iosr-JDMS   Volume-17 ~ Issue-4 ~ April-2018

Abstract: Our aim was to study acceptability of PPIUCD in our target population, based on their demographic variables including parity and mode of delivery. Method : The study was conducted at V.S.General Hospital, Ahmedabad from 1stJune,2016 to 31December,2016.CuT 380A was inserted in accepters who fulfilled the Medical Eligibility Criteria and had no contraindications for PPIUCD. They were followed up for a period of one year, and studied the various complaints and complications associated with PPIUCD insertion. Conclusion: Both the acceptance and actual insertion of IUCD were low probably because the use of IUCD is a new concept in the community. Inserting CuT 380 A at 10 minutes after placental delivery is safe leading to the expanding of the usage of IUCD meeting the unmet needs. The expulsion rates would be minimal if it was inserted by a trained provider and placed at...........

Key words: Postpartum contraception, Postpartum contraceptive device ,Acceptability, Intrauterine contraceptive device-IUCD, ND-Normal Delivery ,CS- Cesarean section.

[1]. Samuel TJ. The development of India's policy of population control. Milbank Mem Fund Q. 1966; 44:49-67.
[2]. International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and Macro International. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), 2005-06: India: Volume I. Mumbai: IIPS; 2007
[3]. United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). Programme of Action adopted at the International Conference on Population and Development, Cairo, 5-13 September 1994. New York: United Nations; 1994.
[4]. NFHS III Report 2005-06. Govt. of India and International Institute of Population Sciences
[5]. https://www.fhi360.org- india1-family-planning-status.

Abstract: Case report is defined as a description of a single case of a particular disease. With each passing milestone in the the time line of medical publication era, case reports are losing their ground. Coveted journals are straightaway ignoring this very aspect of medical literature. We hereby try to emphasize on the very importance of case report publications and on why this aspect of medical literature needs a little bit more heed to its credit.

Key Words: CARE guidelines, Case reports, Impact factor, Journals

[1]. Debra Volkland; Robert L. Iles (1997). Guidebook to better medical writing. Washington, DC: Island Press. ISBN 0-9661831-0-X. OCLC 41579709.

[2]. Aronson JK (June 2003). "Anecdotes as evidence". BMJ. 326 (7403): 1346. doi:10.1136/bmj.326.7403.1346. PMC 1126236 . PMID 12816800.

[3]. Greenhalgh T (July 1997). "How to read a paper. Getting your bearings (deciding what the paper is about)". BMJ. 315 (7102): 243–6. doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7102.243. PMC 2127173 . PMID 9253275.

[4]. Gagnier JJ, Kienle G, Altman DG, Moher D, Sox H, Riley D (2013). "The CARE guidelines: consensus-based clinical case reporting guideline development". Headache. 53 (10): 1541–7. doi:10.1111/head.12246. PMID 24266334.

[5]. Aronson JK, Hauben M (December 2006). "Anecdotes that provide definitive evidence". BMJ. 333 (7581): 1267–9. doi:10.1136/bmj.39036.666389.94. PMC 1702478 . PMID 17170419

Abstract: AIM : To study the incidence of hypothyroidism in patients presenting to the general surgical out patient department with cholelithiasis in a tertiary referral centre - government medical college - ESI. Methodology: Patients attending general surgical out patient department of government medical college and ESI hospital , Coimbatore with cholelithiasis were investigated by performing thyroid function tests which includes thyroids stimulating hormone [ TSH ] , Free T3 and Free T4 levels. RESULTS : There were 70 patients who were operated for cholelithiasis. Out of 70 patients , 9 were found to be hypothyroid [ 12.7% of the study population ]. Out of 9 hypothyroid patients , 2 patients were found to have clinical hypothyroidism [ 2.8% of the study population ] and 7 patients were found to have sub clinical hypothyroidism [ 9.9% of the study population ]...........

Key Words : cholelithiasis , gall stones , thyroid function , tests

[1]. Honoré LH. A significant association between symptomatic cholesterol cholelithiasis and treated hypothyroidism in women. J Med. 1981;12:199–203.

[2]. Inkinen J, Sand J, Nordback I. Association between common bile duct stones and treated hypothyroidism. Hepatogastroenterology. 2001;47:919–921.

