iosr-JDMS   Volume-17 ~ Issue-7 ~ July-2018

Abstract: Facial N is the most important anatomical structure of interest in parotid surgeries, the dissection and preservation of branches of which is the key step in parotidectomy procedures. Even after an apparently well preserved nerve trunk and its branches, some patients have bothersome post operative nerve deficits. This is most likely due to unrecognized injury to the anastamosing fibres among various branches. With high variations among the branching pattern, it is obligatory to meticulously dissect and preserve all the branches and the anastamosing fibres for a good post operative outcome. We have studied the branching pattern of facial N in meticulously performed 32 parotid surgeries at our department and have compared it with previous similar studies. Davis Type 2 happened to be the commonest branching pattern in our study followed by Type 1. We didn't encounter any type 3 pattern in our patients...........

[1]. Davis R A, Anson B J, Budlinger J M et al.Surgical anatomy of the facial nerve and parotid gland as based upon a study of 350 cervicofacial halves.Surg Gynecol obstet 1956; 102: 385-413
[2]. Alexander J,Peter P G,Herman L,et al.Landmark for Parotid gland surgery.J of Laryngol and otol 2001;115: 122-125.
[3]. Myint K, Azian Al, Khairul FA. The clinical significance of the branching pattern of the facial nerve in Malaysian subjects.Med J Malaysia 1992;47:114-21.
[4]. Ekinci N.A study on the branching pattern of the facial nerve of children (in Japanese). Kaibogaker Zasshi 1999; 74:447-50.
[5]. Kim Y S,Suh Y J,Kim .Branching pattern of the facial nerve in the parotid gland.J. Koreansurg soc 2002; 62:453-455.
[6]. K P Singh, Anju Janwal, Manish Sharma. Branching pattern of facial N as seen in Parotidectomy. Medpulse – international Medical Journal . August 2016; 3(8): 770-773.

Abstract: An effective and safe anaesthesia is one of the most important essentials for present day's oral and maxillofacial surgery. Local anesthetic agents (LAAs) play the fundamental role of ensuring pain-free surgeries. A plethora of LAAs are available commercially. The rational use of a particular type will presuppose that the potency, latency, duration of anaesthetic effect, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics including toxicity of the LAAs are evaluated and considered to make the appropriate choice in every given clinical situation. In making this decision on appropriate LAA for use, the availability and price are also factors for consideration. This study aims to compare the efficacy and safety of articaine and lignocaine (both with 1:100,000 adrenaline) in patients presenting for routine minor oral surgery. The study is designed as a randomized clinical trial in patients requiring simple routine minor oral surgery. The subjects had 1.8mls of 4% articaine (1:100,000 epinephrine) or 1.8mls of 2% lignocaine (1:100,000 epinephrine) for maxillary infiltrations. The principal outcome measures were anaesthetic success..........

[1]. Malhotra S, Gupta VK, Suvirya S, Singh N, Bahuguna R and Khan SA. Articaine: An Alternative to Lignocaine. Asian J Oral Hlth& Allied Sci 2013;3(1):19-24.
[2]. Odai ED, Ozolua RI, Obuekwe ON. Cardiorespiratory changes following injection of local anesthetics with different concentrations of adrenaline during simple tooth extraction: Preliminary report of a prospective clinical trial. J Sci & Pract Pharm 2018; 5 (1): 203-205.
[3]. Sierra-Rebolledo A, Delgado-Molina E, Berini-Aytés L, Gay-Escoda C. Comparative study of the anesthetic efficacy of 4% articaine versus 2% lidocaine in inferior alveolar nerve block during surgical extraction of impacted lower third molars. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2007;12: E139-144.
[4]. Ogle OE, Mahjoubi G. Local anesthesia: Agents, techniques and complications; Dent Clin North Am 2012;56(1): 133-148.
[5]. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Guidelines on use of local anesthesia for pediatric dental Patients. Clin guide 2015; 199-205.

Abstract: Airway management is one of the most important skills in the field of anesthesiology and inability to secure the airway can lead to catastrophic results. Before 1990, only the face mask and the endotracheal tube (ETT) were the available airway devices. Since then several supraglottic airway devices have been developed, of which the laryngeal mask airway (LMA) is the most popular one. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted at Kamineni Institute of Medical Sciences, Narketpally, Nalgonda (Dist), A.P, during the period of October 2011 to September 2013. A prospective randomized double blind study was conducted on 80 patients of ASA I and II between the age group of 18-60 years undergoing various elective minor surgical procedures i.e breast abscess, fibroadenoma of........

