iosr-JDMS   Volume-16 ~ Issue-10 ~ October-2017

Abstract: Background: Aims And Objectives Of The Study: To study the clinical pattern, aetiological factors, percentage of various non-venereal genital dermatoses and to assess which dermatoses have a predilection for external genitalia or as a part of generalized involvement. Materials & Methods: A series of 100 adult patients with non-venereal dermatoses of the external genitalia were screened amongst male patients attending skin and venereal disease OPD at Government Mohan Kumaramangalam Medical College & Hospital, Salem India over a period of 12months.Patients having age below 13 years were excluded from the study. Results: The majority of patients (78%) were in..........

Keywords –non venerereal dermatoses, pearly penile papules, venereophobia

[1]. Bunker CB, Neil SA. The genital perianal and amblical regions. In T Burns, S Breathnach, N Cox C Griffiths, eds. Rook's Text book of Dermatology 8th ed. New York: Wiley-Blackwell; 2010;71:1-102
[2]. Bunker CB. Male Anogenital Skin Disease. Londan: Saunders,2004
[3]. Bunker CB. Topics in penile dermatology. Clin Exp Dematol 2001 ;26:469-79.
[4]. Bunker CB, Neil SA. The genital perianal and umblical regions. In T Burns, S Breathnach, N Cox C Griffiths, eds. Rook's Text book of Dermatology 8th ed. New York: Wiley-Blackwell; 2010;71: 1-102
[5]. Bunker CB. Male Anogenital Skin Disease. Londan: Saunders,2004

Abstract: Viral hepatitis represents a major public health problem worldwide. The purpose of this observational study is to determine the epidemiologic pattern of Hepatitis E infection among patients attending a tertiary care hospital in north Kolkata and adjacent 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India. This study was performed from 1stJanuary 2015 to 31stDecember 2016 with all clinically suspected jaundice patients attending this tertiary care centre, both outpatient and inpatient clinics fulfilling the inclusion criteria. Blood was collected aseptically from clinically suspected cases, serum was separated and analysed by Immunochromatographic test to detect HEV IgM. Out of 181 cases, 46/181(25.41%) were found to be reactive. A month-wise distribution chart for 2 years..........

Key words: Hepatitis E virus, Immunochromatographic test, Surge

[1]. Holla RP, Ahmad I, Ahmad Z, Jameel S. Molecular virology of hepatitis e virus. Semin Liver Dis. 2013;33(1):3–14.
[2]. Tsarev SA, Emerson SU, Reyes GR, Tsareva TS, Legters LJ, Malik IA, et al. Characterization of a prototype strain of hepatitis E virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A [Internet]. 1992;89(2):559–63.
[3]. Viswanathan R. Infectious hepatitis in Delhi (1955-56); A critical study-Epidemiology. Vol. 26, National Medical Journal of India. 2013. p. 362–77.
[4]. Aggarwal R, Krawczynski K. Hepatitis E: an overview and recent advances in clinical and laboratory research. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2000;15(1):9–20.
[5]. Kumar S, Subhadra S, Singh B, Panda BK. Hepatitis E virus: The current scenario. Int J Infect Dis [Internet]. 2013;17(4):e228–33...

Abstract: Objective: The purpose of the Study was to determine and compare changes after orthognathic surgery & Twin Block Appliance in upper and lower pharyngeal airways (ULPA), Hyoid Bone & Tongue Position. Methods : 50 Lateral Cephalograms were evaluated for 11 Parameters (8 for ULPA dimensions , 2 for Hyoid Bone Position & 1 for Tongue Position) - the sample was subdivided into 5 Groups of 10 Lateral Cephalograms each – Group I being Lateral Cephalograms of subjects with Skeletal Class I relation as Control Group , Group II consisted of Lateral Cephalograms of patients before Orthognathic Surgery , Group III consisted of Lateral Cephalograms of patients after Orthognathic Surgery, Group IV consisted of Lateral Cephalograms of patients before Twin Block Appliance therapy & Group V consisted of Lateral Cephalograms of patients After Twin Block Appliance therapy . Independent samples t – test was used for statistical analysis, and a P – value < .05 was considered statistically significant........

