iosr-JDMS   Volume-18 ~ Issue-9 ~ September-2019

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate whether use of the Foetal Pillow (Safe Obstetric Systems, Shenfield, UK) reduces maternal and foetal morbidity in cesarean delivery at full cervical dilatation as compared to Modified Patwardhan technique. Methods: A comparative prospective study was conducted in a tertiary teaching hospital, West Bengal between May 2016 to April 2017. A total of fifty women undergoing caesarean delivery at full dilatation (CSFD) were randomised into two groups i.e. Foetal Pillow (FP) and Modified Patwardhan (MP) group. Outcomes such as extension of uterine incision, operating time, uterine incision to delivery time and blood loss were measured. Results: In FP group, only two (8%) had extension............... .

Keywords: Cesarean delivery, Full dilatation, Foetal pillow, Modified Patwardhan, Extension, Uterine incision.

[1]. G.Devis, T Fleming, K Ford et al. Caesarean section at full cervical dilatation. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2015; 55: 565–571.
[2]. Unterscheider J, McMenamin M, Cullinane F. Rising rates of caesarean deliveries at full cervical dilatation: a concerning trend. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2011; 157 (2): 141–144.
[3]. Vousden N, Cargill Z, Briley A et al. Caesarean Section at full dilatation: incidence, impact and current management. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2014; 16: 199–2015.
[4]. Levy R, Chernomoretz T, Appleman Z, Levin D, Or Y, Hagay ZJ. Head pushing versus reverse breech extraction in cases of impacted foetal head during caesarean section. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2005; 121:24 – 6.
[5]. Fasubaa OB, Ezechi OC, Orji EO, Ogunniyi SO, Akindele ST, Loto OM, Okogbo FO. Delivery of the impacted foetal head at caesarean section after prolonged obstructed labou, a randomized comparative study of two methods. J Obstet Gynecol. 2002; 22:375 – 8.

Abstract: Background- COPD & asthma are major health problems and worldwide number of patients with these diseases continue to rise. Lung function test get impaired in asthma and COPD. Objective- The study was conducted to observe the beneficial effect of yoga on pulmonary function in asthma & COPD patients. Method- Thirty diagnosed patients of moderate asthma (n=15) as well as COPD (n= 15) in the age group 18-60 years of either sex were selected from medicine outpatient department of GTB hospital, Delhi. Subjects performed pranayama for 21 days at an average 30 minutes daily. Pulmonary function tests of all the subjects were evaluated prior to yoga training (pranayama and meditation) and after 2 month of yoga...........

[1]. Tirimanna PRS, Van Schayck CP, Den Otter, et al. Prevalence of asthma and COPD in general practice in 1992. Br J Gen Pract1996;46:277-281.
[2]. Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Isselbacher KJ et al. Harrison's principles of internal medicine. 15th edition. New York: McGraw Hill, Health professions Division, 2001;Vol.2.pp.1456-1463.
[3]. Fiel SB. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, mortality and mortality reduction. Drugs1996;52:Suppl.2,55-61.
[4]. Rimington LD, Davies DH, Lowe D, Pearson MG: Relationship between anxiety, depression and morbidity in adult asthma patients. Thorax2001;56:266-271.
[5]. Gopal KS, Bhatnagar OP, Subramanian N, Nishith SD. Effect of Yogasanas and Pranayamas on blood pressure, pulse rate and some respiratory function. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1973;73:273-6.

Abstract: Feeding Jejunostomy is a surgical procedure by which a tube is inserted in the lumen of the proximal jejunum, primarily to administer nutrition. The complications seen with jejunostomy can be mechanical, infectious, gastrointestinal, or metabolic. The metabolic complications are hypokalemia 50%, hyperglycemia 29%,refeeding syndrome, hypophosphatemia, hypomagnesemia, and vitamin and trace element deficiency. The ecg changes that can be seen in a patient with jejunostomy can have various presentation depending on the cause. The causes can be electrolyte imbalance, Refeeding syndrome or any cardiac pathology present prior to the surgery.1............ .

