iosr-JDMS   Volume-19 ~ Issue-2 ~ February 2020

Abstract: Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the causative agent of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), has been identified and has reached virtually every corner of the globe, emerging as the most challenging pandemic of our time. It appears to be omnipresent, with the manifestations sparing no organ. Materials and Methods: A minimum of 200 cases of HIV infected and AIDS patient undergoing highly active antiretroviral therapy attending the Outpatient Department of Ophthalmology were selected for the study. Each patient was subjected to detailed history taking regarding the symptoms and duration of the disease. A careful and detailed examination of the eye was undertaken including examination of ocular adnexa and anterior segment. Examination of posterior segment was done by direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy and +90D biomicroscopy. Recording of BCVA and........

Keywords: HIV, AIDS, Sternomental Distance

[1]. Masur H, Michelis MA, Greene HB, Onorato I, Vande Stouwe RH, Holzman RS, et al. An outbreak of community-aquired Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: Initial manifestation of cellular immune dysfunction. N Engl J Med 1981;305:1431-1438.
[2]. World Health Organisation. WHO global programme on AIDS: The current global situation of the HIV infection/ AIDS pandemic.Geneva:WHO/GPA/NP/EVA/94.1.1993;l-10.
[3]. Asthana S. AIDS related policies, legislation and programme implementation in India. Health Policy and Planning 1996;11:184-197.
[4]. Centers for Disease Control Revision of the CDC surveillance case definition for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep 1987;36(suppl.l):lS-15S.
[5]. Fauci AS, Macher AM, Longo DL, Lane HC, Rook AH, Masur H, et al. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: Epidemiologic, clinical, immunologic and theraupetic considerations. Ann Intern Med 1984;100:92-106.

Abstract: Introduction: Hypertensive disorders complicating pregnancy are one of the common and significant causes of maternal morbidity and mortality especially in developing countries. They are responsible for 8-9% of maternal deaths in India and 15-20% of maternal deaths in western world. Overall they complicate 5-10% of pregnancies in India. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on patients diagnosed with pre eclampsia in the department of Ophthalmology, M.G.M Medical College, Jamshedpur. The duration of study was from December 2018- June 2019. Cases with pre-existing vascular/renal disease, diabetes, any underlying ocular co-morbidity like glaucoma or cataract.......

Keywords: Hypertensive disorders, retinal findings, APGAR

[1]. Grimes DA, Ekbladh LE, McCartney WH. Cortical blindness in preeclampsia.Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1980;17(6):601–3.
[2]. Apollon KM, Robinson JN, Schwartz RB, et al. Cortical blindness in severe preeclampsia: computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and single-photon-emission tomography findings. Obstetrics & Gynaecology2000;95(6 pt 2):1017-9.
[3]. Gandhi J, Ghosh S, Pillari VT. Blindness and retinal changes in preeclamptic toxaemia.N Y State J Med1978;78(12):1930–2.
[4]. Somerville-Large LB. A case of permanent blindness due to toxaemia of pregnancy.Br J Ophthalmol 1950;34(7):431–4.
[5]. Dieckmann WJ. St Louis: Mosby-Year book Inc: The toxaemias of pregnancy 1952;2ndedn:576–611.

Abstract: Background -Hypertension is the most prevalent cardiovascular disorder that affects many organs of our body. Nerve conduction velocity test is an essential reliable clinical test for the diagnosis of the diseases of peripheral nerves that include peripheral neuropathies. Nerve conduction study measures duration, latency, amplitude and conduction velocity. The present study is carried out to assess latency, amplitude and velocity of motor and sensory nerve conduction variables in median nerve. Aimsand Objectives-The aim of the study was to evaluate the motor and sensory conduction latency, amplitude and velocity of median nerve in patients with essential hypertension.......

Keywords- Nerve Conduction Study, Hypertension, Peripheral Neuropathy.

