iosr-JDMS   Volume-17 ~ Issue-8 ~ August-2018

Abstract: Background: Nonvenereal dermatoses tend to create confusion from venereal dermatoses. This may be responsible for considerable concern to the patient as well as may cause diagnostic dilemma to the physicians. They may be responsible for mental distress and guilt feelings in patients. Nonvenereal dermatoses may not be restricted to genitalia alone; it may affect skin and mucous membrane also. Most of the patients with genital lesions had apprehension of suffering from some venereal disorders. Objective & Aim: We conducted this study to find the pattern of nonvenereal dermatoses of male external genitalia and to correlate nonvenereal dermatoses with various.......

[1]. Bunker CB, Neill SM. The genital, perianal and umbilical regions. In: Burns T, Breathnach S, Cox N, Griffiths C, editors. Rook's Textbook of Dermatology. 7th ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science; 2004. pp. 68.1–104.

[2]. Acharya KM, Ranpara H, Sakhia JJ, Kaur C. A study of 200 cases of genital lesions of non-venereal origin. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 1998;64:68–70. [PubMed]

[3]. Karthikeyan KE, Jaishankar TJ, Thappa DM. Non-venereal dermatoses of male genital region-prevalence and pattern in a referral centre in South India. Indian J Dermatol. 2001;46:18–22.

[4]. Khoo LS, Cheong WK. Common genital dermatoses in male patients attending a public sexually transmitted disease clinic in Singapore. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1995;24:505–9. [PubMed]

[5]. Puri N, Puri A. A study of non-venereal genital dermatoses in North India. Our Dermatol Online. 2013;4:304–7..

Abstract: Our aim of Study is to compare the effectiveness of collagen dressing in treating burns wound compared with that of conventional 1%Silver sulphadiazine dressing. METHOD: During the period of study 60 patients who presented with second degree partial thickness burns were chosen by random sampling technique and were grouped into two groups consisting of 30 patients each one group the test group was treated with Collagen dressings and the other Control group was treated with conventional Silver sulphadiazine dressings and the effect of each were compared. RESULTS: We observed that duration taken for the wound healing is much lesser in Collagen group compared to Conventional dressing. .It was also observed........

Key words: COLLAGEN, 1% SILVER SULPHADIAZINE OINTMENT.

[1]. Mukund B Tayade, Girish D Bakshi, Nabakishor Haobijam. A Comparative Study of Collagen Sheet Cover Versus 1% Silver Sulphadiazine in Partial Thickness Burns.
[2]. Bombay hospital journal 2006;48:2
[3]. Bhattacharya S. Sushrutha – our proud heritage. Indian J Plastic Surgery 2009;42:223-5
[4]. Kirkapatrick JJ, Curtis B, Fitzgerald AM, Naylor IL.A modern translation and interpretation of the treatise on burns of Fabricius Hildanus(1560-1634). Br J Plast Surg. 1995 Oct;48(7):460-70
[5]. Ulloa H. , Gonzalez M Dupuytren on Burns . Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery: January 1957- Volume 19 – Issue 1- pg83.

Abstract: Case report of 21years old male who presented with fatigue,oliguria and generalised edema. Further investigations revealed proteinuria in the tune of 6gm/day and microscopic hematuria. Renal biopsy was done which gave impression of Mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis with IgA deposits suggestive of IgAN (Berger disease). To assess the cause of IgA nephropathy,screening was performed which was normal except for Hepatitis C positive with genotype '3'. Patient was put on oral Daclatasvir and sofosbuvir which led to marked reduction in proteinuria after 12 weeks of treatment. It was assumed that Hepatitis C manifested as IgAN. Therefore this case highlights the possibility of association between Hepatitis C and IgAN (Berger's disease.