Keywords: Cephalometry, Pharyngeal Airway, Twin Block, Hyoid Bone Position, Tongue Position

[1]. Gjorup H, Athanasiou AE. Soft-tissue and dentoskeletal profile changes associated with mandibular setback osteotomy. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1991;100:312-23.
[2]. Hoekema A, Hovinga B, Stegenga B, De Bont LGM. Craniofacial morphology and obstructive sleep apnoea: a cephalometric analysis. J Oral Rehabil 2003;30:690-6.
[3]. Riley RW, Powell NB, Guilleminault C, Ware W. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome following surgery for mandibular prognathism. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1987;45:450-2.
[4]. Kawakami M, Yamamoto K, Fujimoto M, Ohgi K, Inoue M Kirita T. Changes in tongue and hyoid positions, and posterior airway space following mandibular setback surgery. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2005;33:107-10.
[5]. Athanasiou AE, Toutountzakis N, Mavreas D, Ritzau M, Wenzel A. Alterations of hyoid bone position and pharyngeal depth and their relationship after surgical correction of mandibular prognathism. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1991;100: 259-65

Abstract: Trauma is a major worldwide cause of death and disability that mainly affects young adults and the elderly population. The definition of multiple traumas varies among surgeons from different specialties and between different centers and countries. Hence the need for comparative analysis of injury, management & outcome related parameters has stimulated the development of many trauma scoring systems. These scoring systems represent a means of quantifying the injuries along with comorbidities, age and mode of injury. They are based on converting many independent factors into one-dimensional numeric value that ideally represents the criticality of the illness. An ideal scoring system should take into account the severity of anatomic trauma, level of physiologic response & inherent patient reserves. Aim of the study is to study the significance of blood parameters at the time of admission in.........

Keywords: Polytrauma, Injury Severity Score, Serum lactate, Lactate clearance, Damage Control Surgery

[1]. Janeiro: Global forum on trauma care. In WHO Meeting Report. 2009.
[2]. Kirya F, Kijjambu S, Ezati I. Outcome of major trauma at Mulago Hospital in Uganda: assessment using the TRISS methodology. East Cen Afr J Surg. 2002;7:59–62.
[3]. Lavery RF, Livingston DH, Tortella BJ, Sambol JT, Slomovitz BM, Siegel JH. The utility of venous lactate to triage injured patients in the trauma center. J Am Coll Surg. 2000;7(6):656–664. doi: 10.1016/S1072-7515(00)00271-4.[PubMed] [Cross Ref]
[4]. MacKenzie EJ. Injury severity scales: overview and directions for future research. Am J Emerg Med. 1984;7(6):537–549. doi: 10.1016/0735-6757(84)90081-0.[PubMed] [Cross Ref]
[5]. Kruse O, Grunnet N, Barfod C. Blood lactate as a predictor for in-hospital mortality in patients admitted acutely to hospital: a systematic review. Scand J Trauma ResuscEmerg Med. 2011;7:74. doi: 10.1186/1757-7241-19-74.[PMC free article] [PubMed] [Cross Ref]..

Abstract: Aim: The objective of study is to investigate the in vivo antibacterial effects of 0.12% CHX and 2% CHT in adjunct to Scaling and Root Planing (SRP) on plaque microbiota in patients with CGP. Methods: The study was conducted by collecting supragingival plaque samples from 40 patients with CGP who reported at CDSRC, Ahmedabad. Subjects between 35 and 55 years were randomly allocated to one of the two groups: Group A (n = 20) in which patients were given 0.12% CHX and Group B (n = 20) in which the patients were given 2% CHT after a thorough SRP. Plaque samples were inoculated on nutrient agar and the CFU were counted. The patients were then instructed to use the mouthwashes for one week, after which plaque samples were again collected, inoculated and CFUs were counted. Results: The mean CFU count reduction after using 0.12........

