iosr-JDMS   Volume-18 ~ Issue-5 ~ May-2019

Abstract: Introduction: Penetrating chest injuries constitute 1–13% of thoracic trauma hospital admissions. To diagnose missed injuries, chronic sequelae and late mortality; Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) is safe and effective. Material & Methods: The present study was conducted in the Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Government General Hospital, Guntur Medical College, Guntur to review the experience with VATS in the management of penetrating thoracic injuries.Inclusion criteria was stable hemodynamic condition, ability to tolerate single lung ventilation and maintain lateral decubitus position. Study period was from November 2017 to September 2018............

Keywords : thoracic injuries, penetrating, VATS, effective, safety

[1]. Ludwig C, Koryllos A. Management of chest trauma. J Thorac Dis. 2017 Apr;9(Suppl 3):S172-S177.
[2]. Jain A, Burns B. Penetrating Chest Trauma. [Updated 2018 Dec 21]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2019 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535444/
[3]. LalengM.Darlong. Thoracoscopy for trauma. Lung India 2011;28(2):87-88.
[4]. Lewis RJ, Caccavale RJ, Sisler GE.Imaged thoracoscopic lung biopsy.Chest. 1992 Jul;102(1):60-2.
[5]. Mehmet DakakD. The role of vats in thoracic trauma (our initial clinical experience). Gulhane Med J. 2003; 45(2): 218-220.
[6]. Liu, D.W., Liu, H.P., Lin, P.J., Chang, C.H. Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery in Treatment of ChestTrauma. J Trauma 42(4): 670-3, 1997.

Abstract: Background: Dental implant has become very popular lately in Saudi Arabia . the long term success rate of the dental implants has reached almost more than 95% . Diabetes mellitus is characterised by delayed wound healing but little consideration in relation to the placement of dental implants . the prevalence of diabetes in Saudi Arabia reaches up to 23%.We aim to review the reported success of implants indiabetic Saudi patients . Method; databases were searched through web of science and in the PubMed in the period until November 2018 using different combinations of key words ( diabetes and dental implants in Saudi Arabia , dental implants success in Saudi diabetics , failure of dental implants in Saudi diabetics ). All clinical studies published from Saudi Arabia were included.......

Key Words: dental implants , diabetes .

[1]. Alrabiah M, Al-Aali KA, Al-Sowygh ZH, Binmahfooz AM, Mokeem SA, Abduljabbar Association of advanced glycation end products with peri-implant inflammation in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients,Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2018 Aug;20(4):535-540.
[2]. Hassan Abdulwassie, BDS, P. J. Dhanrajani, FRACDS , Diabetes Mellitus and Dental Implants: A Clinical Study , IMPLANT DENTISTRY /VOLUME 11, NUMBER 1 2002 .
[3]. Al Amri MD, Abduljabbar TS ,Comparison of clinical and radiographic status of platform-switched implants placed in patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 24-month follow-up longitudinal study , Clin Oral Implants Res. 2017 Feb;28(2):226-230.
[4]. Mohammad D. Al Amri Tariq S. Abduljabbar , Sulieman S. Al‐Johany , Mohammad Q. Al Rifaiy , Abdullah M. AlfarrajAldosari , Abdulaziz A. Al‐Kheraif , Comparison of clinical and radiographic parameters around short (6 to 8 mm in length) and long (11 mm in length) dental implants placed in patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus: 3‐year follow‐up results , clinical oral implant research Volume28, Issue10 October 2017, P 1182-1187

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Hyperlipidemia is next to hypertension among the list of common chronic conditions that were seen, so the assessment of lipid profile bares immense importance in the disease progression and preventive strategies.1This study is taken up to assess the variation in lipid profile both fasting and post prandial and its association between ethnicity, diet exercise. MATERIALS AND METHOD:This is an experimentalstudies conducted among 60 health workers of Regional Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS),Imphal. Clinical parametersincluding personal history and measurement of serum lipid both fasting and post prandial done in each subject.Individual with diabetes, dyslipidemia, h/olipid lowering agent were excluded from the study........

