iosr-JDMS   Volume-17 ~ Issue-7 ~ July-2018

Abstract: Introduction: Intellectual disability is defined as a disability characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior. Mental retardation can be caused by a range of environmental and genetic factors that lead to a combination of cognitive and social impairments. In Indian culture, consanguineous marriages are more common, may be due to various customs, traditions, beliefs, the desire to preserve family property and to maintain relationships etc., In children with mental retardation, role of consanguinity among parents is debatable. Aim: To find the correlation between consanguinity and mental retardation. Methodology: A retrospective study was done at Government Hospital for Mental Care, Visakhapatnam over a period of one...........

Keywords: consanguinity, mental retardation..

[1]. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5), fifth edition, American Psychiatric Assosciation, section II, pages 38-39.
[2]. American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. Overview of intellectual disability: Definition, classifications and systems of support, 2010.
[3]. Omar Ali NAfi et al., Maternal age and consanguinity as risk factors for mental retardation among children in south Jordan. European Scientific Journal, 2013, vol.9, no.8.
[4]. Rajach Sharkia et al., Mental Retardation and Consanguinity in a Selected Region of the Israeli Arab Community; Central European Journal of Medicine, 2009. DOI: 10.2478/s11536-009-0112-8
[5]. T. Madhavan et al., Consanguinity and mental retardation; Journal of Mental Deficiency Research, 1991, 35, 133-139.

Abstract: Background: Iodine deficiency occurs in varying degrees worldwide. When it occurs during pregnancy, it leads to morphological and functional changes in the maternal thyroid gland with fatal consequences on the pregnancy's way out. The aim was to evaluate morphological condition of the thyroid gland and to compare this to thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels as well as to urinary iodine levels among pregnant women in Lubumbashi Method:a cross-sectional study among 225 pregnant women from three areas: Lubumbashi University Clinic (urban zone), Bongonga Health Center (semi-urban zone) and KatubaHospital (urban-rural zone) between March 2009 and February 2012. Thyroid ultrasounds were performed using 7.5 MHz probe frequency. TSH, T4L and T3L was............

Keywords:Beta Thyroid, pregnancy, goiter, nodule, iodine, Lubumbashi

[1]. OMS Assessment of Iodine Deficiency Disoders and monitoring their elimination.2007
[2]. Pinchera A.Foreward. In: First symposium of ICCIDD West-Central Europe: Iodine deficiency in Europe. J Endocrinol Invest.2003; 26: 6 -7.
[3]. Gizak M, Gorstein J, Andersson M. Epidemiology of Iodine deficiency. In: Iodine deficiency and their elimination; Springer: Berlin, Germany, 2017; pp. 29-43.
[4]. Caron P, Glinoer D, Lecompte P, Orgiazzi J, WemeauJL.Apport iodée en France : prévention de la carence iodée au cours de la grossesse et de l'allaitement. Ann Endocrinologie.2006; 67(4): 281-6.
[5]. Ducarme G, Berthera TJ, Vuillard E, Polak M, Guibourdenche J, Luton D. Pathologie thyroidienne et grossesse. Rév. Méd. Interne. 2007; 28(5): 314-321...

Abstract: Background: Community acquired pneumonia (CAP) is an acute illness acquired in the community with symptoms suggestive of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) together with the presence of a chest radiography of intrapulmonary shadowing which is likely to be new and has no clear alternative cause. Objective: To study the microbiology and different aetiologies of community acquired pneumonia (CAP), the complications associated with community acquired pneumonia, and the treatment outcomes. Methods: Cross sectional, prospective studydone at the Institute of Internal Medicine, Madras Medical College and Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital, Chennai from October 2016 to May 2017. 50 patients admitted with a clinical diagnosis of pneumonia were evaluated and non-infectious causes were excluded. Clinical data was collated and analysed. Results: Total of 50.......

