iosr-JDMS   Volume-22 ~ Issue-3 ~ March 2023

Abstract: Diagnosis of tumor diseases of the liver is a significant difficulty even when using NMR-tomography (1). Often, during tomographic studies of diseases of other organs (kidneys, pancreas, or adrenal glands), significant changes in the liver are detected (mute cysts, adenomas, fibro -nodose hyperplasia, multiple focal or focal shadows), which require.

[1]. Chirsky V.S.
[2]. Biopsy diagnostics of non-neoplastic diseases of the liver / Author. V.S. Chirsky; under the editorship N.M. Khmelnytskyi.-SPb.: SPbMAPO, 2009.-80 c.
[3]. Yakubchyk, T.N.
[4]. Clinical gastroenterology: a manual for students of medical, pediatric, medical and psychological faculties, interns, clinical residents, gastroenterologists and therapists / T.N. Yakubchyk – 3rd ed., add. and processing – Grodno: GrSMU, 2014. – 324 p.
[5]. Oncology", under the editorship. Chissova V. I., Daryalovoi S. L. — M.: GEOTAR-Media, 2007. — 560 p.
[6]. S. D. Podymova "Liver Diseases: Guide" - OAO "Izdatelstvo "Medytsina", 2005. — 768 p. ISBN 5-225-04106-X

Abstract: Statistical education is not based solely on formulas and figures, but also interpretation of data so that decisions can be applied correctly. The sound dental research, as well as the ability to understand published results of research, increasingly depends on a clear understanding of the fundamental of statistical design and analysis. As the dental researchers become more sophisticated in their statistical ability and knowledge to analyse data and choose most appropriate and powerful techniques from the vast array of modern biostatistical procedures the dental practitioners should improve their quantitative skills, although didactically unrelated to their dental training, to understand and interpret the increasingly complex statistical procedures that will be employed to analyse raw data from rapidly changing patterns of oral and concomitant research production and publication in order to keep abreast in their fields. The article covers some fundamentals of biostatistics and their application in dental research.

Key Word: Statistics, hypothesis, normal distribution, parametric tests, non-parametric tests.

[1]. Research Methods for Clinical Therapists: Applied Project Design and Analysis. by Carolyn M. Hicks, 3RD Edition.
[2]. Research methodology methods and techniques by C R Kothari, third edition.
[3]. Introduction to Biostatistics and Research Methods, P.S.S. Sundar Rao, 5th edition.
[4]. Dental Statistics Made Easy, Nigel C, Third Edition.
[5]. Biostatistics A Methodology for the Health Sciences, Gerald Van Belle Lloyd D. Fisher, Second Edition.

Abstract: Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder that can lead to various ocular complications, including diabetic retinopathy (DR), a leading cause of blindness in the working-age population. Tear film abnormality, characterized by a disturbance in the balance of the tear film, ocular surface, and lacrimal glands, is a common complaint among patients with DM and has been associated with the development and progression of DR. However, the relationship between tear film abnormality and DR is not well understood. Aims & objectives: The aims and objectives of this study were to clinically study tear film abnormality and tear film-related ocular surface disorders in diabetic patients, evaluate ocular and systemic risk factors, and correlate tear film abnormality status with the stages of diabetic retinopathy.........

Keywords: Diabetes, tear film abnormality, diabetic retinopathy.

[1]. Al-Mezaine HS, Al-Moujahed A, Al-Othman A, Al-Sohaibani M, Al-Rashed W. Tear film dysfunction in type 2 diabetic patients. Saudi Med J. 2006 Nov;27(11):1736-41.
[2]. Satpathy G, Vasavada AR, Shah N, Vasavada VA. Tear film changes in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2005 Mar-Apr;53(2):107-10.
[3]. Wang X, Fan Y, Song X, Chen L, Liu J, Yin H. The effects of diabetes on tear film and ocular surface. Int J Ophthalmol. 2010 Jun;3(3):221-5.
[4]. Chan L, Chen YH, Chiang HC, Chiang CP, Chiang HT. Tear film abnormalities in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2002 May;22(3):208-15.
[5]. D'Alessandro L, Bongiorni R, Sgrò P, Simonelli F. Tear film break-up time and corneal fluorescein staining in type 2 diabetic patients. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2002 Oct;80(5):508-11.