Keywords: Chitosan, Mouthwash, Periodontitis, CFU count, Chlorhexidine

[1]. Ahmad Haerian-Ardakani et al: Comparison Of Antimicrobial Effects Of Three Different Mouthwashes; Iran J Public Health, 2015:44;997-1003
[2]. Ciancio SG. Chemical Agents: Plaque Control, Calculus Reduction And Treatment Of Dentinal Hypersensitivity. Periodontol 2000:1995;8:75-86.
[3]. Addy M, Sharif N, Moran J. A Non-Staining Chlorhexidine Mouthwash? Probably Not: A Study In Vitro. Int J Dent Hyg 2005; 3:59-63.
[4]. Microbiology Of Periodontal Disease, Carranza's Clilical Periodontology, 10th Edition;2002
[5]. Saffari F, Danesh Ardakani M, Zandi H, Heidar-Zadeh H, Moshafi MH:The Effects Of Chlorhexidine And Persica Mouthwashes On Colonization Of Streptococcus Mutans On Fixed Orthodontics O-Rings. J Dent Shiraz Univ Med Sci:2015;16 (1): 54-7..

Abstract: Objective: To assess the relationship between age, sex of the patient, and seasons of the year with Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) and to find out common causative drugs and clinical outcome of SJS and TEN cases reported from Osmania Medical College. Materials and methods: A retrospective analytical study done on drug induced SJS and TEN using the data collected from the individual case safety reports (ICSRs) reported from Adverse drug reaction Monitoring Center (AMC), Osmania Medical College (OMC) to National Co-ordination Center, Pharmacovigilance Program of India (NCC, PvPI) from January 2015 to March 2017. UMC-WHO causality assessment scale was uses to assess the causality............

[1]. Thomas Harr, Lars E French; Toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2010; 5: 39.

[2]. Tangamornsuksan W, Chaiyakunapruk N, Somkrua R, Lohitnavy M, Tassaneeyakul W,Relationship between the HLA-B*1502 allele and carbamazepine-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Dermatol. 2013;149(9):1025.

[3]. Ozeki T, Mushiroda T, Yowang A, Takahashi A, Kubo M, Shirakata Y, Ikezawa Z, Iijima M, Shiohara T, Hashimoto K, Kamatani N, Nakamura Y, Genome-wide association study identifies HLA-A*3101 allele as a genetic risk factor for carbamazepine-induced cutaneous adverse drug reactions in Japanese population. Hum Mol Genet. 2011;20(5):1034. Epub 2010 Dec 10.

[4]. Somkrua R, Eickman EE, Saokaew S, Lohitnavy M, Chaiyakunapruk N, Association of HLA-B*5801 allele and allopurinol-induced Stevens Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med Genet. 2011;12:118. Epub 2011 Sep 9.

[5]. Dietrich A, Kawakubo Y, Rzany B, Mockenhaupt M, Simon JC, Schöpf E, Low N-acetylating capacity in patients with Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Exp Dermatol. 1995;4(5):313.

Abstract: Factually, "brought dead" (also known as dead on arrival) means those deaths occurred before reaching at emergency. In those scenarios, doctor can't issue death certificate without knowing actual cause of death. That is the reason for which autopsy is necessary & compulsory for establishment of definite cause of death. In the present study 840 brought dead cases were studied in different parameters at Malda Medical College & Hospital, West Bengal from January 2016 to December 2012 (one year study). In present study, it was found that majority of victims who were brought dead were males, died in unnatural manner, most commonly in road traffic accident, followed by hanging.