Keywords: Community acquired pneumonia, Lower Respiratory tract infection, Consolidation, Microbiology

[1]. Niederman et al. Guidelines for the management of adults with Community acquired pneumonia. Assessment of severity, antimicrobial therapy, and prevention. Am J RespirCrit Care Med 2001; 163: 1730-1754.
[2]. Ananthanarayana R and JayaramPaniker CK. Part III, Textbook of Microbiology. Page 178-389
[3]. Larry G. Reimer and Karen C. Carrol, Role of microbiology laboratory in the diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infection, Clinical Infectious Diseases 1998; 26:742-8.
[4]. John G. Barlett, Scott F. et al. Practice guidelines for the management of CAP in adults. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31:347-82.
[5]. John G. Bartlett and Linda M. Mundy. Community Acquired Pneumonia. NEJM. Dec 1995; 333; 1618-1624...

Abstract: The uterine fibroids are very common in the reproductive age group. During pregnancy, it may undergo rapid growth and red degeneration. It may get infected during puerperium. Most of the fibroids are asymptomatic. Women with fibroids may have infertility, a tendency for miscarriage, malpresentations, pre-term labor, placental abruption, placenta previa, fetal growth restrictions, fetal anomalies, postpartum hemorrhage, uterine dystocia, and increased risk of caesarean. Here, we present 24year-old primigravida who was admitted with 9 months of amenorrhea and anterior lower uterine segment fibroid of size 10.0 cm × 7.4 cm . She conceived immediately after marriage. All Investigations were normal. She was delivered by a outlet forceps assisted vaginal delivery. An alive female baby of 2.8 kg with good Apgar score. There was no sign of intrauterine growth restriction of the baby. The post-natal period was uneventful. The patient was discharged and came for follow-up after a month and was found to be alright..

Key words: Leiomyoma, Pregnancy complications

[1]. Vergani P, Locatelli A, Ghidini A, Andreani M, Sala F, Pezzullo JC. Large uterine leiomyomata and risk of cesarean delivery.ObstetGynecol
[2]. Cramer SF, Patel A. The frequency of uterine leiomyomas. Am J ClinPathol 1990;94:435-8.
[3]. Klatsky PC, Tran ND, Caughey AB, Fujimoto VY. Fibroids and reproductive outcomes: A systematic literature review from conception to delivery. Am J ObstetGynecol 2008;198:357-66.
[4]. williams0bstetrics chapter 63 neoplastic disorders
[5]. QuyangDW.Norvitz ER. Management of pregnant women with leiomyomas. Available at: http://www.uptodate.com/patients/content/topic.do?topic key =~ewppe YOKn3st Roe.com.

Abstract: Dental caries is one of the most common dental diseases till date and its detection at right time plays a very important role in arresting its progress and also to save the tooth from potential damage. Various techniques for detecting dental caries are available presently. This article briefly covers the various methods available right from old techniques to the newer advances in dental caries detection. Basic aim is to highlight the importance of caries detection and to understand the application of better and easier methods with greater sensitivity and specificity.

Key words: caries, techniques, detection

[1]. Axelsson P. An introduction to risk prediction and preventive dentistry: Quintessence Publishing Company; 2000.
[2]. Kidd E. Essentials of Dental Caries: The Disease and Its Management: The disease and its management: OUP Oxford; 2005.
[3]. Fontana M, Zero DT. Assessing patients' caries risk. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2006;137(9):1231-9.
[4]. G. K. Stookey, R. L. Isaacs, A. G. Ferreira Zandona, M. Ando, C. Gonzalez, M. S. Mau, S. A. Kelly, and M. Analoui, Proc. SPIE 3593,154, 1999.
[5]. NIH. Diagnosis and Management of Dental Caries Throughout Life. 2001 NIH Conference on Diagnosis and Management of Dental Caries Throughout Life; Washington, DC2001...