Keywords: Thiopentone, Laryngeal Spray, Lidocaine, Propofol, Laryngeal Mask Airway.

[1]. Dr. Jayashree Sood. Laryngeal mask airway and its variants. Indian journal of anaesthesia 2005; 49(4): 275-280.
[2]. G.W. Brown, N. Patel, F.R. Ellis. Comparison of Propofol and Thiopentone for Laryngeal mask insertion. Anaesthesia 1991; 46:771-772.
[3]. S Keerthi Kumar. A comparative study of agents for laryngeal mask airway (propofol and thiopentone with local anaesthetic spray) insertion. Indian journal of anaesthesia 1998; 42: 27-29.
[4]. Bapat P, Joshi RN, Young E, Jago RH. Comparison of Propofol versus Thiopentone with Midazolam or Lidocaine to facilitate Laryngeal mask insertion. Can J Anaesthesia 1996; 43: 564-568.
[5]. C.R. Seavell, T.M.Cook, C.M.Cox. Topical Lignocaine and Thiopentone for the insertion of a.

Abstract: Background : Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality across the world. Electrolyte disturbance after acute myocardial infarction are more conmen. Objective: This study was carried out to measure serum levels of sodium and potassium in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Materials and Methods Sixty blood samples were collected from patients in period between April to July 2017, chosen from Sudan Heart Center, in Khartoum (Sudan) and sixty normal individual serve as control. Serum sodium and potassium were measured by using ion selective electrode (Easylyte)..........

[1]. Jeldsen, K. K. Hypokalemia and sudden cardiac death. Exp Clin Cardiol 2010; 15 (4):96-99
[2]. Harish, R. Department of Biochemistry, SDUMC, Kolar for the technical and statistical assistance.2012;2(4): 167
[3]. Tada, Y., Nakamura, T., Funayama, H., Sugawara, Y., Ako, J., Ishikawa, S., Momomura, S. Early development of hyponatremia implicates short and long term outcomes in ST elevation acute myocardial infarction. Circ J. 2011; 75:19271933.
[4]. Mac Donald ,J. E., Struthers, A., D. What is the optimal serum potassium level in cardiovascular patients. J Amc Cardio 2004;43(2):155-161.
[5]. Fauci, A.S., Braunwald, E., Isselbacker, K.J., Wilson J.D., Martin, J.B., Kasper, D.L. ST elevation myocardian infraction. In Harrisons th principles of internal medicine, 17 ed. USA: McGraw Hill Companies. Serum potassium levels and mortality in acutemyocardial.2012:15327.

Abstract: Intraoperative diagnoses of a lesion achieved by cytologic methods helps a surgeon plan his surgery and alternative treatments. This is a Retrospective study conducted in Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Neurosurgery, Madras Medical College & RGGGH, Chennai to correlate squash smears with histopathology of gliomas and find out diagnostic accuracy and limitations of squash cytology.Retrospectively we analysed 254 cases of histopathologically proven gliomas.We found that the most frequent glioma in our study is glioblastomaand the diagnostic accuracy of squash smears and specificity of lesions compared with Review of literature.

Keywords-squash smear ,histopathology,glioblastoma,astrocytoma.

[1]. Roessler K, Dietrich W, Kitz K. High diagnostic accuracy of cytologic smears of central nervous tumours. A 15- year experience based on 4,172 patients.ActaCytol 2002;46(4):667-674
[2]. Sharma S, Deb P. Intraoperative neurocytology of primary central nervous system neoplasia: a simplified and practical diagnostic approach. J Cytol 2011;28(4):147-158
[3]. Jha B, Patel V, Patel K, et al. Role of squash smear technique in intraoperative diagnosis of CNS tumours. Int J Med Sci Public Health 2013;2(4):889-892.
[4]. Firlik KS, Martinez AJ, Lunsford LD. Use of cytological preparations for the intraoperative diagnosis of stereotactically obtained brain biopsies: a 19-year experience and survey of neuropathologists. J Neurosurg 1999;91:454-8.
[5]. Bajaj NK, Somalwar SB, Nagamuthu EA, et al. Study of intraoperative squash cytology of intracranial and spinal cord lesions with histopathological and IHC study. J. Evid. Based Med. Healthc. 2016; 3(55), 2820-2825. DOI:10.18410/jebmh/2016/616.