[1]. Esam MS, Husain AS. Bareilly, National journal of medical research 2012, 2(3):291-294.Prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension in rural.
[2]. Lloyds A, Subhash S, Swornila DL et al. Effect of hypertension on motor nerve conduction variables. J. Evid. Based Med. Healthc. 2016; 3(75), 4091-4093. DOI: 10.18410/jebmh/2016/874.
[3]. Fransen H, Van den Bergh PY. Nerve conduction studies in peripheral neuropathy: practical physiology and patterns of abnormality. ActaNeurol Berg 2006;106(2):73-81.
[4]. Kimura J. Principles and pitfalls of nerve conduction studies. Ann Neurol 1984;16(4):415-429.
[5]. Kong X, Lesser EA, Potts FA, et al. Utilisation of nerve conduction studiesfor the diagnosis of polyneuropathy in patients with diabetes. J Diabetes SciTechnol 2008;2(2):268-274.

Abstract: Background: Middle ear surgery is prone for Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV),PONV is common and distressing adverse events associated with surgery and anesthesia. In patients undergoing Middle ear Surgery without antiemetic prophylaxis, the incidence of PONV is high andIt has impact on postoperative recovery. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the effect of prophylactic antiemetic effects of ondansetron and granisetron in patients undergoing Middle ear surgery when these drugs are administered before the end of surgery. Methods: After IEC approval, a prospective, randomized, double blinded study was conducted on 60 ASA I and II adult patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery under general anaesthesia. Patients were randomly divided into two groups of 30 patients in each group: Group O and Group G.Pateints of Group O received 100 mcg/Kg ondasetron and Goup G received 40mMcg/Kg GranisetronIntravenously 20 minutes before the end of surgery........

Keywords: Middle Ear Surgery, postoperative nausea and vomiting, ondansetron, granisetron.

[1]. Sinclair DR, Chung F, Mezei G. Can postoperative nausea and vomiting be predicted? Anesthesiology 1999; 91: 109-18.
[2]. Koivuranta M, Läärä E, Snåre L, Alahuhta S. A survey of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anaesthesia 1997; 52: 443-9.
[3]. Apfel CC, Läärä E, Koivuranta M, Greim CA, Roewer N. A simplified risk score for predicting postoperative nausea and vomiting: conclusions from cross-validations between two centers. Anesthesiology 1999; 91: 693-700.
[4]. Macario A, Weinger M, Carney S, Kim A. Which clinical anesthesia outcomes are important to avoid? The perspective of patients. AnesthAnalg 1999; 89: 652-8

Abstract: Background: The upper airway is an extraordinarily complex anatomical region. Anticipating and preparing for difficulty in airway management is crucial to avoid airway catastrophes. Objective: Aim of our study was to evaluate the combination of El-Ganzouri airway risk index (EGRI) with the ultrasound of the airway (measuring the hyomental distance and distance from epiglottis to midpoint between the two vocal cords) as a fast, easy and noninvasive method in the examination of the airway and prediction of difficult airway. Patients and methods: Preoperative airway assessment will be carried out for 60 adult patients(control group, n=30and study group, n=30) randomly allocated in Al-Azhar University Hospitals.......

Keywords: El-Ganzouri airway risk combination, Upper airway ultrasound, Preoperative airway assessment

[1]. Cook TM, Woodall N, Frerk C et al. (2011): Major complications of airway management in the UK: results of the Fourth National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Difficult Airway Society. Part 1: anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth., 106: 617–31.
[2]. Berkow LC, Ariyo P (2015): Preoperative assessment of the airway. Trends AnaesthCrit Care, 5: 28-35.
[3]. Adhikari S, Zeger W, Schmier C et al.(2011): Pilot study to determine the utility of point-of-care ultrasound in the assessment of difficult laryngoscopy. AcadEmerg Med., 18: 754-8.
[4]. Heinrich S, Birkholz T, Irouschek Aet al.(2013): Incidences and predictors of difficult laryngoscopy in adult patients undergoing general anesthesia: a single-center analysis of 102,305 cases. J. Anesth., 27 (6): 815-21.
[5]. Nolan JP, Kelly FE (2011): Airway challenges in critical care. Anaesthesia, 66: 81–92.