Abstract: Background: Self medications with over the counter (OTC) drugs usage has been prevalent among medical students.. Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the perceptions and practice of self-medication among medical stu-dents. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive observational study with cross sectional study design carried out over a period of one month (Nov 2017) at NRS Medical College of Kolkata. 910 undergraduate medical students participated in the study. Information was elicited with the help of a predesigned, pretested, self administered questionnaire and results were analyzed and tabulated using descriptive statistics...........

Key words; perceptions,, practice, medical students, self medications.

[1]. Hernandez-Juyol M, Job-Quesada JR. Dentistry and self-medication: A current challenge. Med Oral. 2002;7:344–7.
[2]. World Health Organization: Report of the WHO Expert Committee on National Drug Policies 1995. Available: http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/516221e/s16221e.pdf. [Last accessed on 1st May 2018]
[3]. Banerjee I, Bhadury T. Self-medication practice among undergraduate medical students in a tertiary care medical college, West Bengal. J Postgrad Med. 2012;58:127–31
[4]. Bennadi, Darshana. "Self-Medication: A Current Challenge." Journal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy 5.1 (2013): 19–23. PMC. Web. 1 May 2018.
[5]. Pandya RN, Jhaveri KS, Vyas FI, Patel VJ. Prevalence, pattern and perceptions of self-medication in medical students. Int J Basic ClinPhar macol. 2013;2:275–80.

Abstract: Background: Dyslipidemia is one of the common disorders which is seen in most of the diabetic patients, which causes cardio vascular disorders. Objective: To detect the lipid abnormality in diabetic patients. Methods: The study was carried out in Medicine Department, at a tertiary care hospital, Visakhapatnam from March 2017 to June 2017. The lipid profiles and the blood sugar values of 60 diabetic patients and 60 healthy subjects were studied after taking informed consent. Their serum samples were assessed for fasting blood glucose (FBG), post prandial blood glucose(PPBS), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) by using standard biochemical methods. The data was collected by predesigned, pretested proforma and analyzed using SPSS 17.0 (Trial version)............

Key Words: Lipid profile, Dyslipidemia, Diabetes, Serum cholesterol, Serum triglyceride, Serum LDL

[1]. Kishore J. National programme for control of diabetes, CVD and stroke. In: Kishore J, eds. National Health Programme of India. 9th ed. New Delhi: Century Publications; 2011: 480-489.
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[3]. Roberto T, Dodesini AR, Lepore G. Lipid and renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17:145-7.
[4]. Devrajani BR, Shah SZ, Soomro AA, Devrajani T. Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a risk factor for Helicobacter pylori infection: a hospital based case-control study. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries. 2010;30(1):22-6.
[5]. Chattanda SP, Mgonda YM. Diabetic dyslipidemia among diabetic patients attending specialized clinics in Dar es Salaam. Tanzania Med J. 2008;23(1):08-11..

Abstract: Background Preeclampsia is a pregnancy specific disease with associated morbidity and mortality, when not detected early and appropriate intervention instituted. Early detection of preeclampsia will help reduce associated morbidity and mortality. The search for biomarkers for predicting preeclampsia is still on. Mean arterial blood pressure which has the advantage of presenting a single cut off value compared with the use of systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements, deserves evaluation on its usefulness in detecting the disease. Aim/Objective...........

Key Messages: Mean arterial pressure, Body Mass Index, Preeclampsia.

[1]. UdenzeIC,Arikawe AP, Makwe CC, Olowoselu OF. A prospective cohort study on the clinical utility of second trimester mean arterial blood pressure in the prediction of late onset preeclampsia among Nigerian women. Niger J ClinPract, 2017;20: 744-5
[2]. Sibai BM, Diagnosis and management of gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. Obstetgyncol 2003; 102: 181 – 92.
[3]. Gahzevcort W, Rep A, Devries JI, Bonsel GJ, Wolf H. PETRA investigators. Prediction of maternal complications and adverse infant outcome at admission for temporizing management of early onset severe hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Am J obstetGynecol 2006; 195: 495 -503.
[4]. Khan KS, Wojdyla D, Say I, Gulmezoglu AM, Van hook PF, WHO analysis of causes of maternal death. A systematic review. Lancet 2006;367:1066-74.
[5]. Steegers EA, Von dadelezen P, DuvecortJJ,Pijnenborg R. Preeclampsia. Lancet 2010; 376: 631 - 44.