Abstract: Now a days the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacterial pathogens are considered as the major alarm, there is a need to concentrate on the synthesis of new antibacterial agents. Most of the public getting aware about the beneficial role of conventional methods like usage of coper and silver vessels to act against bacterial pathogens. Copper is a trace element metal particle that is highly useful inhibit microbial growth in media by means of disrupting membrane permeability leads to cellular damage and cytolysis. To keep all these in mind an objective with the study of in vitro antibacterial analysis of copper in solution to bacterial pathogens isolated from the wounds. Battery of seven bacterial isolates for wound and six laboratory bacterial strains were included in this investigation. As a result, among the wound isolates, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa..........

Key words; Wound, bacteria, copper, bacteriolysis.

[1]. Allegranzi B, Storr J, Dziekan G, Leotsakos A, Donaldson L, Pittet D. The first global patient safety challenge clean care is safer care: from launch to current progress and achievements. Journal of Hospital Infections 2007;65(2):115–123.
[2]. Rakhmetova AA, Alekseeva TP, Bogoslovskaya OA, Leipunskii IO, Olkhovskaya IP, Zhigach AN and Glushchenko NN. Wound healing properties of copper nanoparticles as a function of physicochemical parameters. Nanotechnologies in Russia 2010;5(3):271–276.
[3]. Dollwet HHA, Sorenson JRJ. Historic uses of copper compounds in medicine.Trace Elemental Medicine 1985;2(2):80–87.
[4]. Owens CD, Stoessel K. Surgical site infections: epidemiology, microbiology and prevention. Journal of Hospital Infection 2008;70(2):3-10.
[5]. Pradhan GB, Agrawal J. Comparative study of post-operative wound infection following emergency lower segment caesarean section with and without the topical use offusidic acid. Nepal Medical College Journal 2009;11(3):189-191.

Abstract: INTRODUCTION : Prevalance of peripheral vascular disease in diabetic patients is difficult to diagnose. Patients with both entities are likely to develop ischemic non healing ulcers in lowerlimbs which may progress to gangrene and significant morbidity and mortality.Perception of muscle pain in the lowerlimb on exercise which is the most common symptom of PVD is blunted in diabetic patients due to peripheral neuropathy. And this makes it difficult totreat PVD in diabetic patients due to late presentation. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To evaluate the occurrence of PVD in diabetic foot ulcer patients.........

Key words; Ankle brachial index,Cellulitis,Diabetic,Peripheral vascular disease,Ulcer.

[1]. Al-Qaisi, M; Nott, DM; King, DH; Kaddoura, S (2009). "Ankle brachial pressure index (ABPI): An update for practitioners". Vascular Health and Risk Management. 5: 833–41. doi:10.2147/vhrm.s6759. PMC 2762432 . PMID 19851521.

[2]. b Vowden P, Vowden K (March 2001). "Doppler assessment and ABPI: Interpretation in the management of leg ulceration". Worldwide Wounds. - describes ABPI procedure, interpretation of results, and notes the somewhat arbitrary selection of "ABPI of 0.8 has become the accepted endpoint for high compression therapy, the trigger for referral for a vascular surgical opinion and the defining upper marker for an ulcer of mixed aetiology"

[3]. McDermott MM, Criqui MH, Liu K, Guralnik JM, Greenland P, Martin GJ, Pearce W (December 2000). "Lower ankle/brachial index, as calculated by averaging the dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial arterial pressures, and association with leg functioning in peripheral arterial disease". J Vasc Surg. 32 (6): 1164–71. doi:10.1067/mva.2000.108640. PMID 11107089.

[4]. Allison MA, Hiatt WR, Hirsch AT, Coll JR, Criqui MH (April 2008). "A high ankle-brachial index is associated with increased cardiovascular disease morbidity and lower quality of life". J Am Coll Cardiol. 51 (13): 1292–8. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2007.11.064. PMID 18371562.

[5]. American Diabetes Association (December 2003). "Peripheral Arterial Disease in People with Diabetes". Diabetes Care. 26 (12): 3333–3341. doi:10.2337/diacare.26.12.3333. PMID 14633825.