Keywords-:Autopsy, brought dead, cause of death, manner of death

[1]. Tirpude B, Nagrale N, Murkey P, Zopate P, Patond S. Medicolegal profile of brought dead cases received at mortuary. J Forensic Med, Sci and Law, 2012;21(2):1-8.
[2]. Disania L.N., Pathak K. A., Punia K.R. Autopsy study of brought dead cases in Jaipur, Rajasthan. Int J Cur Res Rev. 2014;6(22):6-9.

Abstract: Introduction: Facial appearance plays an important role when planning orthodontic treatment. The major issue involved in the extraction vs. non-extraction decision is its effect on the soft-tissue profile. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to determine the ratio between extraction and non-extraction treatment protocols. More over whether such decisions were based on soft tissue profile or severe arch length discrepancy in border line case at Department of Orthodontics, University Dental Clinical Centre "St. Pantelejmon" - Skopje, Macedonia........

Keywords: extraction; non-extraction; facial profile; facial angle

[1]. O'Neill K, Harkness M, Knight R. Ratings of pro le attractiveness after functional appliance treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2000 Oct;118(4):371-6; discussion 377.
[2]. Reis ASB, Abrão J, Capelozza Filho L, Claro CAA. Análise facial subjetiva. R Dental Press Ortodon Ortop Facial. 2006 Set-Out;11(5):159-72.
[3]. Mejia-Maidl M, Evans CA, Viana G, Anderson NK, Giddon DB. Preferences for facial pro les between Mexican Americans and Caucasians. Angle Orthod. 2005 Nov;75(6):953-8.
[4]. Bishara SE, Jakobsen JR. Pro le changes in patients treated with and without extractions: Assessments by lay people. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1997 Dec;112(6):639-44.
[5]. Kocadereli I. Changes in soft tissue pro le after orthodontic treatment with and without extractions. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2002 Jul;122(1):67-72.

Abstract: Background: Very few studies from India studied clinical & psychosocial factors affecting delirium and its symptomatology using DRSR98, associated etiologies, clinical outcomes. Method: 50 consecutive referrals of delirium were studied. Results: Mean age of sample was 45.38 years. 68% referrals from medical and allied branches with multifactorial etiology, 78% (39) hyperactive type and 32% (16) had past history of delirium. 74% had visual hallucinations, 46% illusions, and 64% delusions. On MMSE, 66% had significant cognitive impairment, screened positive on CAM. On DRSR98, 62% showed severity in the range of 24 to 31.

Keywords: CAM, Delirium, DRSR98, MMSE..

[1]. O.P. Aggarwal, S.K. Bhasin et al. A New Instrument (Scale) for Measuring the Socioeconomic Status of a Family : Preliminary Study. Indian Journal of Community Medicine, 2005;30:4.
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[3]. Inouye, S.K., van, Dyck, Ch&Alessi, C.A., et al. Clarifying confusion: The confusion assessment method: A new method for detection of delirium. Annals of InternalMedicine,1990;113:941-948.
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Abstract: Anatomical variations of the coeliac trunk are very common. A variation of coeliac trunk occurs due to the developmental abnormalities in the ventral splanchnic arteries. Main Purpose of this study was to identify and evaluate the spectrum and prevalence of coeliac axis (CA) variations and its branches. During routine dissection on adult cadavers in Anatomy department, we found some variations in the branching pattern of the coeliac trunk. The left gastric artery arises as first branch of coeliac trunk and then the trunk bifurcates into splenic and hepatic arteries. Right gastric artery is seen originating from the hepatic artery proper. Knowledge of this rare variation is clinically very important for surgeons , especially while performing liver transplantation, gall bladder surgeries, trans arterial catheterization for hepatic tumors.