Abstract: This paper tries to give an introduction to machine learning, deep learning in medical image processing, analysis, proceeding from theoretical foundations to applications. We first discuss about medical imaging and early diagnosis of diseases has significant. Next, we start reviewing the fundamental basics of the neural network. Healthcare sector is totally different from other industry. It is on high priority sector and researchers estimate that medical images, as the largest and fastest-growing data source in the healthcare industry, contributes to at least 90% of the medical data. Further discussed state of the art deep learning architecture and its optimization used for medical image segmentation and classification, detection and registration.

Keywords: Deep learning, Machine learning, Image acquisition system, Image segmentation, Image registration, computer-aided diagnosis, Image reconstruction.

[1]. Razzak IM, Naz S. Zaid A, "Deep learning for medical image processing : overview, challenges and future 2017 [2]. R.Smith-Bindman et al, "Use of diagnostic imaging studies & associated radiation exposure for patients enrolled in large integrated health care systems 1996-2010, JAMA, vol.307, PP.2400-2409, 2012. [3]. Types of medical imaging & modalities by Lyndsay Fundell, https://www.ultrasound technician schools.com/articles/types-of-medical imaging. [4]. Alex Krizhersky, llyasutskever& Geoffrey E Hinton. Imagenet classification with deep convolution neural networks. In Advances in neural information processing systems. Pages 1097-1105; 2012. [5]. Andreas Maier, Christopher Syben, Tobias Lasser, et al, "A gentle introduction to deep learning in medical image processing. Vol.29, issue 2, may 2019, page 86-101.

Abstract: Background: Breast cancer is the most common site specific cancer in women and is the leading cause of death from cancer among women aged 20 to 59 years. Its incidence and mortality contribute to a major public health problem. The current goal in oncologic breast surgery is to tailor treatment options to allow optimal care without unnecessary interventions. Breast surgery has steadily evolved from an extensive to a more conservative approach. Axillary lymph node status is the single most significant predictive factor for patients with invasive breast tumours. The preoperative ultrasound (USG) guided fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of axillary metastasis may avoid unnecessary axillary dissections and time consuming and costly sentinel lymph node biopsy........

Key Word: lymph node status: Sentinel lymph node biopsy: ultrasound: ultrasound guided FNAC

[1]. Moore MA, Ariyaratne Y, Badar F, Bhurgri Y, Datta K, Mathew A, et al. Cancer epidemiology in South Asia-past, present and future. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2010 Sep 15;11(Suppl 2):49-66.
[2]. Valagussa P, Bonadonna G, Veronesi U. Patterns of relapse and survival following radical mastectomy. Analysis of 716 consecutive patients. Cancer. 1978 Mar 1;41(3):1170-8.
[3]. Purushotham AD, Upponi S, Klevesath MB, Bobrow L, Millar K, Myles JP, et al. Morbidity after sentinel lymph node biopsy in primary breast cancer: results from a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2005 Jul 1;23(19):4312-21.
[4]. 4.Bonadonna G, Valagussa P, Brambilla C, Ferrari L, Moliterni A, Terenziani M, Zambetti M. Primary chemotherapy in operable breast cancer: eight-year experience at the Milan Cancer Institute. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 1998 Jan;16(1):93-100.
[5]. Pierga JY, Mouret E, Dieras V, Laurence V, Beuzeboc P, Dorval T, et al. Prognostic value of persistent node involvement after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with operable breast cancer.British journal of cancer. 2000 Dec;83(11):1480.

Abstract: Objective and Aims-To evaluate the efficacy of clinical parameters to predict difficult laryngoscopy and to correlate these parameters to Modified Cormack- Lehane Grading. Materials and Methods- A total 96 adult patients of age group of 18-70 years of either sex of ASA I, II and III posted for elective surgery under general anaesthesia were included in this study. Pre- clinical evaluation was done by measuring body mass index, Thyromental distance, Hyomental distance, Neck mobility and Mallampati grading. All of the above parameters were correlated with Modified Cormack- Lehane grading. Qualitative variables were correlates using Chi-Square test. Inter-rater kappa agreement was used to find out the strength of agreement between modified CL grade and MPG.......

