WHO-NCD-NCS-99.2.pdf.
[4]. C.Abraira, W.Duckworth, The need for glycemic trials in type-2 Diabetes, Clin Diabetes, 21, 2003, 107-111.
[5]. DW.Allan, WA.Schroeder, Observations on the chromatographic heterogeneity of normal adult and fetal human haemoglobin: A study of the effects of crystallization and chromatography on the heterogeneity and isoleucine content, J Am Chem Soc, 80, 1958, 16281634...

Abstract: Background: Cancer is among the leading causes of death worldwide. In 2012, there were 14 million new cases and 8.2 million cancer-related deaths worldwide. Objectives:Toasses the cancer incidence of Tirunelveli medical college in 2016.To compare with the data for the year 2007-2011. Methods:In Tirunelveli Medical College ,an analysis of reported cancer cases obtained from the records of surgical pathology in 2016 and compared with previous data from 2007-2011. Results :It showed an increased incidence of head and neck cancers and a decline in the incidence of cervical cancers during the last decade. Many other cancers also show a varying trends during this period Conclusion:The cancer registry shows the magnitude of cancer cases in Tirunelveli medical college and hence helps in planning and evaluation of cancer control activities.

Key words: cancer,cancer registry,incidence

[1]. Mohandas.K.Mallath,David.j.Taylor The growing burden of cancer in India:epidemiology and social context ;2014;p1

[2]. National cancer registry programme Consolidated report ofpopulation based cancer based registries 1990-1996;2001

[3]. Dr.V.Shantha,Dr.R.Swaminathan population based cancer registry,Indivivual registry write up,cancer institute(WIA),Adayar,Chennai 2006-2008;p165-183.

[4]. Dr.Usha,Dr.Suresh durai Incidence of cancer in tirunelveli medical college and hospital-A five year cancer surveillance project ;IOSR-JDMS;Vol 16;Issue 5 pp35-45.

[5]. National cancer registry programme Three year report of population based cancer registries:2012-2014;2016;pxiv-xv.

Abstract: OBJECTIVES :To study the role of Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) in diagnosing macular lesions among the patients attending O.P.D.(Out Patient Department) of theAssam Medical College& Hospital,Dibrugarh.MATERIALS&METHODS:This is a prospective hospital based study conducted on 50 patients having macular lesions attending O.P.D. of the Department of Ophthalmologyin the Assam Medical College & Hospital, Dibrugarh, Assam. The study was conducted based on thecomplete ophthalmic examination includingbest corrected visual acuity, Slit Lamp Examination, IOP recording and detailed fundus examination by indirect ophthalmoscopy with +20D lens. Routine blood examination and urine examination were done. Then, patients were underwent posterior segment examination by OCT. RESULTS : A total number of 50 cases were enrolled in the study, out of which 31(62%) were male, 19(38%) were female, of the 50 cases on whom OTC was done, majority of cases 18(36%).........

Key words: Optical Coherence Tomography, Macular lesions, Assam

[1]. Chauhan DS, Marshall J. The interpretation of optical coherence tomography images of the retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1999;40:2332–2342. [PubMed]

[2]. Nussenblat RB, Kaufman SC, Palestine AG, Davis MD, Ferris FL. Macular thickening and visual acuity. Ophthalmology. 1987;94:1134–1139. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[3]. Hee MR, Puliafito CA, Duker JS, et al. Topography of diabetic macular edema with optical coherence tomography. Ophthalmology. 1998;105:360–370. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[4]. IzattJA,HeeMR,Swanson EA, et al. Micrometer scale resolution of the anterior eye in vivo with optical coherence tomography.Arch Ophthalmol.1994;112(12):1584-1589.

[5]. Fujimoto JG, Pitris C, Boppart SA et al. Optical Coherence tomography: an emerging technology for biomedical imaging and optical biopsy. Neoplasia. 2000;2(1):9-25...

Abstract: Marfan syndrome is an inherited autosomal dominant connective tissue disorder due to multiple mutations of fibrillin-1 gene present on long arm of chromosome 15 leading to defective fibrillin protein causing generalized tissue weakness . It may range from mild subclinical cases to severe disorder resulting in scoliosis, joint laxity, cardiovascular complications like mitral valve prolapse, aortic aneurysm or aortic dissection(which appears more commonly during pregnancy).  Incidence of marfan syndrome is 2 to 3 per 10,000 individuals and is with out racial or ethnic predilection. It affects both sexes equally.  Thus the syndrome can make a pregnancy fall in high risk pregnancy, that too with ruptured ectopic pregnancy.  We report a rare case of 26 year oldprimi, a known case of marfan syndrome who is on treatment for aortic dissection with ruptured ectopic and was surgically managed........