Abstract: Background Whole blood donation is generally considered to be a safe procedure, but occasionally adverse reactions of varying severity may occur during or at the end of collection. However, adverse reactions in donors have a negative impact on donor return which makes the donor recruitment and retention difficult. Aims and Objects The aim of the study was to estimate the frequency and type of adverse reactions occurring during whole blood donation and to assess the practices which would help to minimize them. Materials and methods This retrospective, two.........

Key words; Adverse reactions, Blood donation, Blood donors, Vasovagal reactions, Syncope.

[1]. Agnihotri N, Marwaha N, Sharma RR. Analysis of adverse events and predisposing factors in voluntary and replacement whole blood donors: A study from north India.Asian J Transfus Sci. 2012 Jul;6(2):155–60. pmid:22988381

[2]. WHO. Voluntary Non-Remunerated Blood Donation. World Health Organisation. [Last cited on 2014 Sep 08]. Available from: http://www.who.int/bloodsafety/voluntary_donation/en/

[3]. Dogra A, Sidhu M, Dogra M, Raina TR. Study of adverse whole blood donor reactions in normal healthy blood donors: experience of tertiary health care centre in jammu region. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus. 2015 Mar;31(1):142–5. Epub 2014 May 8 pmid:25548461

[4]. Gonçalez TT, Sabino EC, Schlumpf KS, Wright DJ, Leao S, Sampaio D, et al. Vasovagal reactions in whole blood donors at three REDS-II blood centers in Brazil. Transfusion. 2012;52:1070–8.[PMC free article] [PubMed]

[5]. Newman BH. Blood donor complications after whole-blood donation. Curr Opin Hematol. 2004;11:339–45. [PubMed].

Abstract: Introduction People in caring professions often handle human problems at the expense of losing their psychological balance. Research has shown that female health workers bear the brunt of the negative effects of job stress because of the dual roles of child rearing and being in employment foisted on them by society. This study therefore aimed to measure job stress and psychological health of female doctors and nurses/midwives in two tertiary hospitals in Ibadan...........

Key words; Job stress, psychological health, doctors, nurses/midwives, female.

[1]. AMTH. (2015). Adeoyo Maternity Hospital Ibadan.
[2]. Bello, S., Asuzu, M. C., & Ofili, A. N. (2013). Comparative study of job satisfaction and psychological health among medical doctors and bankers in Calabar. East African Medical Journal, 90(6), 189–194.
[3]. Burn out and psychological distress among nurses in a Nigerian tertiary health institution. (n.d.). Retrieved March 5, 2015, from http://www.bioline.org.br/pdf?hs14037
[4]. Calnan, M., & Wainwright, D. (2001). Mental health and stress in the workplace: the case of general practice in the UK. Social Science Medicine, 52, 499–507.
[5]. de Jonge, J., van Vegchel, N., Shimazu, A., Schaufeli, W., & Dormann, C. (2010). A longitudinal test of the demand-control model using specific job demands and specific job control. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 17(2), 125–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-010-9081-1.

Abstract: It is believed that the combination of genetic and environmental factors plays important role in development of schizophrenia. Many structures of the body like the brain, lips, alveoli, etc. develop during the same period as the finger ridges. An abnormal developmental insult on these structures in uterus is likely to be reflected in the dermatoglyphic patterns. Aims: Study the finger and palm dermatoglyphic pattern of schizophrenic patients for quantitative as well as qualitative features and compare with the normal persons. Material and methods: A total of 200 subjects were used for the study. Out of 200 subjects, 100 were taken as cases and 100 as controls. Palmar and fingerprint patterns of both hands were taken and analyzed of all participants of two groups. The parameters studied.........

Key words: Dermatoglyphics, Schizophrenia, Quantitative and Qualitative parameters.

[1]. Ramani P, Abhilash PR, Sherlin HJ et al. Conventional Dermatoglyphics: A Review. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences 2011; 2(3): 446-458.
[2]. Hersen, Michel, Rosqvist, Johan (2008). Handbook of Psychological Assessment, Case Conceptualization, and Treatment, Volume 1: Adults. John Wiley & Sons. p. 32

[3]. Schaumann B and Alter M. Dermatoglyphics in medical disorders. New York: Springer Verlog 1976: 187-189.
[4]. Holt, S. B. (1968). The genetics of dermal ridges. Charles Thomas, Springfield III.