Keywords: Feeding Jejunostomy, Ecg- electrocardiogram, Refeeding syndrome.

[1]. Tapia J1, Murguia R, Garcia G, de los Monteros PE, Oñate E. Nutritional Support Department, Hospital de Especialidades del Centro Medico Nacional, Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS), Avenida Cuauhtemoc 330, Col. Doctores, CP 06720 Mexico, D.F., Mexico. 1999 Jun;23(6):596-602.
[2]. M. A. Crook, BSc, MB, BS, PhD, FRCPath, V. Hally, BSc, SRD, and J. V. Panteli, BSc, SRD. Nutrition 2001;17:632–637. ©Elsevier Science Inc. 2001

[3]. Osadchii,OE,Mechanisms of hypokalemia-induced ventricular arrhythmogenicity.Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2010 Oct;24(5):547-59. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2010.00835.x.
[4]. Diercks,DB, Shumaik, GM, Harrigan, RA, Brady,WJ, Chan,TC. J Emerg Med. 2004 Aug;27(2):153-60.

[5]. Shawn P E Nishi, Nestor A Barbagelata, Shaul Atar, Yochai Birnbaum, Enrique Tuero Hypercalcemia-induced ST-segment elevation mimicking acute myocardial infarction. J Electrocardiol: 2006, 39(3);298-300

Abstract: Pancreatic pseudocysts are encapsulated collections of necrotic tissue, old blood and secretions from pancreas. The prefix pseudo is used to emphasize the fact that these collections frequently do not have true capsule and cyst wall is made with the adjacent viscera such as stomach and/or colon, Pseudocysts are most common complications following acute or chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic trauma, or obstruction of pancreatic duct by a neoplasm.. In our prospective study of 30 patients, the age of patients from 20 years to 65 years. Psuedopancreatic cyst was common in 31 to 50 years with mean age group of 40 yrs. This was probably alcohol use which was more common in this age group with ratio of male to female is 14:1. Ultrasonography and CT scan were the most useful investigations for diagnosis and follow-up. Barium meal was required in selected cases...... .

Key words: pancreas, pseudocyst,cystogastrostomy

[1]. Usatoff V, Brancatisano R, and Williams RCN. Operative treatment of pseudocysts in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Br J Surg 2000;87: 1494-1499.
[2]. 2)Palanivel.C,SenthilKumar.K,MadhanKumar.MV,Rajan.PS,Shetty.AR,Jani.K,Rangarajan.M,Mahesh Kumar.GS; Managament of pancreatic pseudocyst in the era of laparoscopic surgery-Experience from a tertiary centre;Surg Endosc.2007 Dec ;21(12):2262-7.Morgan,Katherine.A.MD,Adams,DavidB.MD,FACS:Current Surgical Therapy 2014 ;Pages 454-458.
[3]. Ravikumarmangalampalli et al / international journal of advances in case reports, 2015; 2(14);886-889 pseudocyst of pancreas.
[4]. Crass R A, Way L N, Acute and Chronic Pseudocysts are different,Am.Journ.Surg. 142:600: 1981.
[5]. Yeo C J, Sarr M G, Cystic and Pseudocystic disease of the pancreas,Curr.Prob.Surg. 31:165, 1994 2008...

Abstract: Reduced heart rate variability (HRV) is associated with poor prognosis in diseases and healthy population. HRV is also influenced by physiological factors like age, gender, ethnic origin as well as various diseases.This study aims to establish the normal value of heart rate variability of subjects of Imphal-East, Manipur and also to see if there is any effect of age and heart rate on the HRV. Study included 100 subjects (66 males and 34 females) which was grouped into 2 according to age: group A (19-<40 years) and group B (>40-60 year). HRV analysis was done using the Lab Chart Prov8.1.13 with HRV module version 2.0; AD Instruments, Australia). Time-domain (SDNN and RMSSD) and frequency-domain (LF, HF and LF/HF ratio) were estimated. Comparison of variables between the two groups and also between

