iosr-JDMS   Volume-19 ~ Issue-1 ~ January. 2020

Abstract: Introduction: Breast cancer is the second most common cancer overall and is the most common cancer in women worldwide, both in the developed and developing countries. There are about 1.38 million new cases and 458,000 deaths from breast cancer each year. Materials and Methods: The present descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out from January 2018 to December 2018. The study population consisted of women attendants who attended various outpatient and inpatient departments of our Mahatma Gandhi MemorialMedical College Hospital during this period and consented for participation in the study after prior explaining the nature and objectives of the present study. A total of 80 women consented for participation in the present study. Data was collected by means of a structured questionnaire devised by the authors themselves. Besides......

Key Words: Breast cancer.

[1]. Al-Sharbatti SS, Shaikh RB, Mathew E, Al-Biate MA. Assessment of breast cancer awareness among female university students in Ajman, United Arab Emirates. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 2014;14:e522–9.
[2]. Almutairi KM, Ahmad M, Vinluan JM, Almutairi A. Random cross-sectional determination of the level of awareness among female Saudi patients about breast cancer. J Cancer Educ. 2016;31:131–5.
[3]. Aydogan U, Doganer YC, Kilbas Z, et al. Predictors of knowledge level and awareness towards breast cancer among Turkish females. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2015;16:275–82.
[4]. Bao PP, Wang CF, Xu JY, et al. Survey on knowledge and behavior of early detection for breast cancer among female residents in Shanghai. Zhong liu fang zhi za zhi. 2014;21:570–4.
[5]. Berry DA, Cronin KA, Plevritis SK, et al. Effect of screening and adjuvant therapy on mortality from breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:1784–92..

Abstract: Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a risk factor for cancer. HIV-associated cancers can be divided into acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining cancers (ADC) and non-AIDS-defining cancers (NADC). The availability of effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) has lowered the incidence of cancer but there has been a simultaneous increase in the life expectancy of people living with HIV. Materials and Methods: This is a Descriptive Study. Ethics committee approval is not routinely taken for retrospective studies at our institute. Study was conducted in the Department Of Radiotherapy, Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand. All diagnosed cases of malignancy at our institute undergo screening for HIV before starting.......

Key Words: NADC, ADC, HIV, HNNC.

[1]. Engels E.A., Pfeiffer R.M., Goedert J.J., et al. Trends in cancer risk among people with AIDS in the United States 1980-2002. AIDS. 2006;20(12):1645–1654.
[2]. Long J.L., Engels E.A., Moore R.D., Gebo K.A. Incidence and outcomes of malignancy in the HAART era in an urban cohort of HIV-infected individuals. AIDS. 2008;22(4):489–496.
[3]. Crum-Cianflone N., Hullsiek K.H., Marconi V., et al. Trends in the incidence of cancers among hiv-infected persons and the impact of antiretroviral therapy: A 20-year cohort study. AIDS. 2009;23(1):41–50.
[4]. Gill J., May M., Lewden C., Saag M. at al. Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration. Causes of death in HIV-1-infected patients treated with antiretroviral therapy, 1996-2006: collaborative analysis of 13 HIV cohort studies. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2010;50(10):1387–1396.
[5]. Morlat P., Roussillon C., Henard S., et al. Causes of death among HIV-infected patients in France in 2010 (national survey): trends since 2000. AIDS. 2014;28(8):1181–1191.

Abstract: Introduction: Cesarean delivery is defined as the birth of the fetus through incisions in the abdominal wall and the uterine wall. Cesarean is the most commonly performed major abdominal operation in women all over the world. Variable rates of cesarean sections are reported between and within the countries. Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Bankura Sammilani Medical College, Bankura, West Bengal from January 2018 to December 2018. 80 women were selected after fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria. Detailed history and examination were carried out and progress of labour was managed by partogram. Decision making for emergency second stage caesarean section, level of surgeon making decision and its indications, time from decision to delivery of baby interval and total duration of second stage of labour was recorded. Intra operative finding was recorded and complication such as extension of uterine incision, formation of broad ligament hematoma, bladder and bowel injury, PPH, blood transfusion, requirement of step wise revascularization, Caesarean hysterectomy and need for ICU admission if any was recorded.....

Key Words: Cesarean, bowel injury, PPH, blood transfusion.