[1]. Hiratzka LF, Bakris GL, Beckman JA, et al. ACCF/AHA/AATS/ ACR/ASA/SCA/SCAI/SIR/STS/SVM guidelines for the diagnosis and management of patients with thoracic aortic disease. J Am Coll Cardio 2010;55:e27–129.
[2]. Baumgartner H, Bonhoeffer P, De Groot NM, et al. Task Force on the Management of Grown-up Congenital Heart Disease of the European Society of Cardiology; Association for European Paediatric Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2010;23:2915–57.
[3]. Regitz-Zagrosek V, BlomstromLundqvist C, Borghi C, et al. ESC guidelines on the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy: the Task Force on the Management of Cardiovascular Diseases during Pregnancy of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2011;32:3147–97.
[4]. Rossiter JP, Repke JT, Morales AJ, Murphy EA, Pyeritz RE. A prospective longitudinal evaluation of pregnancy in the Marfan syn- drome. Am J ObstetGynecol1995;173:1599–606.
[5]. Meijboom LJ, Vos FE, Timmermans J, Boers GH, Zwinderman AH, Mulder BJ. Pregnancy and aortic root growth in the Marfan syndrome: a prospective study. Eur Heart J 2005;26:914–20...

Abstract: INTRODUCTION:- Heart rate variability(HRV) is a physiological phenomenon which changes during each phase of respiration. It is a study of Autonomic nervous system(ANS). In most Autonomic disorder , parasympathetic function is affected before sympathetic function,so HRV during deep breathing provides as a sensitive screening measures for early detection of autonomic dysfunctions. Heart Rate Variability during deep breathing(HRVdb) changes in newly hypertensive patients. AIM:- Aim of our study is early detection of autonomic dysfunction in newly diagnosed hypertensive patients and to reduce mortality by early detection and prompt intervention from life threatening arrythmias. MATERIALS AND METHODS:- 40 newly diagnosed hypertensive patients and 40 normotensive subjects were selected as cases and controls respectively.HRV was measured by calculating the difference between shortest and longest R-R interval.

Key words:HRVdb, SBP,DBP,R-R interval.

[1]. Kim E. Barrett, Scott Boitano, Susan M. Barman,HeddwenL.Brooks. Origin of the heart beat and the electrical activity of the heart. In Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology. 23rdedition,TATAMc GRAW,
[2]. Brainbridge FA. The relation between respiration and the pulse rate. JPhysiol 1920;54:192-202.
[3]. RR Diehl, D Linden and P Berlit. Determinants of heart rate variability during deep breathing: Basic findings and clinical applications.Clinical AutonomicResearch 1997;7:131-135.
[4]. Robert W.Shields,JR,MD. Heart rate Variablity with deep breathing as a clinical test of cardiovagalfunction.Cleveland Clinic Journal of MedicineApril 2009;volume 76,supplement2:37-40
[5]. Smith SA. Reduced sinus arrhythmia in diabetic autonomic neuropathy:diagnostic value of an age related normal range. Br Med J 1982;285:1599-1601...

Abstract: Background: The liver may be considered as the most important organ in drug toxicity because it is functionally interposed between the site of absorption and the systemic circulation and is a major site of metabolism and elimination of foreign substances; these features render it a preferred target for drug toxicity. Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) therefore possess a major clinical problem. DILI is initiated by direct hepatotoxic effects of a drug. Paracetamol, a widely used analgesic and antipyretic drug, which causes acute liver damage in higher doses in both animals and in humans. Paracetamol administration causes necrosis of the centrilobular hepatocytes characterized by nuclear pyknosis and eosinophilic cytoplasm followed by large excessive hepatic lesion. Exposure of Paracetamol in Zebrafish causes 75% reduction in liver antioxidant enzyme level within 24 hours post exposure........

Key words: Siddha medicine; Karisalai Karpa Chooranam; Hepato – Protective activity.