[1] Standring S. Gray's Anatomy. The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice, 39th ed. Philadelphia; Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2005.
[2] Haller A. Icones anatomicae in quibus aliquae partes corporis humani delineatae proponuntur et arteriarum potissimum historia continetur. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck; 1756
[3] Sathidevi. V.K and Rahul.U.R. Coeliac Trunk Variations - Case Report. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications 2013; 3, 2, 22503153.
[4] Hemanth K, Garg S, Yadav TD, Sahni D. The hepatogastro-phrenic trunk and the hepato-spleno-mesentric trunk: A rare anatomic variation. Tropical Gastroenterology 2011; 32, 1, 56-59.
[5] Chaitanya Krishna K., Sharada HR. and Suseelamma D. Pentafurcation of the Coeliac Trunk. Anat Physiol 2012, S7

Abstract: The present work was undertaken to find out the age of union of epiphysis at the upper end of Radius in males and females. A radiological study was conducted on 100 males and females, in the age group of 13-22 years, residing in Davanagere, Karnataka, India. Radiographs of upper end of Radius (elbow) of both sides were taken and progress of fusion was studied and recorded. There was no difference in the findings of epiphyseal union at the upper ends of Radius of the two sides. In general, the fusion of epiphysis occurs 1-2 or 2-3 years earlier in females as compared to males. From these radiographs age of union of epiphysis at upper end of Radius is determined and compared with the other authors from other states of India and also with other countries and found to vary appreciably.

Keywords: Epiphysis; Radius; Elbow Joint; Age Estimation

[1] Das Gupta SM, Prasad V, Singh S. A Roentgenologic Study of Epiphyseal Union around Elbow, Wrist and Knee Joints and the Pelvis in Boys and Girls of U.P. J Ind Med Assoc 1974; 62: 10-12.
[2] Banerjee KK, Agarwal BB. Estimation of age from Epiphyseal Union at the Wrist and Ankle Joints in the Capital city of India. Forensic Sci Int 1998 Nov30; 98(1-2):31-9.
[3] Lal R. and Nat B.S. Ages of epiphyseal union at the elbow and wrist joints amongst Indians.Indian J. Med. Res. 1934; 21: 683-689.
[4] M. J.S. Pillai. The study of epiphyseal union for determining the age of South Indians. Indian J. Med. Res. 1936; 23: 1015-1017, 1936
[5] Basu S.K. and Basu S. A contribution to the study of diaphysioepiphyseal relations at the elbow of young Bengalee girls. Ind. Jour. Paediat. 1938; 201-204...

Abstract: Introduction: NAFLD is a group of conditions that have in common the presence of hepatic steatosis (fatty liver), in individuals who do not consume alcohol. It has become the most common cause of chronic liver disease in the United States and in its various forms probably affects more than 30% of the population. Hepatic steatosis may range from a 'benign' indolent deposition of fat to severe lipotoxicity-induced steatohepatitis with necroinflammation known as Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH).NASH is an overlooked complication of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) that if missed may carry serious long-term consequences. Objectives of the study: 1)To study the prevalence of Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in patients with Type.........

Keywords-: NonalcoholicSteatohepatitis(NASH) ,NAFLD, obesity, type 2 diabetis mellitus

[1] Zelber-Sagi S, Nitzan-Kaluski D, Halpern Z, Oren R. Prevalence of primary nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in a population-based study and its association with biochemical and anthropometric measures. Liver Int2006 : 26: 856-863.
[2] Marchesini G, Marzocchi R, Agostini F, Bugianesi E. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and the metabolic syndrome. CurrOpinLipidol2005; 16: 421-427.
[3] Angulo P. Non alcoholic fatty liver disease . N Engl J Med 2002 ; 346 :1221-1231 .
[4] Lee JH, Rhee PL, Lee JK, Lee KT, Kim J J , Koh KC, Paik SW, Rhee JC, Choi KW. Role of hyper insulinemia and glucose intolerance in the pathogenesis of non alcoholic fatty liver in patients with normal body weight . Korean J Intern Med 1998 ; 13 : 12 -14.
[5] Angulo P (2002) Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. N Engl J Med 346:12211231. + Angulo P (2007) GI Epidemiology: Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Aliment PharmacolTher 25:883-889..