[1]. Murray S F,Pradenas F S.Health sector reform and rise of cesarean birth in Chile. The Lancet;1997-642.
[2]. Pai M et al.A high rate of cesarean sections in an affluent section of Chennai:is it cause for concern? National Med J Ind 1999(12):156-58.
[3]. Asicioglu O et al. Second stage vs first-stage cesarean delivery: comparison of maternal and perinatal outcomes.J Obstet and Gynecol;2014:1-7.
[4]. MoodleyJ, Devjee J, Khedun S and EsterhuizenT. Second stage primary cesarean deliveries: are maternal complications increased?South African family Practice.2009:328-31.
[5]. Kilpatrik S J, Laros R K.Characteristics of normal labor. J Obstet Gynaecol 1989;(74):85-7.

Abstract: Background: Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is a dermatosis that manifests as asymptomatic and symmetrical darkening affecting the skin of intertriginous areas, in particular the axillae, groins, submammary folds and neck. It is particularly associated with obesity and insulin resistance. The association of acanthosis nigricans and hyperinsulinaemia with obesity has been of increasing interest due to modified lifestyle. Early screening for acanthosis nigricans could provide a simple and non invasive aid for identifying people who may have hyperinsulinemia and could benefit from early intervention to prevent the development of type 2 diabetes by lifestyle modifications and there by reducing the burden of diabetes and other metabolic disorders. Materials And Methods: This was a case.......

[1]. Varthakavi PK, Waingankar A, Patel KL, Wadhwa SL, Khopkar U, Sengupta RA et al. Acanthosis Nigricans : A dermatologic marker of metabolic disease. Indian J of Dermatol Venereol Leprol.2002;68(2):67-72.
[2]. Stoddart ML, Blevins KS, Lee ET, Wang W, Blackett PR. Association of acanthosis nigricans with hyperinsulinemia compared with other selected risk factors for type 2 diabetes in Cherokee Indians: the
[3]. Cherokee Diabetes Study.Diabetes Care. 2002; 25: 1009-14.
[4]. Stuart CA, Gilkison CR, Keenan BS, Nagamani M.Hyperinsulinemia and acanthosis nigricans in African Americans. J Natl Med Assoc. 1997 Aug;89(8):523-7.[5]. Kong AS, Williams RL, Rhyne R, Urias-Sandoval V, Cardinali G,Weller NF et l. Acanthosis Nigricans: high Prevalence and Association with Diabetes in a Practice-based Research Network Consortium—A Primary care Multi-Ethnic Network (PRIME Net) Study. PRIME Net Clinicians J Am Board Fam Med. 2010;23(4):476–485

Abstract: Aim: To compare post operative intraocular pressure in patients undergoing iris claw implantation with and without surgical peripheral iridectomy. Materials and methods: Patients who underwent iris claw implantation belonging to two groups, one with surgical peripheral iridectomy(PI) and one without peripheral iridectomy, were followed postoperatively for intraocular pressure and other parameters were also studied. Results: 55 out of 60 patients achieved vision better than 6/18 on Snellen's chart. Corneal edema and raised IOP (20%) was the most common complication on day 1 followed by ovalization of pupil (16.67 . Iritis was seen in only 10 % patients. Mean IOP on day 1 post surgery was significantly higher in patients who underwent iris claw implantation without surgical PI. Though at 6 weeks both groups were comparable with normal IOP. Conclusion: IOP is seen to be raised in cases with Iris claw implantation without surgical PI on day 1 but it resolves with medical management. Final IOP were similar in both the groups irrespective of surgical PI performed or not.

[1]. Rao R,Sasidharan A. Iris claw intraocular lens: A viable option in monocular surgical aphakia. Indian J Ophthalmol 2013;61:74-5.
[2]. Gicquel JJ, Langman ME, Dua HS. Iris claw lenses in aphakia. Br J Ophthalmol 2009;93:1273-5
[3]. Evereklioglu C, Er H, Bekir NA, Borazan M, Zorlu F. Comparison of secondary implantation of flexible open-loop anterior chamber and scleral-fixated posterior chamber intraocular lenses. J Cataract Refract Surg 2003;29:301-8
[4]. Snellingen T, Shrestha JK, Huq F, Husain R, Koirala S, Rao GN, et al. The South Asian cataract management study: Complications, vision outcomes, and corneal endothelial cell loss in a randomized multicenter clinical trial comparing intracapsular cataract extraction with and without anterior chamber intraocular lens implantation. Ophthalmology 2000;107:231-40. [5]. Jare NM, Kesari AG, Gadkari SS, Deshpande MD. The posterior iris-claw lens outcome study: 6-month follow-up. Indian journal of ophthalmology. 2016 Dec;64(12):878.