[1]. Jyotsna, Swarnalatha Y. ; Effect of Flavonoids in Acetaminophen Induced Liver Injury in Danio Rerio; International Journal of Health Sciences & Research; Vol.6; Issue: 2; February 2016.
[2]. Russmann, S., Gerd, A., and Grattagliano, I.: Curr Med Chem., 16: 3041-3053 (2009).
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[4]. Pang S, Xin X, Stpierre MV. Determinants of Metabolic Disposition. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 1992; 32: 625-626.
[5]. IlangoK and ChitraV. Hepatproteactive and Antioxidant activities of Fruit Pulp of Limoniaacidissima Linn. International Journal of Health Research. 2009;2(4):361‐367...

Abstract: Enterocutaneous fistulas still present as a challenge to current combined surgical and medical management. There is still a considerable mortality and morbidity associated with enterocutaneous fistulas and the current modality of treatment even if successful mostly requires prolonged hospitalization. Major causes of morbidity and mortality are due to sepsis, malnutrition and metabolic complications. Enterocutaneous fistulas occurs predominantly post operatively than spontaneous. All patients who developed enterocutaneous fistula, either in this hospital during the course of treatment or were referred to this hospital following development of fistula from to Oct 2015- Aug2017 were included in this study and was analysed. Enterocutaneous fistulas were seen between the age groups 11yrs to...........

Key words: Enterocutaneous fistula, sepsis, hypoalbuminaemia

[1]. Maingot R, Zinner M, Ashley S. Maingot's abdominal operations. 12th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical; 2013.
[2]. Berry SM, Fischer JE. Classification and pathophysiology of enterocutaneous fistulas. Surgical Clinics. 1996 Oct 1;76(5):1009-18
[3]. Lloyd DA, Gabe SM, Windsor AC. Nutrition and management of enterocutaneous fistula. British Journal of Surgery. 2006 Sep 1;93(9):1045-55.
[4]. Meguid M, Campos A. Nutritional management of patients with gastrointestinal fistulas. Surgical Clinics of North America. 1996;76(5):1035-1080.
[5]. Edmunds Jr LH, Williams GM, Welch CE. External fistulas arising from the gastro-intestinal tract. Annals of surgery. 1960 Sep;152(3):445..

Abstract: Kidney Diseases Rank third among-st life-threatening diseases and 100/million population succumb to kidney diseases every year. Conservative medical management of the patient and dialysis are the mainstay of therapy to acute renal patient [1]. With increasing life expectancy and prevalence of life style diseases, US has seen a 30% increase in prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the last decade 2/3rd of the cases of CKD are attributed to diabetes and hypertension In India too, diabetes and hypertension today account for 40–60% cases of CKD [2]. (a) The dialysis market has seen a robust growth in the past 5 years. What makes this market more interesting and challenging is its customer base, which is relatively small yet of high value [3]. As the number of people with end stage renal disease grows, the market for haemodialysis equipment and services is expected to expand, generating increased revenues throughout the forecast period [4]. Hospital costs to patients are rising to unprecedented heights, and the estimates..........

[1]. World Health Organization: Preventing Chronic Disease: A Vital Investment. Geneva, WHO, 2005. [2]. Varma, P. P. "Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in India-Where are we heading?." Indian journal of nephrology 25.3 (2015): 133.
[3]. Global status report on noncommunicable diseases (2010). [online] Available from www.who.int/nmh/publications/ncd_report_full_ en.pdf. [Accessed September, 2012].
[4]. Sicree R, Shaw J, Zimmet P. Diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance. In: Gan D (Ed). Diabetes Atlas, 3rd edition. Brussels: International Diabetes Federation; 2006. pp. 15-109.
[5]. Grassmann A, Gioberge S, Moeller S, et al. ESRD patients in 2004: global overview of patient numbers, treatment modalities and associated trends. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2005;20(12):2587-93...

Abstract: Objective of the study: To compare the safety and efficacy of intra-vaginal Misoprostol with intra-cervical Dinoprostone gel for induction of labour. Materials and Methods: 120 Patients who required labour induction were included in this prospective cross sectional study from January 2017 to December 2017 at Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Patliputra Medical College, Dhanbad, Jharkhand. 60 of them received 0.5mg intra-cervical Dinoprostone gel (PGE2) and 60 patients received 25 mcg of intra-vaginal Misoprostol tablet and dose was repeated every 4 hours for up to maximum of 3 doses. Factors such as parity, GA, induction to delivery time, indication for induction, No. of doses required, need of Oxytocin, MBS prior to induction............