Key Words: Hyperlipidemia, Cardiovascular disease, hypertension

[1]. National centre for health statistics.National ambulatory medical care survey. 2009;[3 screens]. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/ahcd/namcs_summary/2009_namcs_webtables.pdf. Accessed August 22, 2018.
[2]. Langsted A, Freiberg JJ, Nordestgaard BG. Fasting and nonfasting lipid levels: influence of normal food intake on lipids, lipoproteins, apolipoproteins and cardiovascular risk prediction. Circulation 2008;118(10):2047-56.
[3]. Mora S, Rifai N, Buring JE, Ridker PM. Fasting compared with nonfasting lipids and apolipoproteins for predicting incident cardiovascular events. Circulation 2008;118(10):993-1001.
[4]. Watts GF, Cohn JS. Whither the lipid profile: feast, famine or no free lunch.ClinChem 2011;57(3):363-5.
[5]. Gaziano JM. Should we fast before we measure our lipids? Arch Intern Med 2012;172(12):1705-6.

Abstract: Osteonecrosis of the jaw is a site specific osseous pathology, characterized by exposed bone in the mouth that does not heal with 6 to 8 weeks of therapy. It is very likely that osteonecrosis of the jaw is a clinical entity with many possible aetiologies and its pathogenesis is not well understood. The risk factors for osteonecrosis of the jaw include bisphosphonates treatments, head and neck radiotherapy, periodontal disease, dental procedures involving bone surgery, edentulous regions, and trauma for poorly fitting dentures. These lesions typically become symptomatic in case of secondary infections, trauma to adjacent soft tissues, or other more rare complications such as pathologic bone fracture. We put forth a systematic review following athorough literature search of post traumatic necrosis leading to maxillectomy and mandibulectomy.

[1]. Mac Gregor A. Arterial Supply of the Mandible. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1946; 39:347
[2]. Cornah J, O'Hare PM. Total maxillary necrosis following severe facial injury. A case report. Br J Oral Surg 1981; 19: 148–150
[3]. Lanigan DT, Hey JH, West RA. Aseptic necrosis following maxillary osteotomies: report of 36 cases. J Oral MaxillofacSurg 1990; 48: 142–156.
[4]. Auluck A. Maxillary necrosis by mucormycosis. A case report and literature review. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2007; 12: E360–4
[5]. Durie BG, Katz M, Crowley J. Osteonecrosis of the jaw and bisphosphonates. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 99–102

Abstract: Majority of soft-tissue sarcomas diagnosed in children are rhabdomyosarcomas.Despite the clinical advances, subsets of these patients continue to suffer high levels of morbidity and mortality associated with their disease. This review summarizes recent advances in the understanding of the genetic and molecular basis of RMS and highlights how investigators and clinicians are using this information in an effort to improve outcomes for patients with RMS..

[1]. Young JL, Ries LG, Silverberg E et al. Cancer incidence, survival, and mortality for children younger than age 15 years. Cancer 1986;58(suppl 2):598-602.
[2]. Kramer S, Meadows AT, Jarrett P et al. Incidence of childhood cancer: experience of a decade in a population-based registry. J Natl Cancer Inst 1983;70:49-55.
[3]. Wexler L, Helman L. Rhabdomyosarcoma and the undifferentiated sarcomas. In: Pizzo P, Poplack D, eds. Principles and Practice of Pediatric Oncology, 3rd Edition. Philadelphia:Lippincott-Raven, 1997:799-829.
[4]. Malempati S and Hawkins D. Rhabdomyosarcoma: Review of the Children's Oncology Group(COG) Soft-Tissue Sarcoma Committee Experience and Rationale for Current COG Studies. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2012; 59(1): 5–10.
[5]. Parham DM, Barr FG. Classification of Rhabdomyosarcoma and its molecular basis. AdvAnatPathol. 2013; 20:387–97.

Abstract: Rasmussen encephalitis is a chronic neurological disorder, characterized by unilateral inflammatory involvement of the cerebral hemisphere, resulting in progressive neurological and cognitive deterioration. Imaging (CT and MRI) is extremely useful in disease detection, differentiation from other entities affecting unilateral cerebral hemisphere and staging of the disorder

Key Words:  Encephalitis (MeSH unique ID: D004660).
 Rasmussen Encephalitis (MeSH unique ID: D004660).
 Epilepsia Partialis Continua (MeSH unique ID: D017036).
 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MeSH unique ID: D008279).