[1]. Johnson R. Crotch D. Yamabe H. Hart J. Uacclii C. Hastwell I'. Couser W. Corey L, Wener M. Aljeis C. Willson R: Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis associated with hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med 1993:328:465 470.
[2]. Rollino C. Roeatello D, Oiaehino O. Basolo B. Piccoli 0: Hepatitis C virus infection and membranous glomerulonephritis. Nephron 1991:59: 319-320.
[3]. Gonzalo A, Bàrccna R. Mampaso F. Zea A, Ortuno J: Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and hepatitis C virus infection. Nephron 1993:63:475 476.
[4]. Doulrelepont JM, Adler M, Willems M. Durez P. Yap SH: Hepatitis C infection and nicnibranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Lancet 1993:341:317.
[5]. Pasquariello A. Ferri C. Moriconi L. C'ivita LL. Longombardo G. Lombardini F. Greco F. Zignego AL: Cryoglobulinémie membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis associated with hepatitisC virus. AmJNephrol 1993:13:300-304...

Abstract: Intussusception occurring in adults is an uncommon entity unlike pediatric population and is usually due to an underlying mechanical cause. Malignancy is the most common identified etiology in adult intussusception. Jejunal intussusception secondary to benign cause is a very rare phenomenon. We present a case of jejunal intussusception in an elderly male postoperatively diagnosed to be due to jejunal lipoma. A high index of clinical suspicion of such condition supported by computed tomography can help in preoperative diagnosis of such cases as most cases of jejunal lipomas are incidentally diagnosed during laparotomy.

Key words: jejunal intussusception, jejunal lipoma .

[1]. Ning W, Xing-Yu C, Yu L, Jin L, Yuan-Hong X, Ren-Xuan G et al. Adult intussusception: a retrospective review of 41 cases. World J Gastroenterol 2009, 15(26):3303–3308
[2]. Erkan N, Haciyanli M, Yildirim M, Sayhan H, Vardar E, Polat AF. Intussusception in adults: an unusual and challenging condition for surgeons. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2005; 20(5):452-6
[3]. Azar T, Berger DL. Adult intussusceptions. Ann Surg.1997; 226(2):134-8.
[4]. Manouras A, Lagoudianakis EE, Dardamanis D, Tsekouras DK,Markogiannakis H, Genetzakis M, et al. Lipoma induced jejunojejunal intussusception. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:3641–4.
[5]. Zirpe D, Wani M, Tiwari P, Ramaswamy PK, Kumra RP.Duodenal lipomatosis as a curious cause of upper gastrointestinal bleed: a report with review of literature. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:PE01–4..

Abstract: Resorption of mandibular ridges is a multifactorial and biomechanical disease that is chronic, progressive, irreversible, and cumulative leading to loss of sulcular depth, vertical dimension loss, and decreased lower facial height. Some common neurological, hormonal, and metabolic disorders affect the adaptability of dentures, and this can be diagnosed by a trained prosthodontist with proper history-taking and clinical examination. The denture becomes passive due to complex neuromuscular control and causes difficulties in impression-making, mastication, and swallowing, which in turn leads to loss of retention and stability in complete dentures. Hence, residual ridge resorption becomes a challenging scenario for a clinician during fabrication of complete dentures. The neutral zone concept plays a significant role in overcoming these challenges. The neutral zone is the...............

Key words: Prosthodontic Rehabilitation, Neutral Zone, Impression Technique .

[1]. Haroon R, Fahim A V, Tasneem Z H, Geeta D K Stabilizing mandibular complete dentures using the neutral zone impression
technique. J Pak Dent Assoc 2013(2)154-159 May 2013
[2]. Chandni J, Roshni G, Prince K, Harkanwal P S. Neutral Zone approach for severely atrophic ridges;Avenues beyond implants and
surgeries – A Case Report International Journal Of Clinical Dental Science, Vol 2, No 3 (2011)
[3]. Lott F, Levin B. Flange technique, an anatomic and physiologic approach to increased retention, function, comfort, and appearance
of denture. J Prosthet Dent 1996;16:394-413
[4]. Opinder PS, Ravneet K, Sonia MN: Residual ridge resorption: A major oral disease entity inrelation to bone density. Indian J Oral
Sci. 2016, 7:3-6. 10.4103/0976-6944.176383
[5]. Jacobson TE, Krol AJ: A contemporary review of the factors involved in complete dentures. Part II: stability. J Prosthet Dent.
1983, 49:165-72...