Key words: HRV, age, gender, heart rate

[1]. European Society of Cardiology and North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Circulation 1996; 93: 1043-1065.
[2]. Kleiger RE, Miller JP, Bigger JT Jr, Moss AJ. Decreased heart rate variability and its association with increased mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Am j Cardiol 1987; 56: 256-62.
[3]. Thomas Benichou, Bruno Pereira, Martial Mermillod, Igor Tauveron, Daniela Pfabigan, Salwan Maqdasy et al. Heart rate variability in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta–analysis. PLoS One 2018; 13(4): e0195166.
[4]. Milovanovic B, Milinic N, Trifunovic D, Krotin M, Branka Filipovic, Bisenic V, et al. Autonomic dysfunction in alcoholic cirrhosis and its relation to sudden cardiac death risk predictors Physiol. Biophys. 2009; 28: 251–61.
[5]. Szabo BM, van Veldhuisen D J, van der Veer N, et al. Prognostic value of heart rate variability in chronic congestive heart failure secondary to idiopathic or ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1997; 79: 978-980.

Abstract: The aims of this study was to compare Epidural and Combined Spinal-Epidural block with respect of onset and duration of loss of pain, intensity of motor block and haemodynamic changes. Materials and Methods: The study comprised of 100 patients divided into two groups of 50 each, in the department of Anaesthesiology/Surgery, State Referral Hospital of Zoram Medical College, Falkawn, Mizoram, during the period of September 2017 to August 2019. Patients of ASA grade I and II, aged between 20 and 60 years of both sexes scheduled to undergo lower abdominal surgery were included. Results: The result shows that mean onset of analgesia is faster and more intense motor blockage is experienced in combined spinal epidural group than in the epidural group alone but the mean duration of action is longer and haemodynamic stability is better in epidural group..........

Key words: "Anaesthesia", "Combined Spinal-Epidural block", "Epidural block", "Onset and Duration", "Intensity of motor block".

[1]. Rawal N, Schollin J and Wesstrom G: Epidural versus combined spinal-epidural block for Caesarian section. Acta Anaesthes. Scand.; 32: 61-66, 1988.
[2]. Brownridge P: Epidural and Subarachnoid analgesia for elective caesarian section. Anaesthesia; 36: 70, 1981
[3]. Coates MB: Combine Subarachnoid and epidural technique. Anaesthesia; 37 : 89-90, 1982
[4]. Carrie LES and O'Sullivan GM: Subarachnoid Bupivacaine 0.5% for caesarian section. Eur.J. Anaesth.; 1 : 225-233, 1990
[5]. Patil M: Combined spinal and extradural anaesthesia. Anaesth-Analg; 75: 646-648, 1992.

Abstract: Menarche is a hallmark event in the life of most adolescent girls. It marks the transition from childhood to puberty. Although mechanisms triggering puberty and menarche remain uncertain, they are dependent on genetics, nutrition, body weight and maturation of the hypothalamic pituitary- ovarian axis. The complete maturation of the axis may take up to 2 years. During this time, it is common for adolescents to present with complaints of menstrual irregularities[ 1 ]. Puberty menorrhagia is a significant health problem in adolescent age group and severe cases may require admission and blood transfusion. In 80% of cases puberty menorrhagia is caused by anovulatory cycles[ 2 ]. Menstrual cycles are often irregular during adolescence, particularly the interval from the first cycle to the second cycle. Most females bleed for 2–7 days during their first menses [ 3,4 ]. Immaturity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian axis during the early years after menarche often results in anovulation and cycles may be somewhat long[ 5 ]. Ignorance and inhibitions lead these young girls into severe complications.This study was carried with the aim to evaluate the causes, associated complications and management of puberty menorrhagia.

[1]. Keth Edmonds D. Gynaecological disorders of childhood and adolescence Dewherst textbook of obstetrics and gynaecology-7th edition Blackwell Publishing 2007; 364-68.