[5]. Tsuang MT, Taylor L, Faraone SV. An overview of the genetics of psychotic mood disorders. J Psychiatr Res. 2004;38:3–15.

Abstract: Candidacies is the commonest fungal disease in human caused by various species of the yeast like fungi belonging to the genus Candida. It is commonly encountered as an endogenous infection due to its commensal nature. Transition from commensal to a pathogen is attributable to complex array of different virulence factors which directly interacts and damages mammalian host cells. Aim: The present study was intended to determine different virulence factors expressed by clinical isolates of Candida species and to consider its clinical implication which will help in providing rational and justified therapy to the patients. Methods and Material:..........

Key words; Candida, virulence, phospholipase, esterase, haemolysin, adherence, biofilm.

[1]. Chander J. Candidiasis. In: Chander J, ed. Textbook of medical mycology. 1sted. New Delhi: Mehta Publisher, 2002.
[2]. Kwon-chung KJ, Bennett JE. Medical mycology. Philadelphia, London: Lea and Febiger, 1992.
[3]. P Eggimann, J Garbino, D Pittet. Epidemiology of Candida species infections in critically ill non-immunocompromised patients. Lancet infectious diseases 2003; 3(11): 685-702.
[4]. J C O Sardi, L Scorjoni, T Bernardi, A M Fusco-Almeida, M J S Gianinni. Candida species:current epidemiology, pathogenicity, biofilm formation, natural antifungal products and new therapeutic options. Journal of Medical Microbiology 2013; 62(1): 10-24.
[5]. M Ortega, F Marco, A Soriano et al. Candida species bloodstream infection: epidemiology and outcome in a single institution from 1991 to 2008. Journal of Hospital Infection 2011; 77(2): 157-161.

Abstract: Background: Nephrotic syndrome is most commonly occurring problem in childhood and others. It is highly morbid even though many advances has evolved. Aim: To study the changes of serum proteins and serum cholinesterase in nephrotic syndrome. Materials and methods: A group of sixty subjects were recruited in this study between the ages of 10 - 20 years. Out of sixty subjects thirty were controls and thirty were age and sex matched subjects. We have estimated serum proteins, serum cholinesterase, serum uric acid, serum cholesterol and serum albumin in the both groups. The parameters cholesterol andcholinesterase showed statistically significantly elevated whereas serum total proteins and serum albumin is statistically significantly decreased. Conclusion: serum cholesterol, serum total proteins and serum albumin are related to the nephrotic syndrome with the elevation of serum cholinesterase activity.

[1]. Priya Pias, Ellis D Avner (2015) Nephrotic Syndrome. NelsonTextbook of Pediatrics. (20th edn), Philadelpia, WB Saunders,USA, pp. 2521-2523.
[2]. Hull RP, Goldsmith DJ. Nephrotic syndrome in adults. BMJ. 2008; 336:1185–1189. [PubMed: 18497417]
[3]. Clark, AG., Barratt, TM. Pediatric Nephrology. Barratt, TM.Avner, ED., Harmon, WE., editors. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1998. p. 731-747.
[4]. McEnery PT, Strife CF. Nephrotic syndrome in childhood. Management and treatment in patients with minimal change disease, mesangial proliferation, or focal glomerulosclerosis. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1982; 89:875–894
[5]. Nash, MA., Edelmann, CMJ., Bernstein, J., Barnett, HL. Pediatric Kidney Disease. Edelmann, CMJ., editor. Little; 1992. p. 1247-1266.

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Pancytopenia is one of the important laboratory finding, hence bone marrow examination is essential to reach a proper diagnosis. This study was done in patients admitted to RIMS, Ranchi, Jharkhand and we found a variety of benign and malignant conditions involving bone marrow. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a prospective study performed in 180 cases over a period of six months. The stain was LeishmanGiemsa and bone marrow aspirate needle used was Salah. RESULTS: Out of 180 cases the most common cause for pancytopenia was megaloblastic anaemia (20.9%) followed by erythroid hyperplasia (18.7%). Other common causes were hypoplastic marrow and acute leukaemia. CONCLUSION......