Abstract: Introduction: In the modern era Traumatic skull fracture is a common injury need evaluation to prevent possible complications. Different types of skull base fractures are encountered in the world. Most common facial trauma, simply ignored, may cause complication of intra orbital infection, intra cranial complications& facial deformity. Another most common injury is fracture temporal bone. Bilateral Zygomatico maxillary fracture may be turned in to Le-fort fracture. Facial deformities & diplopia are common complication as a consequence of neglected Zygomatico maxillary fracture. Materials and methods: All together 500 cases of skull fracture cases are under studied by Surgeons, Unit-I& Radiologist of the Medical College together.............

Key words:Traumatic skull fracture, Zygomatico maxillary fracture, complex Zygomatico maxillary fracture.

[1]. Yanagisawa E. Pitfalls in the management of zygomatic fractures. Laryngoscope. 1973;83(4):527–546. doi: 10.1288/00005537-
197304000-00009.
[2]. Apfelberg DB, Lavey E, Masen MR. Upper buccal sulcus approach for the reduction of zygomatic complex fractures. J Trauma.
1977;17:847–849. doi: 10.1097/00005373-197711000-00005.
[3]. Balasubramaniam S. Intraoral reduction of maxillary fractures by malar suspension. J Oral Surg. 1952;13:321.
[4]. Courtney DJ. Upper buccal sulcus approach to management of fractures of the zygomatic complex: a retrospective study of 50
cases. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1999;37:464–466. doi: 10.1054/bjom.1999.0010.
[5]. Robert C, Leonard KB. Fractures of the zygomatic complex. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1986;44:283. doi: 10.1016/0278-
2391(86)90079-0...

Abstract: Introduction: The acute infections which are caused by Toxoplasma gondii, Rubella virus, Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and the Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV-2) during pregnancy are often associated with adverse foetal outcomes and reproductive failures. In the Indian context, the exact seroprevalence of these infections is not known due to unavailability of baseline data. Materials and methods: The present study was undertaken to determine the serological evidence of the acute TORCH infections in women who were in the first trimesters of their pregnancies in tertiary care hospital. 80 Sera were collected from the women with Bon and they were tested for the presence of specific IgM antibodies against the TORCH infections by ELISA..............

Key words: Antibodies; Pregnant; Serological; Specific IgM; TORCH .

[1]. Singh S. The mother to child transmission and the diagnosis of the Toxoplasma gondii infection during pregnancy. Indian J Med
Microbiol. 2003;21(2):69-76.
[2]. Yashodhara P, Ramlaxmi BA, Naidu AN, Raman L. The prevalence of the specific IgM which is caused by the Toxoplasma,
Rubella, Cytomegalovirus and the C.trachomatis infections during pregnancy. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2001;19:79-82.
[3]. Bhatia VN, Meenakshi K, Agarwal SC. Toxoplasmosis in south India- a serological study. Indian J Med Res. 1974;62:1818.
[4]. Turbadkar D, Mathur M, Rele M. The seroprevalence of the TORCH infections in women with bad obstetric histories. Indian J Med
Microbiol. 2003;21(2):108-10.
[5]. Rubella and Pregnancy. ACOG technical bulletin number 171- August 1992. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 1993;42:60-66..

Abstract: Objectives : To analyze the demographic aspects of hearing loss among children below 5 yrs attending Burdwan medical College & Hospital, Burdwan. Materials and Methods : Descriptive study over a period of 2 years (July, 2016 to June, 2018), Total of patients included into this study were 4517 who had hearing problem assessed in the department of ENT , Burdwan Medical College, Burdwan. Results:. Out of 4517 patients below 5yrs of age , 141 patients had hearing loss as diagnosed by BERA. 1.91% had a mild degree of hearing loss, 1.91% had a moderate degree of hearing loss, 2.87% had a moderately severe degree of hearing loss, 7.65% had a severe degree of hearing loss, and 53.11% had a profound degree of hearing loss Conclusion: This study identified a large number of children with hearing impairment. This study indicates the necessity of universal hearing screening programme.