Abstract: Background:perinatal asphyxia contributes to almost 20% of neonatal deaths in India OBJECTIVE.To determine prospectively urinary uric acid to creatinine ratio in perinatal asphyxia and showing increased uric acid excretion in early spot urine for identification of perinatal asphyxia. Material &Methods:. The study was conducted in babies admitted to neonatal intensive care unit at niloufer hospital attached to osmania medical college hyderabad on 200 babies delivered between 1/6/2015 to 31/05/2016 Out of which 100 babies are asphyxiated , rest 100 are healthy infants. Urinary uric acid was estimated by auto analyzer by spectrophotometric uricasemethod.urinary creatinine was estimated in same above instrument by using modified kinetic Jaffe's method..........

Keywords: Perinatal asphyxia, urinary uric acid to creatinine ratio ,apgarscore,HIE

[1] Lawn JE, Cousens S, Zupan J. Lancet Neonatal Survival Steering Team. 4 million neonatal deaths: When? Where? Why? Lancet 2005; 365 (9462):891-900.
[2] NNPD network. National Neonatal Perinatal Database–report for the year 2002-2003. NNF NNPD network. New Delhi: 2005.
[3] Indian Institute of Population Studies. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-2) 1998-99. Mumbai: 2000.
[4] Perlman JM, Tack ED, Martin T, et al. Acute systemic organ injury in term infants after asphyxia. Am J Dis Child 1989;143:617-620.
[5] Fenichel GM. Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in the newborn. Arch Neurol1983;40:261-6.

Abstract: The Siddha system of medicine was not a discovery but a gradual evolution during successive periods of history by sages of South India called as Siddhars. Even though the materials used as drugs by Siddhars could be classified into herbal, inorganic substances and animal products great emphasis was given to herbs. Pungampoo Chooranam is one such herbal formulation consisting of flowers of single herb Pongamia pinnata. Although this herbal formulation has been indicated for the treatment of Diabetes mellitus in the Siddha classical literature Boga Munivar Vaithiyam – 700, its scientific data on its safety profile is still deficient. So the present study was performed to evaluate the toxicological potential of Pungampoo Chooranam. In acute oral toxicity study, Pungampoo Chooranam was administered at 2000mg/kg orally and animals were observed for toxic signs at 30 min, 1, 2 and 4 hours and thereafter once a day for the next 14 days. In repeated dose-28 day toxicity study, the animals were divided into three groups............

Keywords: Siddha, Pungampoo Chooranam, Acute oral toxicity, Sub acute toxicity, Pongamia pinnata

[1] G.Mahalingam ,K. Krishnan. Antidiabetic and ameliorative potential of Ficus bengalensis bark Extract in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry, 23 (4) ,2008,394-400
[2] OECD Guideline for testing of Chemicals Guideline 423: Acute Oral Toxicity-Acute Toxic Class Method,2001.
[3] OECD Guide lines 407 for testing of chemicals. Repeated dose 28-Day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents. 2008: pp 2- 8.
[4] Jain N, Sharma P, Sharma N, Joshi S C. Haemato-biochemical profile following sub acute toxicity of malathion in male albino rats.. Pharmacologyonline. 2009; 2:500–506.
[5] Suvarna, S.K., C.Layton and J.D. Bancroft. 2013. Bancroft's theory and practice of histological techniques. 7th edn, Churchill Livingstone, London

Abstract: Alcoholism can lead to various medical complications, like perturbed alcohol metabolism, liver cirrhosis and hormonal changes associated with pancreatitis, osteoporosis, immune impairment and impaired fertility. Experimental and clinical studies suggest that alcohol consumption may alter both testosterone secretion and spermatogenesis. This study was carried out to measure serum levels of free testosterone and FSH in Chronic alcoholic patients. Sixty samples were collected from patients in period between February to March 2017, chosen randomly from Omdurman- Khartoum state (Sudan) and Sixty apparently, healthy individuals as controls, to assess the levels of free testosterone and FSH in Chronic alcoholic patients. Serum free testosterone and FSH were measured by using ELISA,(Enzyme -linked immunosorbent assay) and results were analyzed using statistical of package social..........

