iosr-JDMS   Volume-20 ~ Issue-6 ~ June 2021

Abstract: Measurements of the pedicle width, pedicle height, spinal canal width and vertebral body width are the most popular measurements in vertebra, but reason that made this study interesting ,was the measurement of all lumbar vertebral ratios including spinal canal ratio, pedicle(CT)ratio as well as the unique measurement for the pedicle index. Our study aimed to institute a baseline data by the analysis of the (pedicle index: the ratio of the pedicle width to the pedicle height) (pedicle ratio or CT ratio: the ratio of pedicle width to the vertebral body width) and the (spinal canal ratio: the ratio of the spinal canal width to the to the vertebral body width)at each lumbar vertebral level(L1-L5) among Jazan population using CT scan.
This study was a prospective and descriptive, using a reviewed CT images for lumbar vertebrae (L1to L5). It consisted of 200adult participants......

Keywords: ratio; lumbar vertebrae; morphometry, pedicles.

[1] Bernard TN Jr, Seibert CE (1992) Pedicle diameter determined by computed tomography. Its relevance to pedicle screw fixation in the lumbar spine. Spine 17:S160–S163.15.
[2] Berry JL, Moran JM, Berg WS, Steffee AD (1987) A morphometric study of human lumbar and selected thoracic vertebrae. Spine12:362–367.
[3] Gailloud, P., Beauchamp, N. J., Martin, J. B., & Murphy, K. J. (2002). Percutaneous pediculoplasty: polymethylmethacrylate injection into lytic vertebral pedicle lesions. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, 13(5), 517-521.
[4] Amonoo-Kuofi, H. 1995. Age-related variations in the horizontal and vertical diameters of the pedicles of the lumbar spine. Journal of anatomy, 186(Pt 2), 321-328.
[5] Güven, O., Esemenli, T., Yalcin, S., &Karahan, M. (1993). Transpedicular fixation in the treatment of various spinal disorders. ActaChirurgicaBelgica, 93(4), 188.

Abstract: Carcinoma of gall bladder is a rare entity. Adenocarcinomas represent 80-95% of biliary tract cancers. We report a case of adenocarcinoma of gall bladder in a 60 year old female patient, presented as acute abdomen. It was diagnosed as adenocarcinoma, T2NxMx, stage Ib. We report this case in view of its rarity.

Keywords: adenocarcinoma, gall bladder, acute abdomen

[1]. Laura W.Lamps in gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts.Rosai and Ackerman"s surgical pathology, 11th ed,John R.Goldblum, editor,Elsevier,Philadelphia. volI; 861-870.
[2]. N.Volkan Adsay in Gallbladder, extrahepatic biliary tract, and ampulla. Sternberg's diagnostic surgical Pathology, 6th ed, StaceyE.Mills editor, Wolters Kluwer, Philadelphia.vol 2 ;1788-1886.
[3]. Thorsten Oliver Goetz. Gallbladder carcinoma: prognostic factors and therapeutic options. World J gastroenterol 2015;21:12211-12217.
[4]. William Patrick Boyan Jr.a, c , Stephen Klepnera , Michael Farra , Adam Kopelanb, Prakash Paragib, Kevin Clarke. A Month for Gallbladder Cancer: A Case Report of Four Gallbladder Cancers Over a 30-Day Period at a Community Hospital.World J Oncol. 2015;6:495-498.
[5]. Rodrigo Nascimento Pinheiro1, *, Renata P. Fontoura2, Letícia L.P. Rodrigues2, José Donato S. Netto2, and Bruno José Q. Sarmento. Incidental finding of adenocarcinoma in a gallbladder lumen with no wall involvement. Journal of Surgical Case Reports, 2020;6, 1–3.
[6]. Ravi Maharaj a, Christo Cavea,∗, Kevin Sarrana, Nigel Bascombea, Dilip Dana, Wesley Greaves a, Wayne A. Warner b. A case report of the clear cell variant of gallbladder carcinoma. International Journal of Surgery case reports 2017;32:36-39.

Abstract: Background: For postoperative pain relief in patients undergoing open inguinal hernia repair both TAP block and combined ilioinguinal-iliohypogastric blocks are used under ultrasound guidance. Materials and Methods: In this prospective randomised controlled study, 60 patients of ASA physical status I and II belonging to age group of 18-60years undergoing elective open inguinal hernia repair surgery under sub-arachnoid block were randomly allocated into 2 groups o30patients each, Group A (Transversesabdominisplane block) and Group B (Ilioinguinal-iliohypogastricnerve block). Group A received 20ml of 0.25%Bupivacaine for transversesabdominis planeblock and group B received 20ml of 0.25% Bupivacaine for ilioinguinal-iliohypogastric nerve block.Both groups of patients were monitored for postoperative pain for the next 24 hours.Postoperative rescue analgesia was with intravenous tramadol for the first 4 hrs and later with injection diclofenac intramuscularly.Total analgesic consumption in the first 24 hours postoperative period......