[3]. Vassilakis JS, Nicolopoulos N. Dissolution of gallstones following thyroxine administration. A case report. Hepatogastroenterology. 1981;28:60–61.

[4]. Borgman RF, Haselden FH. Cholelithiasis in rabbits: effects of bile constituents and hormones on dissolution of gallstones. Am J Vet Res. 1969;30:107–112.

[5]. La Vecchia C, Negri E, D'Avanzo B, Franceschi S, Boyle P. Risk factors for gallstone disease requiring surgery. Int J Epidemiol. 1991;20:209–215.

Abstract: Aim: To compare the efficacy of carbonated lidocaine with lidocaine hydrochloride in relation to the pain, onset of anesthesia and duration in mandibular nerve blocks Materials and method: Patients in the age group of 18-60 years were included in this study. They were randomly divided into two groups- a control group (receiving lignocaine hydrochloride with adrenaline) and a study group (receiving carbonated lignocaine with adrenaline). Following injection, pain at the site of injection, onset of action of the anesthetic and its duration were assessed. Results: A total of 25 patients were done- 13-control group and 12-study group. There was found to be no significant difference in thepain, onset of action or duration of either of the two solutions. However, 7 of the 25 patients with a dentoalveolar abscesswere.........

Key words: lignocaine hydrochloride, carbonated lignocaine, alkalinisation of local anesthetic solution

[1]. Shyamala M, Ramesh C, Yuvaraj V, Suresh V, SathyaNarayanan R, Balaji TS, Neil Dominic M, Nithin Joseph Jude B. A comparative study between bupivacaine with adrenaline and carbonated bupivacaine with adrenaline for surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molar. J Maxillofac Oral Surg.2016 Mar;15(1):99-105. doi: 10.1007/s12663-015-0791-4. Epub 2015 May 29
[2]. MrinalKumar , RanmeetBatra , Sumit Chopra , Gaurav Verma , Ankit Aggarwal , Abhinav Garg . Role OfAlkalinization In Enhancing Efficacy Of The Local Anesthetic – A Clinical Study. Indian journal of dental sciences may 2015
[3]. Malamed SF, Falkel M. Advances in local anesthetics: pH buffering and dissolved CO2. A peer-reviewed CE activity by dentistry today. ADA CERP, June 1, 2009 to May 31, 2012. AGD Pace approval number: 309062.
[4]. Radhika Chopra,BDS,MDS,GarimaJindal,BDS,MDS Vinod Sachdev,BDS,MDS,MeeraSandhu,BDS, MDS. Double-Blind Crossover Study to Compare Pain Experience During Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block Administration Using Buffered Two Percent Lidocaine in Children .Pediatric Dentistry V 38 / NO 1 JAN / FEB 16
[5]. CA Best, AA Best, Tj Best, DA Hamilton. Buffered lidocaine and bupivacaine mixture – the ideal local anesthetic solution? PlastSurg 2015;23(2):87-90.

Abstract: Computed tomography (CT) offered the medical and dental community great opportunity to enhance the diagnosis and treatment planning through non-invasive three-dimensional imaging technologies. Initially high radiation exposure to patients, high equipment costs and complexity in image capture and interpretation limited the use of helical CT's orthodontic applications. The advent of cone-beam CT (CBCT) technology in the late 1990's removed many of the hurdles. The clinical applications of CBCT in dentistry are then discussed as evidenced in the literature. Several important applications in different dental specialities are detailed including tooth impaction, TMJ imaging, maxillofacial surgery, jaw defects, dental implant rehabilitation, endodontic and orthodontics..

Key Words: Computed tomography, Cone beam CT, Imaging

[1]. William C. Sarfe, Allan G. Farman, PredagSukovic. Clinical application of cone-Beam computed tomography in Dental practice. J Can Dent Assoc 2006;72(1):75-80
[2]. Michael W. Vannier et al., Three dimensional dental imaging by spiral CT. oral surg oral med oral Pathol oral radiolendod 1997; 84:561-570.
[3]. Robert P. Langlais, Leon J. van Rensburg and et al., Magnetic Resonance in dentistry, DCNA 2000; 44: 12- 25.
[4]. Tamimi D, ElSaid K, Cone beam computed tomography in the assessment of dental impactionsSemin Orthod.2009,15: 57–62.
[5]. Oberoi S, Knueppel S, Three-dimensional assessment of impacted canines and root resorption using cone beam computed tomography. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral RadiolEndod. 2012, 113: 260–267.