Abstract: Pain is a distressing feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli. The study is conducted with the aim to relieve pain postoperatively in patients undergoing caesarean section. A comparative study is being carried out between epidural tramadol and epidural fetanyl in 60 patients. In one group, 1mg/kg body weight of Inj Tramadol along with 9 ml of 0.125% buvipacine was administered .The other group received 1μg/kg body weight of Fentanyl with 9 ml of 0.125% buvipacine. Patients were given epidural Tramadol or Fentanyl when patient complained of pain postoperatively with VAS score of 2 or 3.Vitals were monitored every 30 min for 2 hours and every 2 hourly till patient complained of pain. Rescue analgesia was given when patient complained of pain and no monitoring done thereafter. Assessment of pain relief was done using VAS and side effects were noted..

Key Messages: Analgesia,epidural, tramadol, fentanyl, VAS.

[1]. International J.of Health care and Biomedical Research Volume1,Issue :2,January 2013, P:48-52
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[3]. Richford WJK Reynolds.Expectations and experiences of pain relief in labour.The Society for Obstetric Anaesthesiology and Perinatology (Abstracts);163:1987 Halifaa, Novascotia.
[4]. Stoelting R.K: Opiate receptor and endorphins.Their role in anaesthesiology.Anaesthesia and Analgesia 1980 , 39 (11) 874-880
[5]. Revill S.I, Robinson J.O , Rosen M, Hogg IJ.: The reliability of a linear analogue scale for evaluating pain. Anaesthesia 1976 (31) 1191-1198..

Abstract: Background :- Primary nailing of open fracture of tibia after 6 hours of injury is a controversial issue. Conventionally open fractures are debrided and fixed with external fixator or nail as an urgent case. Objectives :- The purpose of this study is to evaluate the result of reamed locked intramedullary nailing of type-I and II (Giustilo – Anderson) open fracture of shaft of tibia when it is performed after 6 hours of injury. Methods :- 30 patients with type-I and II open fracture of shaft of tibia between the ages of 18 and 50 years were included. On arrival, wound lavage was given in emergency minor OT and antibiotic was started. Primary nailing was done as an elective case in routine operation theatre. Results were evaluated with Ekeland et al criteria. Results :- 24(80%), 4(13.3%) and 2(6.6%) cases were rated as excellent, good and fair. None was rated as poor. 3(18.75%) out of 16 type-..........

Key Messages: Open fracture tibia, Intramedullary nailing, Ekeland criteria.

[1] Ryan SP, Pugliano U. Controversies in initial management of open fractures. Scan J Surg 2013; 103: 132-37. [2] Friedrich PL. Die aseptische versorgung frischer wunden. Archiv für Klinische Chirurgie 1898; 57: 288-310.
[3] Weber D, Dulai S, Bergman J, Buckley R, Beaupre L. Time to definitive operative treatment following open fracture does not impact development of deep infection: a prospective cohort study of 736 subjects. OTA Abstracts 2013: 1-16.
[4] Kamat AS. Infection rates in open fracture of the tibia: Is the 6 hour rule factor fiction. Adv Orthop 2011: 943495 doi: 10.4061/2011/943495.
[5] Schenker ML, Yannascoli S, Baldwin KD, Ahm J, Mehta S. Does timing of operative debridement affect infectious complications in open long bone fracture? A systematic review. J Bone Joint Surg 2012; 94(12): 1057-64..