Key words- General Anaesthesia, difficult laryngoscopy, Modified Cormack Lehane Grading, Airway assessment.

[1]. Khan ZH, Kashfi A, EbrahimkhaniE :A comparison of the upper lip bite test (a simple new technique) with modified Mallampati classification in predicting difficulty in endotracheal intubation: a prospective blinded study. Anesth Analg,2003;96:595-99
[2]. Hirsch IA, Reagan JO, Sullivan N. Complications of direct laryngoscopy. A prospective analysis. Anesthesiol Rev 1990;17:34-40.
[3]. Johnson KG, Hood DD. Esophageal perforation associated with endotracheal intubation. Anesthesiology1986;64:281-3.
[4]. Lee A, Fan LT, Gin T, Karmakar MK, Ngan Kee WD. A systematic review (Meta-analysis) of the accuracy of the mallampati tests to predict the difficult airway. AnesthAnalg2006;102:1867-78.
[5]. Domi R. A comparison of wilson sum score and combination mallampati, tiromental and sternomental distances for predicting difficult intubation. Macedonian J Med Sci 2009;2:141-4.

Abstract: Esthetics play an important role in completely edentulous patients along with function and speech. The loss of facial muscle tonicity is of great concern in treating completely edentulous patients. Sunken cheek is a major consequence of flaccid facial musculature and this can make a person appear older than his chronological age. This case report describes a simple and non-invasive method to re-establish the sunken cheeks utilizing cheek plumper which is added to a conventional complete denture.

Key Word: Cheek Plumper;Esthetics;Complete Denture

[1]. Martone AL. Effects of complete dentures on facial esthetics. J Prosthet Dent. 1964 Apr; 14:231-55.
[2]. Bains JW, Elia JP. The role of facial skeletal augmentation and dental restoration in facial rejuvenation. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 1994 Summer;18(3):243-6.
[3]. SuryakantChaganDeogade; Magnet retained cheek plumper in complete denture esthetics: a case report.Journal of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (2014; Vol. 11, No. 1)
[4]. Steven J. Larsen, John F. Carter, Hratch A. Abrahamian. Prosthetic support for unilateral facial paralysis. J Prosthet Dent 1976;35:192-201.
[5]. Hitoshi M, Chiaki K, Takashi O, Hisashi T. Lip plumper prosthesis for a patient with a marginal mandibulectomy: a clinical report.JProsthet Dent 2004; 92(1):23–26.

Abstract: Subacute intestinal obstruction (SAIO) implies incomplete,intermittent or recurrent obstruction. Patients often present with non-specific symptoms and ambiguous abdominal signs and the symptoms may ease spontaneously or after conservative treatment. These confounding features contribute to the delay in the diagnosis and patients may continue to suffer for weeks or months. Although the underlying cause may be identified in somepatients subjected to diligent investigations, in cases of unresolved obstruction diagnostic laparoscopy or laparotomy will usually discover the aetiology in the majority.........

Key Word: SAIO- sub acute intestinal obstruction

[1]. Winslet MC. Intestinal Obstruction. In: Bailey & Love‟s Short Practice of Surgery. Russel RCG, Norman WS, Bulstrode Christopher JK, eds. London: Arnold, 2004: 1186–202
[2]. Miller G, Boman J, Shrier I, Gordon PH. Natural history of patients with adhesive small bowel obstruction. Br J Surgery 2000;87:1240–7
[3]. MillerG, Boman J, Shrier I, Gordon PH, et al. Etiology of small bowel obstruction. Am J Surg 2000;180:33–6
[4]. Hadeedi SA, Walia HS, Al-Sayer HM. Abdominal tuberculosis. Can J Surg 1990;33:233–7
[5]. Tanphiphat C, Chittmittraprap S, Prasopsunti K. Adhesive small bowel obstructions. Areviewof 321 cases in a Thai hospital. Am J Surg 1987;154:283–7