[1]. Maneesh, M., jayalekshmi, H., Sanjiba -Dutta, A., Chakrabarti, V. D.M..Experimental therapeutical intervention with ascorbic acid in ethanol induced testiculainjuries in rats. Indian J Exp Biol.2005; 43: 172- 176.
[2]. Bassil, N., alkaade, s and Morley, J.E. The benefits and risks of testosterone replacement therapy: a review" Therapeutics and Clinical Risk.2009, 3rd ed : 427-48.
[3]. Remzi, C .A.H., Gur, Suat, A., Kemal, Nas, A.I., Jale, S. Hypothalamic pituitary – gonadal axis hormones and cortisol in both menstrual phases of women with chronic fatigure syndrome and effect of depressive mood on these hormones. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2004; 5:47 51.
[4]. Maneesh, N., jayalekshmi, H., Suma, T., Chatterjee. S., Chakrabarti, Singh, T.A..Evidence for oxidative stress in osteoarthritis "The benefits and risks of testosterone replacement therapy: a review" therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management. Ind j Clin Biochem 2009. (3): 427-48.
[5]. Jill, L. Understanding and Treating alcoholism: an Empirically Based Clinician's Handbook for the Treatment of Alcoholism: Journal of Biological, Psychological, and Social Aspects of Alcohol Consumption and Abuse. 2014;1: 55.

Abstract: Introduction: Hepatitis B infection is a potentially life-threatening liver infection caused by the Hepatitis B virus (HBV). In 2015, Hepatitis B infection resulted in 8, 87,000 deaths in the world. Percutaneous exposure to infectious diseases is commonly reported among health care providers. The present aim of the study is to evaluate awareness and vaccination status on hepatitis B among first year medical students. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was done from November to December 2016, among first year MBBS students taken admission in the academic year 2016-2017. All the first year MBBS students who were present in the community medicine theory class on the day...........

Keywords: Hepatitis B infection, Vaccination, MBBS

[1]. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs204/en/
[2]. Lahariya C, Subramanya B P, Sosler S. An assessment of hepatitis B vaccine introduction in India: Lessons for roll out and scale up of new vaccines in immunization programs. Indian J Public Health 2013;57:8-14
[3]. Center for Disease Control and prevention, Summery of Notifiable disease, United States, Morbi Mortal wkly Report. 1997;45:74-9.
[4]. Giri MR, Panda JK, Sahoo AK. Hepatitis B awareness and vaccination status among first year medical students. Int J Community Med Public Health 2016;3:530-2.
[5]. Singh A, Jain S. Prevention of hepatitis B-Knowledge and practice among MBBS students. Indian Medical Gazette. 2012:52-6.

Abstract: Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC), and melanoma skin cancer is prevalent worldwide. Melanoma has high mortality. Australia and New Zealand have the highest rates of melanoma in the world. Disease is more common in areas which are more Caucasian. Ultraviolet radiation from sun exposure is the primary contributory factor. Genetic syndrome, ionizing radiation, light skin, and tanning beds are also the cause basal-cell and squamous-cell skin cancer. Basal-cell carcinoma (BCC) appears as painless raised area, squamous-cell carcinoma(SCC) presents as a hard lump with scaly top but may also form an ulcer, and malignant melanoma appear as a mole that has changed size,shape,,color, has irregular edges, itchy or bleeds. Melanoma are most aggressive.Treatment of skin cancer dependent on type, location, age of the patient and whether cancer is primary or recurrence............

Keywords: Skin cancer,Contributory factors,Treatment

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