Abstract: Background:Evaluation of epidural anesthesia using bupivacain and fentanyl for lower limb post-operative pain management. Materials and Methods:Descriptive prospective design, analysis of over 30 patients with ASA 1-2, aged 18 – 60, no contraindication against epidural anesthesia, indication for planned below emergency lower limb surgery at the 7A Miliraty Hospital. Patients received no pre-anesthetic agent, firstly received epidural anesthesia, had a catheter inserted at epidural space, and then received spinal cord anesthesia for surgery. Post-operative pain (VAS ≥ 5) was relieved by bolus administration of 10ml anesthetic (bupivacain 1% + fentanyl 2μg/ml + adrenalin 1/200000) until VAS < 4, then administrated with 6-8ml/h anesthetic using electric syringe. VAS and hemodynamics were monitored at recording time.....

Keywords: Spinal Cord Anesthesia, Epidural Anesthesia, Bupivacain, Fentanyl.

[1]. Fang, G, Ding, Z, Song, Z. Comparison of the effects of epidural anesthesia and local anesthesia in lumbar transforaminal endoscopic surgery.Pain physician.2016;19(7):E1001-E1004
[2]. Gousheh M, Akhondzadeh R, Rashidi M, Olapour A, Moftakhar F. Comparison of Dexmedetomidine and Morphine as Adjuvants to Bupivacaine for Epidural Anesthesia in Leg Fracture Surgery: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine. 2019;9(4).
[3]. Katz J, Clairoux M, Kavanagh BP, Roger S, Nierenberg H, Redahan C, Sandler AN. Pre-emptive lumbar epidural anaesthesia reduces postoperative pain and patient-controlled morphine consumption after lower abdominal surgery. Pain. 1994;59(3):395–403.
[4]. Moraca RJ, Sheldon DG, Thirlby RC. The role of epidural anesthesia and analgesia in surgical practice. Annals of Surgery. 2003;238(5): 663–673.
[5]. Shilpashri AM, Srivastava A. A Comparison of Epidural Levobupivacaine 0.5% with Racemic Bupivacaine 0.5% for Lower Abdominal Surgery. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences. 2015; 4(56): 9755–9763.

Abstract: The study on 151 patients who had a combination of central upper limb surgery at the 7A Military Hospital found that the leading cause was traffic accidents accounting for 55.7%. The incident commonly occurred between the ages of 16 to 30 years old, accounted for 40.4%. The majority, 116 patients, accounted for 76.8%, had Group A fracture type according to AO classification. Results of the combination fracture treatment: 95.3% was excellent and good, 7.9% was average, and 1.3% was poor.Due to poor post-surgical and home caring guidance, two patients had to have surgery again, and one patient was unable to recover his limb function.We recommended having appropriate post-surgical care and home care guidance for the patients

Keywords: Central upper limb, Post-surgical care, Home care guidance.

[1]. Müller ME, Nazarian S, Koch P, SchatzkerJ. The Comprehensive Classification of Fractures of Long Bones. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1990.
[2]. Batista FDS, Silveira LO, Castillo JJAQ, Pontes JED, Villalobos LDC. Epidemiological profile of extremity fractures in victims of motorcycle accidents. ActaOrtopédicaBrasileira 2015;23(1):43-6.
[3]. Awasthi B, Raina SK, Kumar N, Sharma V, Kalia S, Thakur L. Pattern of extremity fractures among patients with musculoskeletal injuries: A hospital-based study from North India. Journal of Medical Society2016;30:35-7
[4]. Ameri M, Aghakhani K, Ameri E, Mehrpisheh S, Memarian A. Epidemiology of the upper extremity trauma in a traumatic center in Iran. Global Journal of Health Science 2017;9(4):97-105.
[5]. Axelrad TW, Einhorn TA. Use of clinical assessment tools in the evaluation of fracture healing. Injury 2011;42(3):301-5.

Abstract: A thyroid abscess is a rarely presenting pathology. This is because of high resistance of thyroid to infection due to high iodine content, capsular encasement and rich vascularity. Also availability of potent antibiotics has reduced the occurence of these disease. Thyroid abscess is rare even in immunocompromised patients, with less than 1% incidence. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common organism implicated. Thyroid abscess usually presents with fever, neck swelling, pain and systemic illness. Thyroid hormomes may or may not be elevated. Imaging using Ultrasonography is usually sufficient. Traditional treatment of thyroid abscess included drainage of abscess and antibiotics.