Abstract: Preterm labor remains one of the last frontier of present day obstetrics. Preterm birth is a condition that occurs in 6.0-15%. of all deliveries and is the most frequent cause of fetal & neonatal death and morbidity. Preterm birth is defined as birth before 37 weeks of gestation. Late preterm births between 34 weeks and 0 days and 36 weeks and 6 days account for about 74% of all preterm births while the very preterm less than 32 weeks has remained relatively constant during the last two decades. The incidence of preterm births ranges between 10 and 15% .and 75% of all perinatal deaths occur in preterm infants. The incidence of PNMR in India varies from 40 and 150 per 1000 births in contrast to 10-20 in the developed countries. Despite advances in perinatal medicine in recent decades, problem of preterm delivery continues to frustrate satisfactory reproductive outcome, with little progress having been made in reducing frequency of preterm births............

Keywords: Preterm Labor,Magnesium Sulphate

[1]. American College of Obstetrician and Gynecologists; Management of preterm labor. Practice Bulletins No. 43, May 2003.
[2]. Crowther CA, Hiller JE, Doyle LW.Magnesium sulphate for preventing preterm birth in threatened preterm labor.Cochrane Database syst Rev 2002,issue 4
[3]. Cox SM, Sherman ML, Leveno KJ. Randomized investigatin of magnesium sulfate for prevention of preterm birth. Am J obstet Gynecol 1990; 163: 767-72.
[4]. El-Sayed YY , Riley ET, Holbrook H etal .Randomised comparison of intravenous nitroglycerin and magnesium sulphate for treatment of preterm labor.Obstet Gynecol, 1999,93 : 79-83.
[5]. Green KW, Key TC, Coen R, Resnik R. The effects of maternally administered magnesium sulfate on the neonate. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1983; 146:2933...

Abstract: We aimed at assessing lung function test in pediatric patients( 8-18 yrs) suffering from thalassemia who are on blood transfusion and chelation therapy. METHODS: PFT was done to all the the subjects diagnosed with thalassemia and chest x-ray and echocardiography were done to excude overt cardiac failure. RESULTS: FEV1, FVC, FEF25-75 were less compared to age and height-related predicted value. Of which reduction in FEF 25-75 was statistically significant. FEV1/FVC was increased and the result was also statistically significant. So, the results showed towards restrictive lung pathology. CONCLUSIONS: Restrictive lung disease is a complication during the course of thalassemia which probably occurs due to iron deposition during the course of the disease itself or due to its treatment.

[1]. Cooper DM, Mansell AL, Weiner MA, Beadon WE, Chetty-Baktaviriam A, Reid L, et al. Lung capacity and hypoxemia in children with thalassemia major. Am Rev Respir Dis 1980; 121: 639-46

[2]. Witzleben CL, Wyatt JP. The effect of long survival on the pathology of thalassemia major. J Pathol Bacteriol 1961; 82: 1-12

[3]. Factor JM, Pottipati S, Rappaport I, Rosner IK, Lesser ML, Giardina PJ. Pulmonary function abnormalities in thalassemia major and the role of iron overload. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 149: 1570-74

[4]. Priftis KN, Anthrocopoulos MB, Tsakanika C,Tapaki G, Ladis V, Bush A, Nicolaidou P. Quatification of siderophages in bronchoalveolar fluid in transfusional and primary pulmonary hemosiderosis.Pediatr Pulmonol 2006; 41: 972-7.

Abstract: The scapula is a large , flat triangular bone which lies on the posterolateral aspect of the chest. From the evolutionary point of view, scapula has undergone modifications especially in its shape. Scapular index has been used to note such modifications. This study was done on 100 dry unpaired adult human scapulae of unknown sex in the Coimbatore Medical College and Government Medical College and ESIC Hospital, Coimbatore. In the present study scapular measurements like length , breadth, infraspinous length and projection length of the scapular spine were taken and parameters like scapular index and infraspinous index were calculated . This indices may help in the comparative anatomy and defining the race..