Key Word: Ilioinguinal-iliohypogastric ,transverse abdominis plane ,bupivacine, postoperative analgesia..

[1]. Petersen PL, Mathiesen O, Stjernholm P, Kristiansen VB, Torup H, Hansen EG, et al. The effect of transversus abdominis plane block or local anaesthetic infiltration in inguinal hernia repair: A randomised clinical trial. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2013;30:415–21. 10.
[2]. Aveline C, Le Hetet H, Le Roux A, Vautier P, Cognet F, Vinet E, et al. Comparison between ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane and conventional ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve blocks for day-case open inguinal hernia repair. Br J Anaesth. 2011;106:380–6
[3]. Demirci A, Efe EM, Türker G, Gurbet A, Kaya FN, Anil A, et al. Iliohypogastric/ilioinguinal nerve block in inguinal hernia repair for postoperative pain management: Comparison of the anatomical landmark and ultrasound guided techniques. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2014;64:350–6 .
[4]. Ding Y, White PF. Post-herniorrhaphy pain in outpatients after preincision ilioinguinal nerve block during monitored anaesthesia care. Can J Anesth. 1995;42:12–5
[5]. Bærentzen F, Maschmann C, Jensen K, Belhage B, Hensler M, Børglum J, et al. Ultrasound-guided nerve block for inguinal hernia repair: A randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2012;37:502–5

Abstract: Background: Breast Cancer is the most common cancer in females, both in developed and developing countries and its incidence continues to escalate. Therefore, early detection to improve breast cancer outcomes remains the cornerstone of breast cancer control. Guidelines recommend screening for detecting breast cancer with mammography and ultrasonography. Strain elastography is a newer technique that can aid additional characterization of breast lesions.....

Keywords: Sonoelastography (SE); Breast Cancer; Ultrasound; Benign and malignant breast lesions

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[2]. Krouskop TA, Wheeler TM, Kallel F, Garra BS, Hall T. Elastic moduli of breast and prostate tissues under compression. Ultrason Imaging 1998;20:260-74.
[3]. Fung YC. Biomechanics: Mechanical properties of living tissues. Chapter 7, 2 nd ed. New York City: Springer1993;242-314.Sarvazyan AP, Skovoroda AR, Emelianov SY, Fowlers JB, Pipe JG, Adlers RS, et al. Biophysical bases of elasticity imaging. Acoustical Imaging 1995;21:223-240.
[4]. Itoh A, Ueno E, Tohno E, Kamma H, Takahashi H, Shiina T, et al. Breast disease: Clinical application of US elastography for diagnosis. Radiology 2006;239:341-50.
[5]. Regner DM, Hesley GK, Hangiandreou NJ, Morton MJ, Norland MR, Meixner DD, et al. Breast lesions: Evaluation with US strain imaging-clinical experience of multiple observers. Radiology 2006;238:425-37.

Abstract: Background: Diabetes Mellitus is one among the diseases that affects peripheral nervous system and symptomatic neuropathy in uncontrolled Diabetes is one of the commonest incapacitating complications. Electro diagnostic tests can be used to detect Diabetic Neuropathy at an early stage (before development of the signs or symptoms of Neuropathy). Nerve Conduction Study (NCS) is considered to be the most sensitive, reliable, non-invasive and objective means of investigations of Diabetic Polyneuropathy. Diabetic Neuropathy is curable, and hence if detected, the proper treatment can be instituted in early stages, which again, can give rise to good outcome. As the peripheral nerve has the ability to regenerate, line of treatment can be planned. Aims & Objectives: To compare and analyze the peripheral nerve conduction studies in symptomatic diabetic neuropathy cases with age and sex matched normal subjects emphasizing on use of Nerve conduction studies as a diagnostic approach to prevent Severe Neuropathy.......

Keywords: Diabetic Polyneuropathy, Nerve Conduction Study (NCS), F-minimum latency, Median nerve

[1]. Krarup C. Nerve conduction studies in selected peripheral nerve disorders. Curr Opin Neurol. 2002;15:579–93.
[2]. Global report on Diabetes. World Health Organization. Geneva; 2016.
[3]. Ziegler D, Gries FA, Spuler M, Lessmann F. The epidemiology of diabetic neuropathy: DiaCAN Multicenter Study Group. Diabet Med. 1993;10(suppl.2):82S – 86S.
[4]. Muthuselvi K, Shanthi M, Ethiya N. Comparison of Nerve Conduction Studies in Geriatric Normal and Diabetic Subjects. 2015;4(4):2013–5.
[5]. AL Kakrani, VS Gokhale, Karan V Vohra, Neha Chaudhary. Clinical and nerve conduction study correlation in patients of Diabetic Neuropathy. Journal of the Association of Physicians of India Jan 2014;vol 62:24-27..