Abstract: The main issue following abdominal procedures is postoperative discomfort. According to evidence, invasiveness of the surgery affects how the immune system is suppressed and how much of that suppression occurs. Good postoperative analgesia can stop this harmful effect, lowering the risk of infection and morbidity in the immediate aftermath of surgery (1). Local anaesthetic Ropivacaine is favoured currently for epidural postoperative analgesia as it offers favourable sensory block profile. In comparison to other local anesthetics, it has a lower lipophilicity, which limits its penetration to the thin, pain-transmitting nerve fibers that are unmyelinated. It also has a lower incidence of cardiovascular damage (2,3). A centrally acting analgesic, tramadol is a synthetic counterpart of codeine.

Keywords: Ropivacaine, Tramadol, Epidural anesthesia

[1]. Horn R, Kramer J. Postoperative Pain Control. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 [cited 2023 Mar 15]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544298/
[2]. Avila Hernandez AN, Singh P. Epidural Anesthesia. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 [cited 2023 Mar 15]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542219/
[3]. George AM, Liu M. Ropivacaine. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 [cited 2023 Mar 15]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532924/
[4]. Miotto K, Cho AK, Khalil MA, Blanco K, Sasaki JD, Rawson R. Trends in Tramadol: Pharmacology, Metabolism, and Misuse. Anesth Analg. 2017 Jan;124(1):44–51.
[5]. Singh AP, Singh D, Singh Y, Jain G. Postoperative analgesic efficacy of epidural tramadol as adjutant to ropivacaine in adult upper abdominal surgeries. Anesth Essays Res. 2015;9(3):369–73.

Abstract: Background: The cell surface glycoproteins CD44, the main receptors for hyaluronic acid (HA), are highly expressed in most head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Consequently, HA was used as a targeting ligand with different types of nanocarriers. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of thymoquinone (TQ) loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CS-NPs) coated by HA in targeting oral squamous cell carcinoma. Material and methods: TQ-loaded CS NPs (TQ-CS NPs) and TQ-loaded CS NPs coated by HA (TQ-CS-HA NPs) were formed to evaluate the targeting ability of NPs coated by HA on human tongue squamous cell carcinoma and human normal oral epithelial cell lines......

Keywords: Squamous cell carcinoma, thymoquinone, chitosan, hyaluronic acid, nanoparticles.

[1]. Johnson DE, Burtness B, Leemans CR, Lui VWY, Bauman JE, Grandis JR. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2020;6:1–22.
[2]. Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: globocan estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 2021;71:209–49.
[3]. Patterson RH, Fischman VG, Wasserman I, Siu J, Shrime MG, Fagan JJ, et al. Global burden of head and neck cancer: economic consequences, health, and the role of surgery. Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 2020;162:296–303.
[4]. Hartner L. Chemotherapy for oral cancer. Dent Clin North Am 2018;62:87–97.
[5]. Gharat SA, Momin M, Bhavsar C. Oral squamous cell carcinoma: Current treatment strategies and nanotechnology-based approaches for prevention and therapy. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 2016;33:363–400.

Abstract: Background: Hypertension and its co-morbidities have crippled many in both developed and developing countries. Vitamin D deficiency is an environmental risk factor which serves as a trigger to contribute to the development of hypertension in vulnerable middle-aged people. Vitamin D deficiency causes hypocalcemia, which in turn causes increased secretion of parathyroid hormone, i.e. secondary hyperparathyroidism. Increased parathyroid hormone has direct correlationship with development of hypertension. This study was taken up to estimate the level of serum calcium and vitamin D in hypertensive cases and to study the correlation between the level of vitamin D and severity of hypertension.........

Keywords: Vitamin D, Calcium, hypertension

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Abstract:Hospital buildings require continuous functioning without interruption, which leads to ranking them to be second most to use a large amount of energy in the building sector. The energy consumption in the new hospital buildings is increased compared to older building due to usage of sophisticated equipment
Since the hospital buildings operate 24 hours, 365 days a year for the treatment and restoration of patients, they are approximately 2–3 times more energy-intensive than normal buildings [1]. It is extremely difficult to reduce the energy consumption, because spaces that have various operating hours and usage patterns co-exist, such as wards, outpatient clinic, operating rooms