 Epilepsy (MeSH unique ID: D004827).

 Seizures (MeSH unique ID: D012640).

[1]. Varghese B, Aneesh M, Singh N, Gilwaz P. A case of rasmussen encephalitis: the differential diagnoses and role of diagnostic imaging. Oman Med J. 2014 Jan; 29(1):67-70. doi: 10.5001/omj.2014.15. PMID: 24498485.
[2]. Chiapparini L, Granata T, Farina L, Ciceri E, Erbetta A etal.Diagnostic imaging in 13 cases of Rasmussen's encephalitis: can early MRI suggest the diagnosis? Neuroradiology. 2003 Mar; 45(3):171-83. Epub 2003 Feb 12. PMID: 12684722.
[3]. Bien CG, Urbach H, Deckert M, Schramm J, Wiestler OD et al. Diagnosis and staging of Rasmussen's encephalitis by serial MRI and histopathology. Neurology. 2002 Jan 22; 58(2):250-7. PMID: 11805253.
[4]. Pallangyo P, Nicholaus P, Makungu H, Lyimo F. A Case of Rasmussen's Encephalitis in a 9-year-old girl from Tanzania. Clinical Case Reports, Research & Trials 1:27-29 (2016).
[5]. Varadkar S, Bien CG, Kruse CA, Jensen FE, Bauer J et al. Rasmussen's encephalitis: clinical features, pathobiology, and treatment advances. Lancet Neurol. 2014 Feb; 13(2):195-205. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70260-6. PMID: 24457189.

Abstract: Introduction: Pharmacology, like any other branch of medicine, is progressing by leaps and bounds. Therefore, reforms in undergraduate teaching are the need of the hour. It is generally agreed that reviewing the teaching program at regular intervals and modifications in the methodologies of imparting basic knowledge about drugs and drug therapies is a must in medical education. In view of this, the present study was conducted to determine the perception and feedback of teaching/learning Pharmacology using a pre validated questionnaire among 3nd M.B.B.S. (Sixth Semester) professional year students by Department of Pharmacology at Andhra Medical College, Visakhapatnam.Aim:.To understand the perceptions and to evaluate the items of core knowledge, items of core skills and items of integration skills among 3rd professional year M.B.B.S. students in learning pharmacology............

[1]. Bandopadhyay, DR Debasis. A study on the evaluation of perception of teachinglearning methods of pharmacology among the 2nd M.B.B.S. students in Burdwan medical college. Reviews of progress, 2013; 1(12): 1-11.
[2]. Sekhri K. Teaching methodologies in pharmacology: a survey of students'perceptions and experiences. J EducEthics Dent., 2012; 2(1): 40.
[3]. Bhosale UA, Yegnanarayan R, Yadav GE. Attitude, perception and feedback of second year medical students on teaching learning methodology and evaluation methods in pharmacology: a questionnaire based study. Niger Med J., 2013; 54: 33.
[4]. Garg A, Rataboli PV, Muchandi K. Students opinion on the prevailing methods of teaching methods in pharmacology and changes recommended. Indian J Pharmacol., 2004; 36(3): 155-58. [5]. Jalgaonkar SV, Sarkate PV, Tripathi RK. Students' perception about small group teaching techniques: role play method and case based learning in pharmacology. Education in Medicine Journal, 2012; 4(2): 13-18.

Abstract: In clinical Orthodontic practice, Radiography and photography are being used with equal reliability. In contrast to radiograph, photograph has no radiation hazard and it is less expensive. Simultaneously there is a paradigm shift in contemporary orthodontics, which emphasis more on soft tissue aesthetics rather than depending entirely on radiograph. Therefore the key question is whether photograph can be a substitute for conventional cephalogram partially if not totally in pre, interim and post treatment diagnostic and prognostic analysis. Therefore, to meet the...............