Keywords - scapular index; infrascapular index , projection length

[1]. Standring S, ed. Gray's Anatomy. 40th Ed., New York, Churchill Livingstone. 2008; 793
[2]. Inman, Saunders JB,Abbot. Observation on the junction of the shoulder joint. Journal of bone &joint surgery 1944; 1:30 -821
[3]. Anetzberger H,Putz R. The scapula: principles of construction and Stress. Acta Anat(Basel) 1996;156:70-80.
[4]. Sitha P, Noppaaratn S,Aporn CD. The Scapula: Osseous Dimensions and Gender Dimorphismin.Thais Siriaj Hsop. 2004;56(7):356-65
[5]. Swapna R Chavan,Mehera Bhoir, Shobha Verma. A study of anthropometric measurements of the human scapula in Maharashtra, India. MedPulse- International Journal of Anatomy. February 2017; 1(2):23-26.

Abstract: Background: Preoperative assessment for predictors of difficult airway continues to generate quest amongst anaesthesiologists, as that affects the approach to airway management. . Ultrasonographic airway assessment could be a useful adjunct, but at present, there are no well-defined sonographic criteria that can predict the possibility of encountering a difficult airway. Materials and Methods:This was a prospective observational study conducted on 90 patients undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia. Preoperative clinical and ultrasonographic assessment of the airway was done to predict difficult airway and was correlated with the Cormack Lehane (CL) grade noted at laryngoscopy. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the parameters were assessed..........

Keywords –Airway, Cormack-Lehane grade, direct laryngoscopy,ultrasonography

[1]. EnterleinG,Byhahn C. American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force. Practice guidelines for management of the difficult airway: update by the American Society of Anesthesiologists task force.Anaesthesist. 2013;62(10):832-5.

[2]. Reed MJ,Dunn MJ,McKeown DW.Can an airway assessment score predict difficulty at intubation in the emergency department? Emerg Med J 2005;22:99-102.

[3]. Shiga T,Wajima Z,Inoue T,et al.Predicting difficult intubation in apparently normal patients: a meta-analysis of bedside screening test performance.Anesthesiology.2005;103(2):429-37.
[4]. Cormack RS,Lehane J.Difficult tracheal intubation in obstetrics.Anaesthesia.1984;39(11):1105-11.

[5]. Garg R,Gupta A.Ultrasound:A promising tool for contemporary airway management.World J Clin Cases. 2015;3(11):926-9. [6]. Gupta PK,Gupta K,Dwivedi AD,et al.Potential role of ultrasound in anesthesia and intensive care.Anesth Essays Res.2011;5(1):11-9..

Abstract: BACKGROUND- Angiographic demonstration of the extent of involvement of large vessels in suspected cases of Takayasu arteritis. OBJECTIVES- Our objective is to identify the spectrum of clinical manifestations, extent of arterial involvement and to classify the type of Takayasu arteritis based on angiographic findings. METHODS- We investigated 10 patients having symptoms related to suspected Takayasu arteritis with laboratory investigations & imaging modalities like Color Doppler Sonography & Digital Subtraction Angiography in our institution, Medical College, Kolkata, (a tertiary care hospital) for a period of 1 year from January, 2017 to January, 2018. We compared the clinical characteristics of patients with angiographic findings of arterial involvement and classified the types of Takayasu arteritis according to the pattern of vascular involvement, the incidence of disease in males & females, age of onset etc.............

Keywords: Takayasu arteritis (TA) / aorto-arteritis/ pulseless disease/ granulomatous arteritis/ classification/ interventional radiology/ digital subtraction angiography/ macaroni sign..

[1]. Rossman MG (2011) Takayasu arteritis. http//emedicine.medscape.com/article332378-overview. Accessed 27 Sep 2011

[2]. Subramanyan R, Jay J, Balakrishan KG. Natural history of aortoarteritis (Takayasu‟s disease). Circulation 1989; 80: 429-37.

[3]. Takayasu. A case with peculiar changes of the central retinal vessels. Acta Societatis ophthalmologicae Japonicae, Tokyo 1908, 12: 554.