[1]. Dong kon Hwang, Jinkyun cho, Junghwan Moon, Feasibility study on Energy audit and data driven analysis, Procedure for building energy efficiency: Benchmarking in Korean hospital buildings. Energies [internet] 2019;12(15):3006.
[2]. Pe ́rez-Lombard, L.; Ortiz, J.; Pout, C. A review on building energy consumption information. Energy Build. 2008, 40, 394–398.
[3]. Ji, R.; Qu, S. Investigation and Evaluation of Energy Consumption Performance for Hospital Buildings in China. Sustainability 2019, 11, 1724. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11061724
[4]. Rajavel.V, Dr.S.Ganapathy Venkatasubramanian Energy Audit for Chengalpattu medical college Hospital buildings
[5]. Pandey Meera, Shekhar, Rajiv sharma. Energy conservation building code, New Delhi: Bureau of energy efficiency; June 2017. Available from: //www.beeindia.gov.in

Abstract:Introduction – Hydatid disease is a parasitic infection caused by Echinococcus granulosus (dog tapeworm). Man act as a dead end host. In this case report, we present a case of a male with hydatid cyst of the liver. Case presentation – A 58year old male came with complaints of painless swelling in the liver of chronic duration. Abdominal sonography revealed a well defined cystic lesion of size 17X13X14cm (volume ~ 1700cc) and another cystic lesion of size 7X6.7X4.5cm (volume~100cc) in the right lobe of liver. He underwent Exploratory laparotomy with surgical drainage and eneucleation. Postoperative period was uneventful and had complete recovery.

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[5]. von Sinner W, te Strake L, Clark D, Sharif H. MR imaging in hydatid disease. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1991 Oct;157(4):741–5.

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: HIV disease in humans is caused by HIV-1 or HIV- 2. HIV is RNA retrovirus belonging to family retroviridae that causes incurable infection that over a period of time leads to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Globally around1.3 million women and girls living with HIV become pregnant each year . In the absence of intervention the rate of transmission from mother to the child ranges from 15-45%. Mother to child transmission is `the primary route of HIV transmission in children. Mother to child transmission can be preventable with appropriate interventions by providing antiretroviral therapy to mother, antiretroviral prophylaxis to infants.........

Key words: HIV, pregnancy, vertical transmission, EMTCT.

[1]. National AIDS control organisation, MOHFW, GOI; National Guidelines for HIV care and treatment 2021
[2]. National AIDS control organisation & ICMR-NIMS , MOHFW,GOI; India HIV estimates 2021.
[3]. UN AIDS. Report on global HIV/AIDS epidemic Geneva, Joint united nation program on HIV/AIDS. 1997:1-13
[4]. UN AIDS. AIDS epidemic update Geneva, Joint united nation program on HIV/AIDS, December1998
[5]. S Acharya et al Uptake of PPTCT services among HIV sero positive pregnant women in Mumbai, India- clinical epidemiology and global health 2021

Abstract: Wound closure is one of the most important end points in surgical practice. Surgically created wounds are mostly planned in such a way so that wound closure does not involve much effort. Even in cases of surgical site infections, the skin cover can be achieved in most of the cases. In cases of extensive tissue loss, exposed bone and tendon surfaces, deep deformed wounds like necrotizing soft tissue infection or post traumatic wounds, special efforts or additional surgical procedures may be required to achieve viable skin cover. A successful wound closure should essentially cover all the bony and muscular surfaces with a stable skin cover without affecting the primary function of that particular part of body.

[1]. Miller C. The History of Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT): From "Lip Service" to the Modern Vacuum System. J Am Coll Clin Wound Spec. 2013 Nov 28;4(3):61-2. doi: 10.1016/j.jccw.2013.11.002. PMID: 26236637; PMCID: PMC4511545. [2]. Morykwas MJ, Simpson J, Punger K, Argenta A, Kremers L, Argenta J. Vacuum-assisted closure: state of basic research and physiologic foundation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006 Jun;117(7 Suppl):121S-126S. doi: 10.1097/01.prs.0000225450.12593.12. PMID: 16799379. [3]. Lalezari S, Lee CJ, Borovikova AA, Banyard DA, Paydar KZ, Wirth GA, Widgerow AD. Deconstructing negative pressure wound therapy. Int Wound J. 2017 Aug;14(4):649-657. doi: 10.1111/iwj.12658. Epub 2016 Sep 29. PMID: 27681204; PMCID: PMC7949947.
[4]. ActiV.A.C.® Therapy System - Kinetic Concepts - PDF Catalogs | Technical Documentation (medicalexpo.com)
[5]. (Negative Pressure Wound Therapy Technology (mykci.com) last viewed on 30 Nov 2022).