Key Words: photographic, cephalometric measurements, adult female, bengalee population

[1]. Graber TM. Orthodontics-priniples and practice, 5rd ed. Philadelphia W.B. Saunders.
[2]. Warda Arif Khan, Syed Shah Faisal, Syed Sheeraz Hussain. Correlation of Craniofacial Measurements between Cephalometric Radiographs and Facial Photographs. ASH &KMDC, Volume no 23 (1) March 2018
[3]. Laishram Bijaya Devi, Anuranjan Das, Avinash Keisam. Evaluation os Soft Tissue Facial Profile in Adult Bengali Population by Photographic Method with Angular Measurements. International Journal of Contemporary Medical Research, Volume 3, Issue 5, May 2016, ICV 50.43
[4]. Atalia Wasserstein, Nir Shpack, Yossi Bon Yoseph, Silvia Geron, Moshe Davidovitch, Alexander Vardimon. Comparison of lateral photographic and radiographic sagittal analysis in relation to Angle's classification. Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics, 2015
[5]. Sandeep Poguiwar, Rajaganesh Gautam, Ajit Kalia, Ashwith Hegde, Ezaz Ahmed. Photographic assessment of cephalometric measurements. International Journal of Oral Care and Research, 2014

Abstract: Background: Benign breast ds (BBD) are common disease affecting woman mainly. These can be diagnosed by triple assessment including clinical examination, radiological imagings, and a pathological examination. Majority of the benign lesions are not associated with an increased risk for subsequent breast cancer but some may have increased risk of malignancy like atypical hyperplasia. The main problem from women's patient of view is fear that such a lump may be a cancer. Unlike breast cancer, benign breast diseases have often been difficult to understand, in part due to variety of names that have been used to describe the various conditions. So that clinician requires in-depth knowledge to give clear explanation about breast diseases. Making an early diagnosis and planning the treatment during initial consultations, helps in alleviating unnecessary anxiety about breast cancer and unnecessary long term follow up can be avoided. So, the need for study is to analyze the spectrum of benign.........

Keyword: Benign Breast Diseases (BBD), Triple Assessment, Fibro adenoma, Fibrocystic Disease, Focal Mastitis Phylloides Tumour, Breast abscesses, True Cut Needle Biopsy .

[1]. Romrell Lynn J, Bland Kirby I: "Anatomy of Breast, Axilla, Chest wall, and Related Metastatic Sites." Chapter 2, The Breast –
[2]. Comprehensive Management of Benign and Malignant Disorder. 3rd Ed., Vol. 1, Blend Kirby I, Copeland III, Edward M., W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 2004: 21-42.
[3]. Rosai, J Ackerman's, Surgical Pathology, The Breast. St. Louis: C V Mosby. 9 edition 2004; Vol I, 1763- 1839.
[4]. Beenken Samuel W, Bland Kirby I "Evaluation and Treatment of Benign Breast Disorder chapter 9. The Breast – Comprehensive Managementof Benign and Malignant Disorder. 3rd Ed., Vol. 1, Blend Kirby I, Copeland III, Edward M., W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 2004:21-42.
[5]. Malik MAN, Salahudin O, Azar M, Irshad H, Sadia, Salahudin A. Breast diseases; spectrum in WahCantt; POF Hospital Experience. Professional Med J Sep2010; 17(3):366-372

Abstract: A teenager, or teen, is a young person whose age falls within the range from thirteen through nineteen (13–19).1 According to 2011 population census of India, 170 million are in their teens constituting 14% of the country's population.2 As they stand at the crossroads between childhood and adulthood, so do societies at large – the crossroads between losing out on the potential of a generation or nurturing them to transform society. The present study done with the objectives To study the prevalence of substance use, To study the pattern of various substances use. Methods: A community based cross sectional study was done in teenagers in schools and colleges in and......

Key Words: Prevalence, Drug Abuse, Teenage Students

[1]. http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenager
[2]. http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/population_enumeration.aspx
[3]. http://www.whoindia.org/SCN/Tobacco/Report/TCI -Report.htm.
[4]. Caroline J Barangan, Elizabeth M Alderman- Management of substance abuse- Pediatrics in Review Vol.23 No.4 April 2002, pg 123
[5]. WHO. Alcohol Policy. Global Status Rep. WHO, Geneva 2004, 1Bansal RK, Banerjee S. Substance use by child labourers. Indian J
Psychiatry 1993;35:159-61.

Abstract: Spontaneous bladder perforation is a rare surgical emergency, presenting with signs of peritonitis, and often diagnosed on laparotomy. We present a case of acute abdomen with spontaneous bladder perforation which was subsequently diagnosed to be genitourinary tuberculosis. Urinary bladder wall biopsy should be taken in all cases of spontaneous bladder wall perforation to detect the underlying pathology.