[4]. Moriwaki R, Moda M, Yajima M et al. Clinical manifestations of Takayasu‟s arteritis in India and Japan – new classification of angiographic findings. Angiology 1997; 48: 369-79

[5]. Miller DV, Maleszewski JJ. The pathology of large-vessel vasculitides. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2011;29:S92–8. [PubMed] [6]. Nastri MV, Baptista LP, Baroni RH et-al. Gadolinium-enhanced three-dimensional MR angiography of Takayasu arteritis. Radiographics

Abstract: Trismus significantly impacts activities of daily living as well as vital oral function; it is associated with speech problems, difficulty in eating or drinking, malnutrition, dehydration, difficulty with oral hygiene,and lower quality of life. This study was aimed at studying the severity of trismus in oral carcinoma patients receiving radiotherapy, its impact on quality of life in such patients and to identify contributing risk factors and their prevention. A prospective study was carried out in Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silchar during a period of one and half year. Patients with newly diagnosed squamous cell carcinoma of oral cavity irrespective of age and sex were included in the study. Baseline Maximal interincisal opening was measured at the time of diagnosis, after completion of radiotherapy, 3 months after radiotherapy and 6 months..........

[1]. Lee LY, Chen SC, Chen WC, Huang BS, Lin CY. Postradiation trismus and its impact on quality of life in patients with head and neck cancer. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2015;119:187‑95.
[2]. Wang CJ, Huang EY, Hsu HC, Chen HC, Fang FM, Hsiung CY. The degree and time‑course assessment of radiation‑induced trismus occurring after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal cancer. Laryngoscope 2005;115:1458‑60.
[3]. Pauli N, Johnson J, Finizia C, Andréll P. The incidence of trismus and long‑term impact on health‑related quality of life in patients with head and neck cancer. Acta Oncol 2013;52:1137‑45.
[4]. van der Molen L, van Rossum MA, Burkhead LM, Smeele LE, Rasch CR, Hilgers FJ. A randomized preventive rehabilitation trial in advanced head and neck cancer patients treated with chemoradiotherapy: Feasibility, compliance, and short‑term effects. Dysphagia 2011;26:155‑70.
[5]. Bensadoun RJ, Riesenbeck D, Lockhart PB, Elting LS, Spijkervet FK, Brennan MT; Trismus Section, et al. A systematic review of trismus induced by cancer therapies in head and neck cancer patients. Support Care Cancer 2010;18:1033‑8...

Abstract: La leucémie aigue lymphoblastique (LAL) est l'hémopathie maligne la plus fréquente chez l'enfant. La LAL 3 ou leucémie à Burkitt est moins fréquente ; ses manifestations cliniques qui conduisent au diagnostic reflètent généralement l'infiltration médullaire et extra-médullaire par la maladie. Les lymphomes et les leucémies de Burkitt furent pendant Longtemps considérer commedetrès mauvais pronostic en raisond'une incidence trèsélevéede rechutes précoces. Les atteintes médullaires sont exceptionnelles. Nous rapportons un rare cas de leucémie à Burkittrévélée par une pancytopéniechez un jeuneenfantâgé de 15 ans. Un enfant de 15 ans, sans antécédent pathologique notable, qui présente depuis 4mois des vomissements incoercibles...........

[1]. Ribera JM, Oriol A. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adolescentsand young adults. HematolOncolClin North Am2009;23:1033–42.
[2]. Epstein JB, Epstein JD, Le ND, Gorsky M. Characteristics of oralandparaoral malignant lymphoma: a population-based studyof 361 cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral RadiolEndod2001;92:519–25.
[3]. Premalata CS, Madhumathi DS, Lakshmidevi V, PradeepR,Appaji L, Mukherjee G. Gum hypertrophy - an unusual presentingfeature in a case of precursor T-cell acute lymphoblasticleukemia. Turk J Hematol 2008;25:201–4.

[4]. Flandrin G, Brouet JC, Daniel MT, Preud'homme JL. Acuteleukemia with Burkitt's tumor cells: a study of six cases withspecial reference to lymphocyte surface markers. Blood 1975;15: 183-8.

[5]. Magrath L. The pathogenesis of Burkitt's lymphoma. AdvCancer Res 1990; 55: 133-270..

Abstract: La leucémie aigue lymphoblastique (LAL) est l'hémopathie maligne la plus fréquente chez l'enfant. La LAL 3 ou leucémie à Burkitt est moins fréquente ; ses manifestations cliniques qui conduisent au diagnostic reflètent généralement l'infiltration médullaire et extra-médullaire par la maladie. Les lymphomes et les leucémies de Burkitt furent pendant Longtemps considérer commedetrès mauvais pronostic en raisond'une incidence trèsélevéede rechutes précoces. Les atteintes médullaires sont exceptionnelles. Nous rapportons un rare cas de leucémie à Burkittrévélée par une pancytopéniechez un jeuneenfantâgé de 15 ans. Un enfant de 15 ans, sans antécédent pathologique notable, qui présente depuis 4mois des vomissements incoercibles post prandiaux associes à une asthénie .Une FOGD est réalisée en faveur d'une gastrite à HP traitéesans amélioration.........