[2]. Devore GR, Owens O, Kase N. Use of intravenous premarin in the treatment of dysfunctional uterine bleeding: A double blind randomized control study. ObstetGynecol 1982; 59 : 285.
[3]. Flug D, Largo RH, Prader A. Menstrual patterns in adolescent Swiss girls: a longitudinal study. Ann Hum Biol 1984;11:495–508. [PubMed] ⇦
[4]. Widholm O, Kantero RL. A statistical analysis of the menstrual patterns of 8,000 Finnish girls and their mothers. Acta ObstetGynecolScand Suppl 1971;14:(suppl 14):1–36. [PubMed] ⇦
[5]. World Health Organization multicenter study on menstrual and ovulatory patterns in adolescent girls. II. Longitudinal study of menstrual patterns in the early postmenarcheal period, duration of bleeding episodes and menstrual cycles. World Health Organization Task Force on Adolescent Reproductive Health. J Adolesc Health Care 1986;7:236–44. [PubMed]

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Mortality and injuries from road traffic accidents is a major public health problem in India and it is predicted to increase in the future. Various studies have been published in the literature about maxillofacial injuries from different parts of the world, but demographic data is difficult to analyze and interpret. The aim of this study was to analyze and tabulate the patterns of injuries to the maxillofacial region and the treatment provided in the region of Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu.

Keywords: Traffic Accidents, MaxillofacialInjuries, Jaw Fracture.

[1]. Bali RK, Sharma P, Garg A, Dhillon G. A comprehensive study on maxillofacial trauma conducted in Yamunanagar, India. J Inj Violence Res 2013;5(2):108–16.
[2]. Singh V, Malkunje L, Mohammad S, Singh N, Dhasmana S, Das SK. The maxillofacial injuries: A study. Natl J Maxillofac Surg 2012;3(2):166–71.
[3]. Jose A, Nagori SA, Agarwal B, Bhutia O, Roychoudhury A. Management of maxillofacial trauma in emergency: An update of challenges and controversies. J Emerg Trauma Shock 2016;9(2):73–80.
[4]. World Health Organization. Road traffic injuries [Internet]. [cited 2019 Jun 17];Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/road-traffic-injuries
[5]. Singh R, Singh H, Gupta S, Kumar Y. Pattern, severity and circumtances of injuries sustained in road traffic accidents: A tertiary care hospital-based study. Indian J Community Med 2014;39(1):30.

Abstract: We conducted a randomized controlled trial of the using papaverine during creation of non graft cepahloradial arteriovenous fistula with the non usage of papaverine. Results: A total population of 134 patients on maintenance dialysis we chosen and the results are in the non papaverine group had a 7.35% failure rate when compared to the papaverine group of 1.53% failure rate. A difference of 5.81% was noted in the failure rate. Conclusion: Hence the use of papaverine as a topical vasodilator has a improve results in dialysis patients undergoing arteriovenous fistulas.

Key words: arteriovenous fistula, AV fistula, surgical fistulas, papaverine, hemodialysis.

[1]. Baoliang Zhong, MD How to Calculate Sample Size in Randomized Controlled Trial? J Thorac Dis. 2009 Dec; 1(1): 51–54.
[2]. Siuciak JA, Chapin DS, Harms JF, et al. (August 2006). "Inhibition of the striatum-enriched phosphodiesterase PDE10A: a novel approach to the treatment of psychosis". Neuropharmacology. 51 (2): 386–96.
[3]. Hebb AL, Robertson HA, Denovan-Wright EM (May 2008). "Phosphodiesterase 10A inhibition is associated with locomotor and cognitive deficits and increased anxiety in mice". Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 18 (5): 339–63. [4]. Osborn G1, Escofet X, Da Silva A.Medical adjuvant treatment to increase patency of arteriovenous fistulae and grafts. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Oct 8;(4).
[5]. Baldrati L, De Pascalis A, Giudicissi A, Docci D, Neri L, Feletti C.Pre-dialysis arteriovenous fistula results in better patency rate. G ItalNefrol. 2003;20:166–169.

Abstract: Myofibroma and myofibromatosis is a well-recognized spindle cell neoplasm that occurs predominantlyin infants and young children. They have been described under different names since 1951. These lesionsare a benign fibroblast and myofibroblast proliferationcontaining a biphasic presentation of spindle shaped cells,surrounding a central zone of less differentiated cellsfocally arranged in a hemangiopericytoma like pattern.Classically these lesions are described in children youngerthan two years, with 2/3rd present at birth and rarely in adults.Controversy exists as to an autosomal dominant or recessiveinheritance or to a sporadic occurrence........