Key Words: Bladder Perforation, spontaneous, tuberculosis

[1]. Fugikawa K, Yamamichi F, Nonomura M. Spontaneous rupture of bladder is not a rare complication of radiotherapy for cervical cancer: report of 6 cases. Gynecol oncol 1999:73:439-42
[2]. Christiansen WI. Genitourinary tuberculosis: review of 102 cases. Medicine 1974;53:377-90
[3]. Hansen HJ, Eldrup J. Spontaneous rupture of urinary bladder: a late complication of radiotherapy. Scand J. Urolnephrol 1989;23:309-10
[4]. McAleer SJ, Johnson Jr WD. Tuberculosis and parasitic and fungal infection of the genitourinary system. In: Wein AJ, Kavusis LR, Novick AC, Partin AW, PeterCA, editors. Campbell-Walsh Urology, 9th ed., Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier; 2007. P. 436-47.
[5]. Kumar RV, Benerjee GK, Bhadauria RPS, Ahlawat R. Spontaneous bladder perforation: an unusual management problem of tuberculous cystitis. Aust NZ J Surg 1997: 67;69-70.

Abstract: Radiographs are an integral part of a periodontal assessment for those with clinical evidence of periodontal destruction. A variety of radiographic exposure types helps in the development of periodontal treatment plans. Radiographs provide diagnostic information on alveolar bone levels, plaque retention factors, caries, furcation defects, subgingival calculus and additional pathology. A relationship exists between probing attachment loss and radiographic bone height, with a range in level of correlation; clinical attachment may correspond more closely to surgical measurements of bone height. Radiographs can be used in planning initial, corrective and supportive phases of therapy, though some decisions may be made on clinical assessments alone. Thus the aim of this review is to discuss in detail all the diagnostic imaging used in periodontics.

Key Words: advanced diagnostic imaging, periodontitis, diagnosis, treatment, periodontics

[1]. B. L. Pihlstrom, B. S. Michalowicz, and N. W. Johnson, "Periodontal diseases," The Lancet, vol. 366, no. 9499, pp. 1809–1820, 2005.
[2]. A. Tugnait, V. Clerehugh, and P. N. Hirschmann, "The usefulness of radiographs in diagnosis and management of periodontal diseases: a review," Journal of Dentistry, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 219–226, 2000.
[3]. Steveni. gold diagnostic techniques in periodontology: a historical review periodontology 2000, vol. 7, 1995, 9-21.
[4]. Fermin A. Carranza and Henry H. Takei. Radiographic Aids in the Diagnosis of Periodontal Diseases. Carranza's Clinical Periodontology 2006; 10: 454 – 469.
[5]. Andre' Mol .Imaging methods in periodontology.Periodontology 2000,2004(34),34-48.

Abstract: The purpose of a root-end filling is to establish a seal between the root canal space and the periradicular tissues. As root-end filling materials come into contact with periradicular tissues, knowledge of the tissue response is crucial. Almost every available dental restorative material has been suggested as the root-end material of choice at a certain point in the past. This case report represents an endodontic surgery of a maxillary left lateral incisor in which MTA Angelus was used as a root end filling material which resulted in complete healing of the lesion at 1 year with absence of clinical symptoms and radiographic evidence and regeneration of the periapical tissues.

Key Words: Apicoectomy,Retrograde filling material,MTA Angelus,Cone beam computed tomography

[1]. Saxena P.Biocompatibility of root-end filling materials: recent update Restor Dent Endod. 2013 Aug; 38(3): 119–127
[2]. Bhagwat SA, Hegde S, Mandke LP. An investigation into the effectiveness of periapical surgery with Biodentine™ used as a root‑end filling alone or in combination with demineralized freeze‑dried bone allograft and plasma rich fibrin: A 6 months follow‑up of 17 cases. Endodontology 2016;28:11‑7.
[3]. Carrotte P. Surgical endodontics. BRITISH DENTAL JOURNAL. JANUARY 22 2005; VOLUME 198 NO. 2
[4]. G Caron et al .Use of a new retrograde filling material (Biodentine) for endodontic surgery: two case reports International Journal of Oral Science advance online publication. 9 May 2014.
[5]. William Ha . The properties of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate and how it can be manipulated .Australian Society of endodontology.2015.