[1]. Ishtiaq O. Baqai HZ, Anwer F, Hussain NJ, Patternns of pancytopenia patients in a general medical ward and a propoded diagnostic approach, Journal of Ayub Med coll. Abbottabad 2004 Jan- March 16 (1) : 8-13.
[2]. William MD. Pancytopenia, aplastic anemia and pure red cell aplasia. In Lee RG Foerster J, Lukens J, Paraskevas F Greer JP, Rodgers GM (eds). Wintrobe's clinical hematology 10thedn. Williams and Wilkins; 1997 PP 1449- 76.
[3]. Santra G, Das B. K. A cross section study of the clinical profile and aetiological spectrum of pancytopenia in a tertiary care centre. Singapore Med J. 2010 Oct, 51(10) : 806-12.
[4]. Gayathri BN ROO KS. Pancytopenia. A clinical haematological study. Journal of Laboratory physians, 2011, 3(1) 15- 20. Doi 10. 410310974- 2727. 78555.
[5]. Khunger JM, Arulselvi S, Sharma U, Ranga S, Talib VH. Pancytopenia a clinicohematological study of 200 cases. Indian J PatholMicrobiol 2002; 45: 375-379 ( Pub med).

Abstract: Le dépôt de matériel exfoliatif est la caractéristique diagnostique la plus importante du syndrome exfoliatif, qui est très fréquent chez les patients phaques tandis qu'il est très rare chez les pseudophaques, nous rapportons le cas d'un patient qui présente sur la face antérieure de son implant des dépôts de matériel de pseudoexfoliation. Ce matériel prend un aspect de trois anneaux avec un centre et une périphérie clairs ce qui représente le modèle opposé de celui retrouvé chez les phaques où les dépôts sont au centre et en périphérie. Chaque ophtalmologiste doit être vigilant à l'examen aux dépôts de matériel exfoliatif sur l'implant même si celui-ci est rare il constitue un facteur de risque de glaucome secondaire et de maladie vasculaire systémique. Abstract........

Key words; pseudoexfoliation, lens implant, exfoliatif material,deposits.

[1]. I. Hepsen, Z. Sbeity, J. Liebmann, and R. Ritch, "Phakic pattern of exfoliation material on a posterior chamber intraocular lens," ActaOphthalmologica, vol. 87, no. 1, pp. 106–107, 2009.

[2]. 2.G. G. Bahadur and S. Masket, "Pseudophakia with pseudopseudoexfoliation," Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, vol. 33, no. 10, pp. 1827–1828, 2007

[3]. A. G. Konstas, H. Gabor, and R. Ritch, "Exfoliation syndrome and glaucoma," in The Glaucoma Book: A Practical Evidence-Based Approach to Patient Care, P. N. Schacknow and J. N. Samples, Eds., pp. 507–516, Springer Science, Philadelphia, Pa, USA, 2010.

[4]. Z. Yildirim, F. Yildirim, N. I. Uçgun, and A. Sepici-Dinçel, "The role of the cytokines in the pathogenesis of pseudoexfoliation syndrome" International Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 50–53, 2013.

[5]. E. Bonafonte Marquez, S. BonafonteRoyo, "Bilateral Pseudoexfoliation Deposits on Intraocular Lens Implants" Centro de OftalmologiaBonafonte, 08009 Barcelona, Spain.

Abstract: Background: Smoking has detrimental effects on the oral cavity. This study was conducted to find out effects of smoking on periodontium. Findings from many studies showed that smoking decreases gingival inflammation and increases plaque accumulation & pocket depths. Material and methods: 200 patients from departments of college of dental sciences and research Centre were observed. To find out effects of smoking, we have taken gingival index, plaque index and measured pocket depths for individual teeth. WHO probe was used to record the measurements. Results: Mean GI of smokers and nonsmokers was 0.283 and 0.49 respectively. Mean PI and pocket depth for smokers was 1.62 and 4.2 respectively. Mean PI and pocket depth for nonsmokers was 1.01 and 3.49 respectively. Conclusion:.........

Key words; Gingival index, smokers, Plaque index , nonsmokers.

[1]. Abdulkarim AA, Mokuolu OA, Adeniyi A. Drug use among adolescents in Ilorin, Nigeria. Trop Doct. 2005;35:225–8. [PubMed]
[2]. M. K. Ah, G. K. Johnson, W. B. Kaldahl, K. D. Patil, and K. L. Kalkwarf, "The effect of smoking on the response to periodonta l therapy," Journal of Clinical Periodontology, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 91–97, 1994. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
[3]. J. Bergström, "Cigarette smoking as risk factor in chronic periodontal disease," Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 245–247, 1989. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
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ClinPeriodontol. 2005;32:180–95. [PubMed].