Keywords: Myofibroma, Spindle cell neoplasm, Smoothmuscle

[1]. Fletcher CDM, Unni KK, Mertens F editor. L. Myofibroma/myofibromatosis; Int Agency Res Cancer. 2002;59–61.
[2]. Kanfman SL SA. Congenital mesenchymal tumors. Cancer. 1965;(18):460–476.
[3]. Chung EB EF. Infantile myofibromatosis. Cancer. 1981;(48):1807–1818.
[4]. Neville BW, Damn DD, Allen CM BJ. Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB,: Saunders Co.; 2004.
[5]. WILLIAMS, J. O., and SCHRUM D. Congenital fibrosarcoma; report of a case in a newborn infant. A ill A Arch Path. 1951;(51):548–52.

Abstract: Recurrent UTIs (urinary tract infections) are highly prevalent in post-menopausal women and also in patientswith underlying abnormalities of the urinary tract similar to complicated UTI. A prospective study was conducted in out-patient department of Urology in Osmania General Hospital to assess the pattern of antimicrobial drugs use and thecriteriaforselection of Antimicrobial drugs inrecurrent andcomplicatedUTIsin200subjectsof age group 18-80 years of either sex. The subjects were monitored oneweekaftertreatment completion,foranyrelapseorrecurrence, to assessthe treatmentresponse, orforany adverse drugreactions. The data collected were analyzed by using descriptive statistics analyzed by SPSS software.........

Keywords: Recurrent urinary tract infections, complicated urinary tract infections, Antimicrobial drugs

[1]. Griebling TL. Urinary Tract Infection in Women. In: Litwin MS, Saigal CS,editors. Urological Diseases in America. Washington DC:US Government PublishingOffice;2004.153-83
[2]. Beyene G, Tsegaye W. Bacterial Uropathogens In Urinary Tract Infectionsand Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern in JIMMA University SpecializedHospital, Southwest Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Sci 2011;21(2):141-46
[3]. Manikandan S, Ganesapandian S, Singh M, Kumaraguru AK.Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Urinary Tract Infection Causing Human PathogenicBacteria. Asian J Med Sci 2011;3(2):56-60
[4]. McLaughlinP,CarsonCC.UrinaryTractInfectionsinWomen.MedClinNAm2004;88: 417-29
[5]. MazzulliT.DiagnosisandManagementofSimpleandComplicatedUrinaryTract Infections (UTIs). Can JUrol 2012;19(1): 42-48.

Abstract: Alveolar Osteitis (dry socket) can be defined as the inflammation of the extraction socket occurring postoperatively within 1-4 days that is usually characterized by intense throbbing pain, accumulation of disintegrated clot and food debris in the socket and malodor. The etiology of the dry socket has not been well-known. However, certain theories suggest that the contributing factors to the etiology that includes early dislodgment of blood clot of extraction site, also any trauma due to surgery, secondary infection, or any nutritional deficiency, or mechanical dislodgement of any clot, also decreased the particularly vascularity, drug-induced includes oral contraceptives, and tobacco-induced. Alvogyl (Septodont, France) isan intra-socket medication for dry socket containing Iodoform (15.8%) as an antimicrobial, Butlyparaminobenzoate (25.7%) as an anaesthetic.......