Abstract: Background - Infant and Young Child Feeding practices in India has recommended EBF for first 6 months of life. Despite the substantial impact on child and maternal health, breast feeding practices for infants is quiet unsatisfactory in India. The objective of present study was to estimate the prevalence of exclusive breast feeding during first 6months of life and to identify factors that are associated with the practice in the study area, so that proper interventions can be planned by the health system staff to strengthen the practice of EBF in that area. Methodology - A hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted over almost one year at Bankura Sammilani Medical College & Hospital. Cross-sectional study design with structured questionnaires was used among 215 mother-infant.......

Key Words: Exclusive breast feeding, Prevalance,Infant, Six months

[1]. 10 facts on breast feeding [homepage on the Internet]: World Health Organization;July 2011.Available from: http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/breastfeeding/en/
[2]. World Breastfeeding Week [homepage on the Internet]: World Health Organization; 1–7 August 2012.Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/events/annual/world_breastfeeding week/en/
[3]. Cattaneo A, Yng ve A, Koletzko B, Guzman LR. Prote ction, promotion and support of breast-feeding in Europe: current situation . Public Health Nutr. 2005; 8(1):39-46.
[4]. WHO Collaborative Study Team on the Role of Breast-feeding on the Prevention of Infant Mortality. Effect of breastfeeding on infant and childhood mortality due to infectious diseases in less developed countries: a pooled analysis. Lancet 2000; 355:451–455.
[5]. Bahl R, Frost C, Kirkwood BR, Karen E, Martines J, Bhandari N et al. Infant feeding patterns and risks of death and hospitalization in the first half of infancy: multicentre cohort study. World Health Organization, 2005; 83: 418-426

Abstract: Aims: Aim of the study was to assess bone mineral density by DEXA scan in patients with cirrhosis of liver.Methods and Material: Seventy patients of liver cirrhosis irrespective of their severity in the age group of 18 to 60 years were selected. Standard investigations were done to define cirrhosis, osteopenia and osteoporosis. All data were collected from structured questionnaire. Qualitative data was analyzed by Chi-square test and Quantitative data was analyzed by Student's T-test. P value below 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Most of the cirrhotic patients were 35-45 years of age. HBV was the predominant etiology. Osteoporosis was found in.......

Key Words: Hepatic osteodystrophy, liver cirrhosis, bone mineral density

[1]. López-Larramona G, Luchendo AJ, Gonzalez-castillo S, TeniasJM .Hepatic osteodystrophy: An important matter for consideration in chronic liver disease. World J Hepatol2011; 3(12): 300-307.
[2]. Goral V, Simsek M. & Mete N. Hepatic osteodystrophy and liver cirrhosis.World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16(13):1639-1643.
[3]. Javed M, Saeed A, Khan IM et al. Frequency of osteoporosis in patients with cirrhosis due to hepatitis B and hepatitis C: a study of 100 cases. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad2009; 21(3):51-3.

[4]. George J, Ganesh HK, Acharya S et al. Bone mineral density and disorders of mineral metabolism in chronic liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2009;15(28):3516-22.
[5]. Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Report of a WHO Study group. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser1994; 843: 1-129

Abstract: Differentiation of the quality and cause of the stain is of more than academic interest, as knowledge of the etiology helps the dentist to better plan the technique for whitening and also to accurately predict the outcome of the treatment.This article reveals etiology of discoloraration

[1]. Watts A. Addy M. Tooth discolouration and staining: a review of the literature. Br Dent] 2001 : 190:309-316.
[2]. Hattab FN. Qudeimat MA. al-Rimawi HS. Dental discoloration: an overview. JEsthet Dent 1999: 11:291 310.
[3]. Sulieman M. An overview of tooth discoloration: extrinsic, Intrinsic and internalized stains. Dent Update. 2005;32:463-471.
[4]. Crawford Pj, Aldred M, Bloch-zupanA .AmelogenesisImperfecta.Orphanet J Rare Dis 2007;2;17
[5]. Levy SM. An update on fluroides