Abstract: Students are the guiding light of our generation. Educating and nurturing them to achieve their best goal is the job of a facilitator. Awareness of iatrogenic injuries among students helps them to deal with unfortunate incidences and teach them to be better and compassionate doctor. A Questionnaire survey was conducted among 310 students comprising of final year students, interns and post graduates of a dental college in Piparia, Vadodara, Gujarat which consisted of 14 closed ended questions. The responses of students were documented and descriptive and inferential statistical analysis was done. All of the students gave correct answers for term the 'iatrogenic' and more than half of the students agreed that the patient should be reported about any unwanted injury caused by them so that its severity and complications can be managed. Most of the injuries that were seen were..........

Key words; Awareness, Dental Students, Dental Procedure, Iatrogenic Injuries, Questionnaire Study.

[1]. Oliver R, Kersten H, Puhakka H, Alpasan G, Bearn D, Cema I, Delap E, Dummer P, Goulet JP, Gugushe T, Jeniati E. Curriculum structure: principles and strategy. Eur J Dent Educ. 2008;12(s1):74-84.

[2]. Henzi D, Davis E, Jasinevicius R, Hendricson W, Cintron L, Isaacs M. Appraisal of the dental school learning environment: the students' view. J Dent Educ. 2005; 69(10):1137-47.

[3]. Lanning SK, Wetzel AP, Baines MB, Ellen Byrne B. Evaluation of a revised curriculum: A four-year qualitative study of student perceptions. J Dent Educ 2012;76(10):1323-33

[4]. Sofola OO, Jeboda SO. Perceived sources of stress in Nigerian dental students. Eur J Dent Educ 2006;10(1):20-3
[5]. Divaris K, Barlow PJ, Chendea SA, Cheong WS, Dounis A, Dragon et al. The academic environment: The students' prospective. Eur J Dent Educ 2008;12 Suppl 1:120-30..

Abstract: This study was done at Nizam's Institute of medical Sciences to estimate the congestion being faced by the ICU s of the various depts. NIMS has 158 ICU beds out of a total of 1150 beds which is around 15 %. These beds have an average bed occupancy rate of above 90%. This is leading to congestion of beds in the casuality of Emergency dept and this is resulting in diversion of cases to other hospitals. Based on the review of various journals on similar topic, it has been suggested to have a Step down unit or Intermediate care unit to reduce the burden on the ICU beds.

Key words; ICU, Congestion , Step Down Unit, Intermediate Care unit.

[1]. J. Vincent and G. D. Rubenfeld, "Does intermediate care improve patient outcomes or reduce costs?" Critical Care, vol. 19, no. 1, p. 89, 2015.
[2]. K. M. Stacy, "Progressive Care Units: Different but the Same," Critical Care nurse, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 77–83, 2011.
[3]. M. Prin and H. Wunsch, "The Role of Stepdown Beds in Hospital Care," American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol. 190, no. 11, pp. 1210–1216, 2014.
[4]. S. A. Ridley, "Intermediate care. Possibilities, requirements and solutions," Anaesthesia, vol. 53, no. 7, pp. 654–664, 1998.
[5]. E. Armstrong, M. C. De Waard, H.-J. S. De Grooth et al., "Using nursing activities score to assess nursing workload on a medium care unit," Anesthesia and Analgesia, vol. 121, no. 5, pp. 1274–1280, 2015.

Abstract: The volume of various abdominal organs varies with age, height, weight and body mass index (BMI). Scanning of the viscera is carried out to know the normal dimensions and volumes. Studies have shown that the volume of spleen is influenced by age, gender, ethnicity, weight, height and BMI. Organ volume and function reflect the health of the organs. Altered volume of spleen is associated with infective, infiltrative, immunological, infestative and malignant conditions. Anthropometry varies with races and regions of the world. Specific ethnic population nomograms are needed for proper medical diagnosis and for monitoring disease progress. A total of 300 eligible subjects.......

Key words; Age, Body mass index, Computed tomography, Height, Splenic volume, Weight.

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