Abstract: Background: Advancement in ART have prolonged and improved the lives of people living with HIV globally. With the implementation of universal ART in Kenya since 2016, there are no studies that have evaluated the success of the program especially in coast of Kenya using viral load suppression as the indicator of success. This study aims to determine the viral load suppression rates for 24 months among cohorts of people living with HIV started on anti- retroviral therapy before and after implementation of "Test and Start" program in 18 facilities in Coastal Kenya. Materials and Methods: This is was an observational retrospective cohort study which enrolled people living with HIV aged >15 years started on ART in the periods of April to August 2016 and April to August 2017 and follow up data censored after 24 months........

[1]. UNAIDS. End Inequalities. End AIDS. Global AIDS Strategy 2021-2026 [draft]. 2021; Available from: https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/PCBSS_Global_AIDS_Strategy_2021--2026_EN.pdf
[2]. World Health Organization. Guideline on When To Start Antiretroviral Therapy and on Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis for HIV. 2015;(September):1–76.
[3]. NASCOP. Ministry of Health, National AIDS & STI Control Programme: Guidelines on Use of Antiretroviral Drugs for Treating and Preventing HIV Infection in Kenya. 2016. 188 p.
[4]. Samji H, Cescon A, Hogg RS, Modur SP, Althoff KN, Buchacz K, et al. Closing the gap: Increases in life expectancy among treated HIV-positive individuals in the United States and Canada. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(12):6–13.
[5]. Granich RM, Gilks CF, Dye C, De Cock KM, Williams BG. Universal voluntary HIV testing with immediate antiretroviral therapy as a strategy for elimination of HIV transmission: a mathematical model. The Lancet [Internet]. 2009;373(9657):48–57. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673608616979

Abstract: Background: Traumatic injury of different organs is the principal public health problem in every country regardless of the level of socioeconomic development. The genitourinary tract is involved in 10% of traumatic injuries, many of which are subtle and difficult to define and diagnose. Aim: To study the different types of Genitourinary Tract Injuries, its presentation and management. Material and methods: This is a hospital based prospective, analytic, clinical study conducted in the Department of General Surgery, Assam Medical College & Hospital(AMCH), Dibrugarh, India from September 2017 to march 2019.The study was based on 45 cases of genitourinary tract injuries, which where clinically diagnosed and investigated by Ultrasonography, Computerized Tomography (CT), cystoscopy, retrograde urethrography(RGU) or intravenous pyelogram (IVP) wherever necessary for confirmation and proper staging and managed accordingly after resuscitation (if needed)......

Keywords: Renal injury, bladder injury, cystoscopy.

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[3]. Bhatt NR, Merchant R, Davis NF, Leonard M, O'Daly BJ, Manecksha RP, et al. Incidence and immediate management of genitourinary injuries in pelvic and acetabular trauma: a 10-year retrospective study. BJU Int. 2018;122(1):126–32.
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[5]. Anselmo da Costa I, Amend B, Stenzl A, Bedke J. Contemporary management of acute kidney trauma. J Acute Dis. 2015;5(1):29–36.

Abstract: Prosthetic management of surgical defects has always been challenging. Hemimandibulectomy patient presents with many debilitating problems because of mandibular jaw deviation towards affected side. This incapacitation depends upon the amount of hard and soft tissue resected, remaining dentition and tongue mobility for mastication and other oral functions. It is essential to restore the oral function like mastication in such patients to ensure for an ability to have healthy diet and overall general health. The treatment options for such patients are surgical restoration of resected part via prosthodontic intervention. This case report describes prosthodontic management of a patient who has undergone hemi-mandibulectomy.

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Abstract:Placoïd epitheliopathy is a rare inflammatory affection which could be exceptionally associated with Behçet disease. For these two pathologies, etiopathogenesis is still discussed. Clinically, it belongs to the groups of the white spots of the fundus. Retinal angiography and macular OCT contribute to diagnosis in the acute phase and the sequelae stage. No treatment has proven effective. This observation of placoid epithelopathy associated with Behçet's disease is one of the rare cases of ophthalmological involvement occurring in this context, and seems to corroborate the current physiopathological hypotheses of this affection. According to our knowledge, this is the first case reported in the literature....

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