Key words: Hearing loss ; Children ; BERA ; OAE

[1]. Vohr BR. Language and hearing outcomes of preterm infants. Seminars Perinatology. WB Saunders. 2016.
[2]. Yoshinagaitano C, Sedey AL, Coulter DK, Mehl AL. Language of early and later indentified children with hearing loss. Pediatrics. 1998;102:1161-71.
[3]. Parving A. Congenital hearing disability: epidemiology and identification: A comparison between two health authority districts. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1993; 27: 29-46.
[4]. Kim SY, Bothwell NE, Backousn DD. The expanding role of the otolaryngologist in managing infants and children with hearing loss. Otolaryngol Clin. N Am. 2002; 35: 699.
[5]. D. Jose, et al, Prevalence of hearing impairment among high risk neonates- A hospital based screening study, International Journal of Biomedical and Advance Research , ISSN: 2229-3809 (Online); 2455-0558 (Print) Journal DOI: 10.7439/ijbar CODEN: IJBABN

Abstract: Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is the one of the important cause of maternal mortality. All women who carry a pregnancy beyond 20 weeks' gestation are at risk for PPH and its sequelae. Although maternal mortality rates have declined greatly in the developed world, PPH remains a top cause of maternal mortality elsewhere.Many different drugs and medications are apply to prevent this PPH. Carbetocin and oxytocin used mostly for curation of PPH. In this study our main objective to find most crucial and effective drug of PPH prevention by comparing the effectiveness of Carbetocin versus oxytocin. During the study double-blinded randomized study was done where 100 pregnant women divided into two groups: Group 1 (50women) received single 100 μg Iv dose of carbetocin and Group..............

Key words: PPH , Carbetocin, Oxytocin, Double-blinded randomized study.

[1]. Phupong, Vorapong. "Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH)." Thai Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 19, no. 3 (2012): 89.
[2]. https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1GGRV_enBD783BD783&biw=1366&bih=662&tbm=isch&q=PPH&chips=q:postpartum+hemorrhage,g_5:symptom,online_chips:postpartum+haemorrhage&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi2wpnBuvXbAhWJb30KHUZKD_gQ4lYIKCgB#imgrc=inARnx_ffcP48M:
[3]. https://www.google.com/search?q=Carbetocin&rlz=1C1GGRV_enBD783BD783&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj3pL7JvfXbAhUUT30KHX0aDHwQ_AUICigB&biw=1366&bih=662#imgrc=P6vmdTfE1Rw6BM:
[4]. Boucher, Marc, Carl A. Nimrod, Georges F. Tawagi, Tracy A. Meeker, Ruth E. Rennicks White, and Jocelyne Varin. "Comparison of carbetocin and oxytocin for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage following vaginal delivery: a double-blind randomized trial." Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada 26, no. 5 (2004): 481-488.
[5]. Maged, Ahmed Mohamed, AbdelGany MA Hassan, and Nesreen AA Shehata. "Carbetocin versus oxytocin for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage after vaginal delivery in high risk women." The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 29, no. 4 (2016): 532-536.

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Chronic medical and psychiatric patients need assistance or supervision in their daily activities and this often places a major burden on their caregivers, there by placing the caregiver at a great risk of mental and physical health problems. AIM: To compare the caregiver burden in psychiatric illness [Schizophrenia] and chronic medical illness [Stroke]. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The sample included caregivers of Schizophrenia and caregivers of Stroke. The caregivers were classified as group 1 (G1) consisting of 60 caregivers of psychiatric patients and group 2 (G2) consisting of appropriately matched..............

Key words: Care giver's burden Schizophrenia Stroke Borgatta Caregiver Burden scale.

[1]. Prasanth Ampalam, Sasidhar Gunturu, and V. Padma ,A comparative study of caregiver burden in psychiatric illness and chronic medical illness.
[2]. A.H. Schene et al. Schizophrenia Bulletin, Vol. 24, No. 4, 1998.
[3]. Reine G1, Lancon C, Simeoni MC, Duplan S, Auquier PCaregiver burden in relatives of persons with schizophrenia: an overview of measure instruments2003 Mar-Apr;29(2):137-47.
[4]. Muscroft J, Bowl R. The impact of depression on caregivers and other family members: Implications for professional support. Couns Psychol Q. 2000;13:117–34.
[5]. Karlikay G, Yukse G, Varlibas F, Tireli H. Caregiver Burden in Dementia: A Study in the Turkish Population. Internet J Neurol. 2005; 4:2.