[1]. Ogale SB, Tuteja VG, Chakravarty N. Acute suppurative thyroiditis with thyroid abscess. Indian Pediatr . 2002;39(12):1156–8.
[2]. Menegaux F.Biro G. Sehatz C. Chigot J.P. Thyroid abscess. Appropos of 5 cases. Ann Med Interne Paris. 1991; 142(2):99-102.
[3]. Herndon MD, Christie DB, Ayoub MM, Duggan AD. Thyroid abscess: case report and review of the literature. Am Surg . 2007;73(7):725–8.
[4]. Szego PL, Levy RP. Recurrent acute suppurative thyroiditis. Can Med Assoc J. 1970;103:631-633.
[5]. Rohondia OS, Koti RS, Majumdar PP, Vajaykumar T, Bapat RD. Thyroid abscess. J Postgrad Med. 1995;41(2):52–4.

Abstract: Caries is a 'localized post erupted pathological process of external origin, involving softening of hard tooth tissue and proceeding to the formation of a cavity.' Conventional caries removal and cavity preparation involve bur usage and air-rotor but there are several limitations to it. In this era of minimal intervention dentistry, the changing concept of cavity preparation and the introduction of reliable adhesive materials have led to the development of alternative methods of caries removal. Chemomechanical caries removal (CMCR) is a non-invasive technique eliminating only the infected dentine. Instead of drilling, this method uses dissolution by a chemical agent assisted by an atraumatic mechanical force to remove soft carious structure and leaves the affected dentine as it is.

Keywords: Caries, Chemomechanical, Painless, Affected Dentine, Infected Dentine.

[1]. Journal of Dentistry and Oral Hygiene Vol. 3(3), pp.34-45, March 2011. Chemomechanical caries removal (CMCR) agents: Review and clinical application in primary teeth M. Ganesh and Dhaval Parikh
[2]. Current update of chemomechanical caries removal methods. H Hamama, C Yiu, M Burrow. Australian Dental Journal 2014; 59: 1–11
[3]. Chemo Mechanical Caries Removal - A New Horizon. Pratap Kumar M1, Nandakumar K2, Sambashivarao P3, Sandhya P S4Indian J Dent Adv 2011; 3(4): 668-672
[4]. Efficacy of chemomechanical caries removal. Sham S Bhat, Shaniya Sain, Sundeep K Hegde, Vidya Bhat. International Journal of Applied Dental Sciences 2015; 1(3): 27-30
[5]. Chemomechanical caries removal Kumar, et al. Indian Journal of Dental Research, 23(5), 2012

Abstract: Introduction: Hemiparetic Post Stroke Shoulder Pain (HPSSP) is common complication after Stroke. Common factors contributing to HPSSP include subluxation, spasticity of Muscles with imbalance of the gleno-humeral joint, contracture of periarticular Soft Tissues, rotator cuff tendinitis, complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). Other significant causes are adhesive capsulitis, subacromial bursitis, brachial plexus traction neuropathy, heterotopic ossification, Hemi-neglect, thalamic syndrome (also known as central post stroke pain syndrome) and soft tissue injury or trauma. Aims & Objectives: to assess, evaluate and analyze the effectiveness of different conservative management protocol AND the effectiveness of a specific physical modality like high intensity TENS on prevention and management of HPSSP........

Key Words: Stroke, Hemiplegia, TENS, Shoulder Pain.

[1]. Pesezynski H. Randin T E. The incidence of painful shoulder in hemiplegia. Bull pol. Med. Hist Sci 1965; 8:21-23.
[2]. Najenson.T, Yacubovich E, Pikielni SS. Rotator cuff injury in shoulder joints of hemiplegia patients. Scand J. Rehabil Med 1971; 3:131-137.
[3]. VanOuwenaller C, Laplace PM, Chantraine A. Painful shoulder in hemiplegia Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1986;67:23-26.
[4]. Gamble GE, Barberan E,Laasch HU et al. Post stroke shoulder pain: a prospective study of the association and risk factors in 152 patients from a consecutive cohort of 205 patients presenting with stroke, Eur J pain 2002; 6:467-474.
[5]. Teasell RW. The painful hemiplegic shoulder. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation: State of the Art Reviews. 1998; 12(3):489-500.