[1]. Sheikh MA, Kiyani A, Mehdi A, Musharaf Q.Pathogenesis and Management of DrySocket (Alveolar Osteitis). Pak Oral Dent J 2010 Dec; 30 :323-326.
[2]. Alwraikat A. Alveolar osteitis: Incidence and risk factors following third molar surgery in Jordan. Pak Oral Dent J 2009 June; 29 :19-22.
[3]. Burgoyne CC, Giglio JA, Reese SE, Sima AP, Laskin DM, The efficacy of a topicalanesthetic gel in the relief of pain associated with localized alveolar osteitis. J OralMaxillofac Surg 2010; 68:144-148.
[4]. Parthasarathi K, Smith A, Chandu A. Factors Affecting Incidence of Dry Socket: AProspective Community-Based Study. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011 ; 69:1880-84.
[5]. Minguez-Serra MP, Salort-Llorca C, Silvestre-Donat FJ Chlorhexidine in the prevention of dry socket: Effectiveness of different dosage forms and regimens. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2009 Sep; 14 :445-9

Abstract: Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is an autosomal recessive condition that impacts multiple body systems. The cardinal features of BBS are Central obesity, Cognitive impairment, renal anomalies, polydactyly, retinal degeneration and male hypogonadism(1). BBS affects males and females in equal numbers. Here we present a rare case of BBS with cirrhosis of the liver and splenomegaly, in a 27 year old man born out of consanguineous marriage. We described that the cirrhosis of liver can be a rare complication of BBS and emphasized the need for early diagnosis and multidisciplinary approach to reduce mortality and morbidity. We also did a brief review of the literature on BBS and other syndromes that closely resemble BBS.

[1]. Kasper DL et al, Harrison's principles of internal medicine. 19th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2015. P.2256.

[2]. Moore SJ, Green JS, Fan Y, Bhogal AK, Dicks E, Fernandez BA, Stefanelli M, Murphy C, Cramer BC, Dean JC, Beales PL. Clinical and genetic epidemiology of Bardet–Biedl syndrome in Newfoundland: A 22‐year prospective, population‐based, cohort study. American journal of medical genetics Part A. 2005 Feb 1;132(4):352-60.
[3]. Lewis RA. Bardet-Biedl Syndrome.NORD Guide to Rare Disorders.Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia, PA. 2003:158-9. [4]. Gorlin RJ, Cohen MMJr, Hennekam RCM. Eds. Syndromes of the Head and Neck.4th ed. Oxford University Press, New York, NY; 2001:1186-90.

[5]. Jones KL. Ed. Smith's Recognizable Patterns of Human Malformation. 5th ed. W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA; 1997:676-7.

Abstract: This study was performed to isolate and identify of bacterial contamination on the computer keyboards and mice surfaces in ten banks in Benghazi city-Libya. This study included collecting 300 samples, 30sample from each bank, from the surfaces of keyboards and mice, from all of the bacterial species in this study were identified by Biochemical tests, API test and Phoenix 100.Six pathogenic bacteria species have been identified: gram positive bacillus ,staphylococcus coagulase negative, E.coli, klebsillaoxytoca and Acinetobacter baumannii species was isolated only from the all banks. Most of the bacterial species dominate and which identify was Gram positive bacillus in all of the banks included in this study, on both from the surface of keyboard and mouse. This study showed that..............

Keywords: Computer keyboard, computer mice, Bacterial contamination, Banks.

[1]. SimonA. (2008). Microbial contamination of computer user interfaces (keyboard, mice) in a tertiary care center under conditions of practice Hygiene Med Journal .33 (12): 504–507.
[2]. Anastasiades, P.; Tiffany, L.;Rousseau, L.; Steinberg, W; Joubert G. (2009). Staphylococcus aureus on computer mice and keyboards in intensive care units of the Universitas Academic Hospital, Bloemfontein, and ICU staff's knowledge of its hazards and cleaning practices.SouthAfr J Epidemiol Infect .24(2):22-26
[3]. Anderson,G.; and Palombo(2009)Microbial contamination of computer keyboards in a university setting. the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, J Infect Control. Vol (37):507-9.
[4]. Awoleye , M.; Ogunkanbi , A.; Ayo, R.; Adewole, O.; Elufisan, M.; Ogunkanbi , A.; Ayo, R.; Adewole, O.; Elufisan , O (2012) Techno-Microbial Hazards Associated with CKs: Public Health Risk and Policy Implications in Nigeria. International Journal of Information Science, Vol. 2 No. (4) 37-41.
[5]. Aerobic Bacterial Contamination of Computer Keyboards in a Tropical Setting © JAPI • august 2012 • VOL. 60