Abstract: Background:Molecular classification of breast cancer has been used recently beyond the conventional pathologic grade and histology. This resulting in classifying breast cancer into different molecular subtypes, understanding that clarify different risks of relapse and response to adjuvant therapies in patients. This also demonstrates that breast cancer subtypes are associated with unique patterns of metastatic spread with differences in relapse and survival. Patients and Methods: a retrospective cohort study of all non-metastatic breast cancer patients diagnosed and/or treated at National Cancer Institute, Cairo University from January to December 2003. Results: The most common molecular class was Luminal A (34%), and least was Luminal B HER2 enriched (10.7%). TN and HER2 enriched.............

[1]. Siegel R, Ward E, Brawley O, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2011: the impact of eliminating socioeconomic and racial disparities on premature cancer deaths. CA Cancer J Clin. 2011;61(4):212–36.
[2]. www.cancerregistry.gov.eg
[3]. Schnitt SJ. Classification and prognosis of invasive breast cancer: from morphology to molecular taxonomy. Mod Pathol. 2010;23 Suppl 2:S60–4.
[4]. Journal R, Raica M, Jung I, Cîmpean AM, Suciu C, Mureşan AM. From conventional pathologic diagnosis to the molecular classification of breast carcinoma: are we ready for the change? Rom J Morphol Embryol. 2009 Jan;50(1):5–13.
[5]. Dabbs DJ, Chivukula M, Carter G, Bhargava R. Basal phenotype of ductal carcinoma in situ: recognition and immunohistologic profile. Mod Pathol. 2006;19(11):1506–11.
[6]. Reis-Filho JS, Westbury C, Pierga J-Y. The impact of expression profiling on prognostic and predictive testing in breast cancer. J Clin Pathol. 2006;59(3):225–31.

Abstract: The prosthetic management of the edentulous patient has long been a major challenge. Complete maxillary and mandibular dentures have been the traditional standard of care. However, most ofthe patients report problems adapting to their mandibular denture dueto a lack of comfort,retention, stability and inability to masticate. Implant-supported overdentures have been acommon treatment foredentulous patients for the past 20 years and predictably achieve good clinical results.Implant supported overdentures offer many practicaladvantages over conventional completedentures and removable partial dentures. These include decreased bone resorption, reducedprosthesis movement, better esthetics, improved tooth position, better occlusion, increasedocclusal function and maintenance of theocclusal vertical dimension. This article presents a designand fabrication technique of the implant-retained overdenture that uses fourfreestandingmandibular implants.

Key words: Overdenture, Implant supported mandibular overdenture, Conventional denture

[1]. Salinas TJ. Implant prosthodontics. In: Miloro M, Ghali GE, Larsen PE,Waite PD, editors. Peterson's Principles of Oral and MaxillofacialSurgery. London: BC Decker, Inc Hamilton; 2004. p. 263.
[2]. Närhi TO, Hevinga M, Voorsmit RA, Kalk W. Maxillary overdenturesretained by splinted andunsplinted implants: A retrospective study.Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2001;16:259‑66.
[3]. Schwartz‑Arad D, Kidron N, Dolev E. A long‑term study of implantssupporting overdentures as a model for implant success. J Periodontol2005;76:1431‑5.
[4]. Adell R, Lekholm U, Rockler B, Brånemark PI. A 15‑year study ofosseointegrated implants in the treatment of the edentulous jaw. IntJ Oral Surg 1981;10:387‑416.
[5]. Chan MF, Howell RA, Cawood JI. Prosthetic rehabilitation of theatrophic maxilla using pre‑implant surgery and endosseous implants.Br Dent J 1996;181:51‑8

Abstract: Splenomegaly is frequently observed among children and adolescents who reside in malaria endemic areas. Clinically, these are frequently complicated by hypersplenism, therefore defined as Hyperactive Malaria Splenomegaly (HMS. The underlying pathology of HMS is unknown, but is indistinguishable from splenic lymphomas such as splenic marginal zone lymphomas (SMZL). We present a case of SMZL in a Kenyan adolescent whose disease meets the clinical criteria of HMS. Case Report: We present a case of a 16-year-old female who was referred to a tertiary teaching hospital in Kenya with massive splenomegaly, anaemia and peripheral blood lymphocytosis. Bone marrow studies showed infiltrative sinusoidal neoplastic atypical B lymphocytes...............