Key words: Dinoprostone; Misoprostol; Induction of labour; Modified Bishop score; vaginal delivery; C- section

[1]. Kudagi BL, Sailaja L, Pravin Kumar R, Suresh Babu C (2013) A Comparative study of intravaginal misoprostol with intracervical dinoprostone gel for induction of labour in pregnancy. Asian J Pharma Clin Res 16(2): 174-178.
[2]. Waraich S, Naqui Z (2009) Comparision of intravaginal Misoprostol and Dinoprostone for Induction of Labour. Pakistan Journal of Surgery 25(3): 209-213.
[3]. Truffater FK, Donette Bowers, Stanley AG, Allan PK (1985) Preinduction cervical ripening with PGE2 (Prepidil) gel. Am J Obstet Gynecol 153(3): 268-271.
[4]. Macer J, Buchanan D, Yonekura ML (1984) Induction of labor with prostaglandin E2 vaginal suppositories. Obstet Gynecol 63(5): 664-668.

[5]. Nager CW, Key TC, Moore TR (1986) Cervical ripening and labor outcome with preinduction intracervical prostaglandin E2 (Prepidil) gel. J Perinatol 7(3): 189-193..

Abstract: Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by a spirochete called Treponema Pallidum manifested in various stages and it is associated with a significant potential for serious complications, if it is not treated in an appropriate time. Secondary syphilis can present in numerous forms and manifestations vary in individuals. This report describes the diagnosis of secondary syphilis based on clinical oral and laboratory findings..

Key words: Secondary syphilis; mucous patch; Condylomata lata

[1]. Eliza Carla Barroso Duarte, DDS/ Linaena Mericy da Silva MS/ Marcelo Drummond Naves DDS, Ph.D/ Maria Auxilliadora do Carmo DDS Ph.D/ Maria Cassia Ferreira de Agular DDS Ph.D, Primary syphilis of oral mucosa: Case report of an unusual manifestation, Quintessence Int 2004;35: 728-730.
[2]. Grace L. Lee, Alejandro A. Gru, Henry K Wong, And Priyadharshini Nagarajan Granulomatous Syphilis: A Pattern To Remember. Case Report and Review of Literature, Clinical Microbiology Open Access Vol.4 Issue 1 1-5.
[3]. Xin Yu , MD, and Heyi Zheng MD, Syphilitic chancre of the lips transmitted by kissing, Medicine Vol 95, Number 14, April 2016,e3303..
[4]. Velia Ramirez-Amador, Gabriela Anaya-Saavendra, Brejda Crabtree- Ramirez, Lilly Esquivel- Pedraza, Marcela Saed Lima, Juan Sierra- Madero- Clinical Spectrum Of Oral Secondary Syphilis In HIV Patients , Journal Od Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Vol. 2013 Article ID 892427, 1-8.
[5]. Brook Ingram Bsn, Rn,Dnc Kingman Regional Medical Center , Kingman, Az The many presentation of syphilis Journal Of Dermatology Nurese 10. 1097, 318- 323.

Abstract: Background and aims: Mental health problems are not uncommon among children of the immigrants. Recently, the immigrants' toll has increased in most developed nations. The children of immigrant parents are frequently susceptible to mental illnesses like attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The association between being diagnosed with ADHD and being children of immigrant parents is poorly understood. A study by Lehti et al. (2016) has researched such association using data from a population-based register, the Finnish Hospital Discharge Register (FHDR). This study attempts to critically appraise and evaluate the validity of the evidence of Lehti et al. (2016) study. The validity of FHDR has also been discussed since multiple psychiatric research are based on FHDR............

Key words: ADHD; immigrant; critical; appraisal; FHDR; validity

[1]. Faraone SV, Sergeant J, Gillberg C, Biederman J. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: is it an American condition? World Psychiatry Off J World Psychiatr Assoc WPA. 2003;2:104–113.
[2]. Barkley RA. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment. Guilford Publications; 2014.
[3]. Biederman J. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A selective overview. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;57:1215–1220.
[4]. Biederman J, Milberger S, SV F, Al E. Family-environment risk factors for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A Test of Rutter's Indicators of Adversity. Arch Gen Psychiatry [Internet]. 1995;52:464–470. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950180050007
[5]. Faraone SV, Perlis RH, Doyle AE, Smoller JW, Goralnick JJ, Holmgren MA, et al. Molecular genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;57:1313–1323..