Abstract: Background: Early childhood caries (ECC) is a multi-factorial childhood disease with biological, socio-cultural-economic and behavioural determinants. In children, past caries experience (caries prevalence) is the strongest correlated variable with caries increment and the most powerful predictor of caries. Objectives: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the prevalence of ECC among preschool children residing in rural and urban areas of Trivandrum district, Kerala, South India and also to study the association between socio demographic factors and caries risk, based on children's past caries experience,. Methods: A random sample of 531 children, aged between 2-6 years, was selected from Anganwadi Centres (AWCs) and Govt. & private Pre-primary schools (PPSs) in the.........

Keywords: Early childhood caries, Prevalence, Preschool children, Past caries experience

[1]. Abu Hamila. Early Childhood Caries and Certain Risk Factors in a Sample of Children 1-3.5 Years in Tanta. Dentistry. 2013;4:1 http://www.omicsonline.org/
[2]. Douglass JM, Douglass AB, Silk HJ. A practical guide to infant oral health. Am Fam Physician 2004;70:2113-20.
[3]. Marcia M, Ditmyer, Connie Mobley, Quinn Draper, Christina Demopoulos, Steven Smith. Development of a theoretical screening tool to assess caries risk in Nevada Youth. Journal of Public Health Dentistry. 2007; 68(4):201-8
[4]. Wendy E. Mouradian, Elizabeth Wehr, James J. Crall. Disparities in Children‟s Oral Health and Access to Dental Care. JAMA. 2000;284(20):2625-31.
[5]. Yumiko Kawashitha, Masayasu Kitamura, Toshiyuki Saito." Early Childhood Caries". International Journal of Dentistry. 2011;vol. (7pages)1-7 http://www.hindawi.com/

Abstract: The present study was conceived with the objective to evaluate the literature on Autonomic functions and HRV (Heart Rate Variability) in patients with ADHD relative to controls and the effects of stimulant drugs on Autonomic functions and HRV. Underarousal of the sympathetic system has been proposed in patients of ADHD in several studies. Abnormality in the Autonomic functions is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity as revealed by various studies. Stimulant drugs like methylphenidate alter the autonomic functions which could be attributed to the adrenergic effects of these drugs as well as the cardiac vagal modulation linked to the improvement in the disease condition. Monitoring of Autonomic functions in patients of ADHD at regular intervals may help in reducing the risk for cardiovascular disease and mortality..

Key Messages: ADHD, Autonomic functions, HRV.

[1]. Thomas R, Sanders S, Doust J, Beller E, Glasziou P. Prevalence of attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2015 Apr 1;135(4):e994-1001.
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[5]. Thayer JF, Lane RD. A model of neurovisceral integration in emotion regulation and dysregulation. J Affect Disord 2000;61:201-16..

Abstract: The present study aims at studying the various Maturity, Birth weight and Weight for gestational age outcomes in Newborns born to non-anaemic, moderately anemic, & severely anaemic mothers. This study is a Hospital based Prospective observational study conducted from January 2016 to June 2017 on newborns and their mothers in the age group of 18 to 35 years delivered at Department of Maternal & Child Health, Govt. General Hospital, Siddhartha Medical College, Vijayawada, A.P. For the ease of analysis, sample size is limited to 1000 by Quota sampling technique after exclusion criteria. The distribution of sample population is as follows, Non Anaemic (NA) group 257 cases (25.7%), Moderately Anaemic (MA) 677 cases (67.7%) and Severely Anaemic (SA) group includes 66 cases (6.6%). The mean birth weight of newborns of severely anaemic mothers, 2.03 Kgs is significantly lower..........

Key Messages: Anaemia, term, preterm, birth weight and gestational age..

[1]. World Health Organization. Assessing the iron status of populations: report of a Joint World Health Organization/Centres for Disease Control and Prevention Technical Consultation on the Assessment of Iron Status at the Population Level, Geneva, Switzerland, 6-8 April 2004 - 2005.