Abstract: Stress can cause activation of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system leading to autonomic imbalance. This can affect cardiovascular function and lead to increased risk of development of cardiovascular diseases.Yoga can modulate the autonomic balance and improve the cardiovascular function. Our study aims to assess the effect of yoga on cardiovascular function in a group of stressed Manipuri women.50 stressed women in the age range of 18 – 45 years were included in this prospective study. Stress levels were assessed by using the Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale. Cardiovascular function was assessed by recording resting heart rate(HR), resting systolic and diastolic blood pressures(SBP and DBP), heart rate response to standing(30:15 ratio) and heart rate response to Valsalva maneuver( Valsalvaratio,VR) both before and after 3 months of yoga training. Out of the total 50 women, 8(16%) had stress level 1, 30(60%) had stress level 2 and 12(24%) had stress level 3. There was a.....

Keywords: Stress, autonomic nervous system, cardiovascular function, yoga

[1]. Robson R. A Critical Assessment of the Acute Effects of Yoga and Cardiovascular Exercise on Markers of Mood and Stress. J Yoga Phys Therapy 2011; 1(4) : 105-111.
[2]. Szabo S, Tache Y, Somogyi A. The Legacy of Hans Seyle and the origins of stress research : A retrospective 75 years after his landmark brief " Letter" to the Editor of Nature. Stress 2012 ; 15(5) : 472-478.
[3]. Raio CM, Phelps EA. The influence of acute stress on the regulation of conditional fear. Neurobiology of Stress. New York : Elsevier Inc. ; 1, 2014, 134-146.
[4]. Pradeep J, Sambashivaiah S, Thomas T, Radhakrishnan R, Vaz M, Srinivasan K. Heart rate variability responses to standing are attenuated in drug naïve depressed patients. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2012 ; 49(1) : 89-94.
[5]. Bijoor SN, Subbalakshmi NK, Banerjee S. Cardiac Autonomic Modulation in Cance patients as assessed by Time Domain Measures of Heart Rate Variability. International Journal of Health Sciences ans Research 2015 ; 5(2) :194-198.

Abstract: Background: Light is fundamental for human vision. Abundance of light is useful for sustaining comfortable human life. Good blue light (blue-turquoise part) is essential for overall well being. However in modern time, due to various causes like pollution, modern gadgets like smart phone etc. existence of harmful light like blue-violet light has increased. Blue-violet light is harmful to retinal cells. Blue-violet light causes long term damage to our eyes as it can accelerate onset of AMD (Age related Macular Degeneration). To protect or shield human eye against blue-violet light wearing of lenses with blue-violet light protection is suggested. Materials and Methods: Papers related to effect of blue light were reviewed to find the present status in the research related to effect of blue light......

Key Word: blue light, photopollution, blue block spectacles, Digital eyestrain.

[1]. www.bluelightexposed.com
[2]. www.aoa.org
[3]. KaidoM,TodaL,et.al "Reducing short-Wavelength blue light dry eye patients with unstable tearfilm improves performance on visual acuity". PMID 27045760 PMCD 4821556 10.1371/journal.pone.0152936.
[4]. Peep.V. Algvere, John Marshal and Stefan seregerd "Age related maculopathy and impact of blue light hazard"; ectaophthalmologica scandinavica,2006,84,4-15.
[5]. LawrensonJG, Hull CC, Downie LE "The effect of blue blocking spectacle lenses on visual performance, macular health and sleep- wake cycle" ; a systematic review of literature ; Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2017 Nov;37(6);644-654.

Abstract: Introduction: The prevalence of onychomycosis is about 15-40% in HIV infected individuals and is one of the earliest manifestations of HIV infection. Multiple nail involvement, rapid spreading nature to hands and feet, high frequency of proximal subungual type, high resistance to the treatment, isolation of common and rare species characterizes onychomycosis in HIV. Aim: To study the epidemiology, clinical pattern of onychomycosis in HIV infected individuals with special emphasis to common site affected, type of onychomycosis and to identify the various causative organism microbiologically. Materials and methods: 38 clinically diagnosed cases of HIV in a period of 1 year were included in the study. Patients were clinically examined for the type and pattern of nail involvement. Nail clippings were sent for KOH direct microscopy and fungal culture and results obtained were statistically analyzed using SPSS 20.0. Results: Out of 38 HIV infected patients clinically suspected with......

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[5]. Criber B, Mena ML, Rey D, Partisani M,FabienV, Lang JM, et al. nail changes in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: A prospective controlled study. Arch dermatol 1998; 134:1216-20.