Keywords - vitelline artery remnant, chronic abdominal pain, vitellointestinal duct, laparoscopy

[1]. Ribera JM, Oriol A. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adolescentsand young adults. HematolOncolClin North Am2009;23:1033–42.
[2]. Epstein JB, Epstein JD, Le ND, Gorsky M. Characteristics of oralandparaoral malignant lymphoma: a population-based studyof 361 cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral RadiolEndod2001;92:519–25.
[3]. Premalata CS, Madhumathi DS, Lakshmidevi V, PradeepR,Appaji L, Mukherjee G. Gum hypertrophy - an unusual presentingfeature in a case of precursor T-cell acute lymphoblasticleukemia. Turk J Hematol 2008;25:201–4.

[4]. Flandrin G, Brouet JC, Daniel MT, Preud'homme JL. Acuteleukemia with Burkitt's tumor cells: a study of six cases withspecial reference to lymphocyte surface markers. Blood 1975;15: 183-8.

[5]. Magrath L. The pathogenesis of Burkitt's lymphoma. AdvCancer Res 1990; 55: 133-270..

Abstract: Background: The aims of this study were: 1.To find out the overall incidence of ovarian cysts in our hospital. 2.To analyze age incidence of various ovarian cysts studied. 3. To evaluate various clinical presentation of ovarian cysts. 4. To find out the incidence of non-neoplastic as well as neoplastic cysts and furthermore incidence of benign and malignant ovarian cysts. 5. To study the clinico-pathological significance. Methods: 158patients were included in study over a period of three year from August 2014 to July 2017. All the patients with cystic lesions of ovary based on biopsies alone, on resected specimens alone and both consequently were examined and included in the study. All the biopsies specimen and resected specimen were fixed in 10% formalin and............

[1]. Conway C, Zalud I, Dilena M, Maulik D, Schulman H, Haley J, et al. Simple cyst in the postmenopausal patient. J Ultrasound Med 1998 ; 17: 369-72.
[2]. Pudasaini S, Lakhey M, Hirachand S, Akhter J, Thapa B. A study of ovarian cyst in a tertiary hospital of Kathmandu valley. Nepal Med Coll J 2011 ; 13(1): 39-41.
[3]. Basu D, Chakrabarty S, Sil S, Saboo V, Sau V. A case report : Twisted ovarian cyst in pregnancy. IOSR-JDMS, 2014; 13(8): 23-5.
[4]. Modi D, Rathod GB, Delwadia KN, Goswami HM. Histopathological pattern of neoplastic ovarian lesions. IAIM 2016;3(1): 51-7.
[5]. Shah AA, Anandani GM, Patel MS, Joshi DS. Histopathological study of 100 cases of tubo-ovarian masses. Pathology and Laboratory Medicine journal (GAPM); 2016; 1-7..

Abstract: The knowledge of cardiac dimensions in utero plays an important role in the assessment of the fetus with congenital heart diseases, once these conditions can progress during the prenatal period and lead to severe cardiac decompensation . The four chambered view is now considered to be an integral part of the fetal examination. A normal range for fetal cardiac measurements is a basic need for the sonographer performing fetal sonography.

[1]. Goldenberg RL, Nelson K: Iatrogenic respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 123: 617, 1975
[2]. Hack M, Fanaroff AA, Klaus MH et al: Neonatal respiratory distress following elective delivery: A preventable disease? Am J Obstet Gynecol 126: 43, 1976

[3]. Hellman LF, Kobayashi M, Fillisti L et al: Growth and development of the human fetus prior to the twentieth week of gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 103: 789, 1969
[4]. Jouppila PC: Length and depth of the uterus and the diameter of the gestation sac in normal gravidas during early pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 50 (suppl): 29, 1971
[5]. Robinson HP, Fleming JEE: A critical evaluation of sonar "crown-rump length" measurements. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 82: 702, 1975..