[2]. World Health Organization. Haemoglobin concentrations for the diagnosis of anaemia and assessment of severity. 2011. Download from: http://www.who.Int/vmnis/indicators/haemoglobin.pdf 2017

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[4]. Prema K, Kumari SN, Ramalakshmi BA. Anaemia and adverse obstetric outcome. Nutr Rep Int1981; 23: 637-43.

[5]. Ramachandran P. Maternal nutrition—effect on foetal growth and outcome of pregnancy. Nutrition reviews. 2002 May 1;60(s5)..

Abstract: Ovarian masses are common forms of neoplasms in women. Ovarian tumours that present in the reproductive age group are mostly benign while about 30% in the postmenopausal age group are malignant [1]. They present themselves in various clinical forms and surprisingly many a time as vague, non-gynaecological complaint. Ovarian tumours also present in a wide spectrum of histopathological patterns. Many ovarian tumours are asymptomatic in the early stages and are unfortunately diagnosed in the advanced state. The high mortality rate of ovarian cancer is due to its late detection. Epithelial ovarian cancer is the ninth most common cancer among women [3]. Ovarian cancer rates increase exponentially with age. About 70% of tumours occur in the reproductive age. Low parity, genetic and environmental factors are associated with an increase risk factor of ovarian cancer. Patients with ovarian neoplasia are either asymptomatic or with nonspecific symptoms like abdominal pain, abdominal distention and urinary........

[1]. Howkins J, Bourne G. Shaw's Textbook of Gynecology. 15th ed. New Delhi: Elsevier; 2010. p. 376-89.
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[5]. Fox H, Wells M. Haines and Taylor Obstetrical and Gynecological Pathology. 5th ed., Vol. 1. London: Churchill Livingstone Pvt. Ltd.; 2003. p. 693-879..

Abstract: Lower limb torsion of 50normal children were examined clinically, assessed and classified based on age groups. Tibial and femoral torsion were assessed individually, as gait pattern can vary because of alterations in them. In this study, the torsion of lower limbs were measured clinically by assessing the femoral torsion, the transmalleolar axis and the thigh foot axis. The gait pattern was assessed using foot progression angle and heel bisector angle for deformities of the foot. All the children were put into 3 groups based on age and the values of measured torsion varied in each group. Normal variations is to be known for better management and prognosis..

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Abstract: Introduction - Fluid cytology is a simple and initial investigation for the diagnostic evaluation of body fluids, helping the clinician in establishing the differential diagnosis . Cytological analysis of fluids is performed as a diagnostic test to examine the centrifuged sediment and to search for the cause of abnormal fluid collection. Material and methods- The present study was carried out in the Department of Pathology in Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru Govt. Medical College, Chamba (H.P), from November 2017 to June 2018 on pleural fluid and ascitic fluids samples. Results- Pleural fluid cases form 80 % and ascitic fluid cases form 20 % of the total. 90% cases in pleural fluid were non- neoplastic and remaining 10 % were neoplastic. In ascitic fluid, 80 % cases were non- neoplastic and 20 % cases were neoplastic............

[1]. Koss Lg, Me lamed MR. Effusions in presence and absence of cancer. Koss' Diagnostic Cytology and its Histological Bases. Fifth edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2006. pp.920-1022
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[3]. Mohammed Arifulla K., Vikram kumar Chaurasia et al : Study Of Pleural Fluid Analysis In Hospital Based Patients, Vijayapur, Karnataka, Southern India. International Journal of current Medical and Applied sciences; 2016, 10(1), 33-36.
[4]. Kumavat PV, Kulkarni MP, Sulhyan KR et al. Cytological study of effusions: Indian Medical Gazette. 2013:306
[5]. Prasaad Rajan Priavadhana , Rao Bheema , Suresh Natarajan. Analytical and Cytological Study of Effusions. 1. IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences :Volume 15, Issue 7 Ver. I (July 2016), PP 83-87..