Key words: Splenic Marginal Zone Lymphoma, Hyperactive Malaria Syndrome.

[1]. Leoni S, Buonfrate D, Angheben A, Gobbi F, Bisoffi Z. The hyper-reactive malarial splenomegaly: a systematic review of the literature. Malar J. 2015;14:185. Epub 2015/04/29. doi: 10.1186/s12936-015-0694-3. PubMed PMID: 25925423; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4438638.
[2]. Maazoun F, Deschamps O, Barros-Kogel E, Ngwem E, Fauchet N, Buffet P, et al. [Hyper-reactive malarial splenomegaly]. Rev Med Interne. 2015;36(11):753-9. Epub 2015/06/26. doi: 10.1016/j.revmed.2015.06.002. PubMed PMID: 26119345.
[3]. Bates I, Bedu-Addo G. Review of diagnostic criteria of hyper-reactive malarial splenomegaly. Lancet. 1997;349(9059):1178. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)63061-9. PubMed PMID: 9113040.
[4]. McGregor A, Doherty T, Lowe P, Chiodini P, Newsholme W. Hyperreactive Malarial Splenomegaly Syndrome--Can the Diagnostic Criteria Be Improved? Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2015;93(3):573-6. Epub 2015/07/20. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0234. PubMed PMID: 26195458; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4559700.
[5]. Bisoffi Z, Leoni S, Buonfrate D, Lodesani C, Eseme FE, Monteiro GB, et al. Early hyperreactive malarial splenomegaly and risk factors for evolution into the full-blown syndrome: a single-centre, retrospective, longitudinal study. Malar J. 2015;14:487. Epub 2015/12/02. doi: 10.1186/s12936-015-1015-6. PubMed PMID: 26626013; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4667456

Abstract: Penicillium marneffei is a dimorphic fungus that is endemic to Southeast Asia & the Northeast Indian state of Manipur. Manipur is one of the six high HIV prevalence states in India. We report a rare case of newly diagnosed HIV patient who was started on antiretroviral therapy & later on developed Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS) with penicilliosis as well. Patient also developed meningitis during his hospital stay & investigations for the same turned out to be negative for commonly tested opportunistic infections. The possibility of penicillium meningitis was taken into account. The clinical presentation & preliminary cerebrospinal fluid findings resembled those of penicillium meningitis cases studied elsewhere. Further definitive investigations could not be undertaken as the patient's condition deteriorated & the patient eventually expired. This case report aims at stressing the need to take into account the possibility of penicillium infections of the nervous system, which are not seen commonly.

Key words: Penicillium marneffei, HIV, IRIS, ART.

[1]. Wartman PD. Infection with Penicillium marneffei. Int J Dermatol. 1996;35:6.
[2]. Sirisanthana T, Supparatpinyo K. Epidemiology and management of penicilliosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. International journal of infectious diseases. 1998 Jul 1;3(1):48-53.
[3]. Ranjana KH, Priyokumar K, Singh TJ, Gupta CC, Sharmila L, Singh PN, Chakrabarti A. Disseminated Penicillium marneffei infection among HIV-infected patients in Manipur state, India. Journal of infection. 2002 Nov 1;45(4):268-71.
[4]. Chariyalertsak S, Sirisanthana T, Saengwonloey O, Nelson KE. Clinical presentation and risk behaviors of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in Thailand, 1994–1998: regional variation and temporal trends. Clinical infectious diseases. 2001 Mar 15;32(6):955-62.
[5]. Supparatpinyo K, Chiewchanvit S, Hirunsri P, Uthammachai C, Nelson KE, Sirisanthana T. Penicillium marneffei infection in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clinical infectious diseases. 1992 Apr 1;14(4):871-4.

Abstract: Raynaud's phenomenon is a disorder of microvasculature which is characterized by ischemia of the digits in response to cold which produces "triphasic " color pattern 1 (white to blue to red) with swelling & numbness of fingers & toes which are usually affected. Less affected extremities are nose, ear, & nipple2. Ischemia in Reynaud's disease is due to vasoconstriction of digital arteries, arterioles, & cutaneous arterio-venous vessels.............

......